F 9

Fluorine (F)

halogen

Period: 2 Group: 17 Block: p

Gas

Standard Atomic Weight

Electron configuration

[He] 2s² 2p⁵

Melting point

-219.62 °C (53.53 K)

Boiling point

-188.12 °C (85.03 K)

Density

1.696 kg/m³

Oxidation states

-1

Electronegativity (Pauling)

3.98

Ionization energy (1st)

Discovery year

1886

Atomic radius

50 pm

Details

Name origin Latin: fluere (flow).

Discovery country France

Discoverers Henri Moissan

Fluorine is the lightest halogen and the most electronegative chemical element. In elemental form it occurs as diatomic fluorine, F₂, a highly reactive oxidizing gas. Natural fluorine is almost entirely the stable isotope ¹⁹F and is found in minerals rather than as the free element. Its chemistry underlies fluoride minerals, uranium enrichment chemistry, fluoropolymers, refrigerants, many agrochemicals, and a large share of modern medicinal chemistry.

Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements. It is a pale yellow, corrosive gas, which reacts with most organic and inorganic substances. Finely divided metals, glass, ceramics, carbon, and even water burn in fluorine with a bright flame.

Until World War II, there was no commercial production of elemental fluorine. The nuclear bomb project and nuclear energy applications, however, made it necessary to produce large quantities.

The name derives from the Latin fluere for "flow" or "flux" because fluorite (CaF2) was used as a flux in metallurgy owing to its low melting point. It was discovered in hydrofluoric acid by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771, but it was not isolated until 1886 by the French pharmacist and chemist Henri Moissan.

Fluorine is the most reactive of all elements and no chemical substance is capable of freeing fluorine from any of its compounds. For this reason, fluorine does not occur free in nature and was extremely difficult for scientists to isolate. The first recorded use of a fluorine compound dates to around 1670 to a set of instructions for etching glass that called for Bohemian emerald (CaF2). Chemists attempted to identify the material that was capable of etching glass and George Gore was able to produce a small amount of fluorine through an electrolytic process in 1869. Unknown to Gore, fluorine gas explosively combines with hydrogen gas. That is exactly what happened in Gore's experiment when the fluorine gas that formed on one electrode combined with the hydrogen gas that formed on the other electrode. Ferdinand Frederic Henri Moissan, a French chemist, was the first to successfully isolate fluorine in 1886. He did this through the electrolysis of potassium fluoride (KF) and hydrofluoric acid (HF). He also completely isolated the fluorine gas from the hydrogen gas and he built his electrolysis device completely from platinum. His work was so impressive that he was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1906. Today, fluorine is still produced through the electrolysis of potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid as well as through the electrolysis of molten potassium acid fluoride (KHF2).

From the Latin and French fluere: flow or flux. In 1529, Georigius Agricola described the use of fluorspar as a flux, and as early as 1670 Schwandhard found that glass was etched when exposed to fluorspar treated with acid. Scheele and many later investigators, including Davy, Gay-Lussac, Lavoisier, and Thenard, experimented with hydrofluoric acid, some experiments ending tragically.

The element was finally isolated in 1866 by Moissan after nearly 74 years of continuous effort.

Read about Fluorine on Wikipedia

Images

Properties

Physical

Atomic radius (empirical) 50 pm

Covalent radius 57 pm

Van der Waals radius 135 pm

Density

Molar volume 0.0171 L/mol

Phase at STP gas

Melting point -219.62 °C

Boiling point -188.12 °C

Thermal conductivity 0.028 W/(m·K)

Specific heat capacity 0.824 J/(g·K)

Molar heat capacity 31.304 J/(mol·K)

Crystal structure monoclinic

Chemical

Electronegativity (Pauling) 3.98

Electronegativity (Allen) 4.193

Electron affinity

Ionization energy (1st)

Ionization energy (2nd)

Ionization energy (3rd)

Ionization energy (4th)

Ionization energy (5th)

Oxidation states -1

Valence electrons 7

Electron configuration

Electron configuration (semantic)

Thermodynamic

Triple point (temperature) -219.67 °C

Triple point (pressure) 9.000000e+4 Pa

Critical point (temperature) -128.74 °C

Critical point (pressure) 5.172400e+6 Pa

Heat of fusion 0.0026429 eV

Heat of vaporization 0.06778256 eV

Heat of atomization 0.8228222 eV

Atomization enthalpy

Nuclear

Stable isotopes 1

Discovery year 1886

Abundance

Abundance (Earth's crust) 585 mg/kg

Abundance (ocean)

Reactivity

N/A

Crystal Structure

N/A

Electronic Structure

Electrons per shell 2, 7

Identifiers

CAS number 7782-41-4

Term symbol

InChI InChI=1S/F

InChI Key YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Electron Configuration Measured

Ion charge

Protons 9

Electrons 9

Charge Neutral

Configuration F: 2s² 2p⁵

[He] 2s² 2p⁵

1s² 2s² 2p⁵

Orbital diagram

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

↑

5/6 1↑

Total electrons: 9 Unpaired: 1

Atomic model

Protons 9

Neutrons 10

Electrons 9

Mass number 19

Stability Stable

Isotopes change neutron count, mass, and stability — not the electron configuration of a neutral atom.

Schematic atomic model, not to scale.

Atomic Fingerprint

Emission / Absorption Spectrum

Emission Visible: 380–750 nm

Isotope Distribution

Mass number	Atomic mass (u)	Natural abundance	Half-life
19 Stable	18.99840316273 ± 0.00000000092	100.0000%	Stable

Measured

Phase / State

Gas 25 °C (298.15 K)

Reason: 213.1 °C above boiling point (-188.12 °C)

Melting point -219.62 °C

Boiling point -188.12 °C

Above boiling by 213.1 °C

0 K Current temperature: 25 °C 6000 K

Phase timeline

Schematic, not to scale

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Melting

Boiling

25°C

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Current

Phase transition points

Melting point Literature

-219.62 °C

Boiling point Literature

-188.12 °C

Current phase Calculated
Gas

Transition energies

Heat of fusion Literature

0.0026429 eV

Energy required to melt 1 mol at melting point

Heat of vaporization Literature

0.06778256 eV

Energy required to vaporize 1 mol at boiling point

Density

Reference density Literature

1.696 kg/m³

At standard conditions

Current density Estimated

0.77654158 kg/m³

Estimated via ideal gas law at current T

Advanced

Triple point Literature

-219.67 °C

Critical point Literature

-128.74 °C

Atomic Spectra

Lines Holdings ?

Ion	Charge	Total lines	Transition probabilities	Level designations
F I	0	162	120	162
F II	+1	150	67	67
F III	+2	141	34	34
F IV	+3	75	30	30
F V	+4	513	472	472
F VI	+5	269	269	269
F VII	+6	470	439	470
F VIII	+7	128	128	128
F IX	+8	137	137	137

NIST Lines Holdings →

Levels Holdings ?

Ion	Charge	Levels
F I	0	303
F II	+1	291
F III	+2	278
F IV	+3	170
F V	+4	138
F VI	+5	100
F VII	+6	77
F VIII	+7	151
F IX	+8	149

NIST Levels Holdings →

9 F 18.998403163

Fluorine — Atomic Orbital Visualizer

[He]2s22p5

Energy levels 2 7

Oxidation states N/A

HOMO 2p n=2 · l=1 · m=-1

Fluorine — Atomic Orbital Visualizer Preview

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9 F 18.998403163

Fluorine — Crystal Structure Visualizer

Orthorhombic · Pearson N/A

Experimental

Pearson N/A

No crystal structure at standard conditions — gas at 298 K, 1 atm

Solid phase structure at 293 K

Fluorine — Crystal Structure Visualizer Preview

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Ionic Radii

Charge	Coordination	Spin	Radius
-1	2	N/A	128.5 pm
-1	3	N/A	130 pm
-1	4	N/A	131 pm
-1	6	N/A	133 pm
+7	6	N/A	8 pm

Compounds

F-

18.998 u

F-

18.001 u

18.998 u

18.001 u

Isotopes (1)

	Mass number	Atomic mass (u)	Natural abundance	Half-life	Decay mode
	19 Stable	18.99840316273 ± 0.00000000092	100.0000%	Stable	stable

19 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 18.99840316273 ± 0.00000000092

Natural abundance 100.0000%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

Spectral Lines

Wavelength (nm)	Intensity	Ion stage	Type	Transition	Accuracy	Source
383.22 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).4d 2F → 2p2.(1D).3d 2D	Measured	NIST
384.7086 nm	270	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3s 5S → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P	Measured	NIST
384.9985 nm	260	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3s 5S → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P	Measured	NIST
385.1668 nm	250	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3s 5S → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P	Measured	NIST
385.69 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2s.3s 1S → 1s2.2s.3p 3P*	Measured	NIST
385.712 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(3P).3p 4S* → 2p2.(3P).3d 4P	Measured	NIST
387.086 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(3P).3p 4S* → 2p2.(3P).3d 4P	Measured	NIST
388.508 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s.2p.(3P).4s 4P	Measured	NIST
388.6 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.7f 2F* → 1s2.8g 2G	Measured	NIST
388.6 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.7f 2F* → 1s2.8g 2G	Measured	NIST
388.6 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.7f 2F* → 1s2.8g 2G	Measured	NIST
389.2 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.7f 2F* → 1s2.8d 2D	Measured	NIST
389.2 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.7f 2F* → 1s2.8d 2D	Measured	NIST
389.2 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.7f 2F* → 1s2.8d 2D	Measured	NIST
390.229 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(3P).3p 4S* → 2p2.(3P).3d 4P	Measured	NIST
390.45 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s.2p.(3P).4s 4P	Measured	NIST
394.51 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(1D).3p 2D* → 2p2.(1D).3d 2F	Measured	NIST
394.51 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(1D).3p 2D* → 2p2.(1D).3d 2F	Measured	NIST
394.51 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(1D).3p 2D* → 2p2.(1D).3d 2F	Measured	NIST
394.518 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s.2p.(3P).4s 4P	Measured	NIST
394.736 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s.2p.(3P).4s 4P	Measured	NIST
396.08 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s.2p.(3P).4s 4P	Measured	NIST
396.113 nm	N/A	F IV	emission	2s2.2p2 3P → 2s2.2p2 1D	Measured	NIST
399.6 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.7d 2D → 1s2.8p 2P*	Measured	NIST
399.6 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.7d 2D → 1s2.8p 2P*	Measured	NIST
399.6 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.7d 2D → 1s2.8p 2P*	Measured	NIST
399.692 nm	N/A	F IV	emission	2s2.2p2 3P → 2s2.2p2 1D	Measured	NIST
399.692 nm	N/A	F IV	emission	2s2.2p2 3P → 2s2.2p2 1D	Measured	NIST
400.26 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s.2p.(3P).4s 4P	Measured	NIST
400.942 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s.2p.(3P).4s 4P	Measured	NIST
402.4726 nm	240	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3s 3S → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P	Measured	NIST
402.501 nm	220	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3s 3S → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P	Measured	NIST
402.5491 nm	230	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3s 3S → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P	Measured	NIST
405.99 nm	N/A	F IV	emission	2s2.2p2 3P → 2s2.2p2 1D	Measured	NIST
405.99 nm	N/A	F IV	emission	2s2.2p2 3P → 2s2.2p2 1D	Measured	NIST
410.3075 nm	190	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S).3d 3D*	Measured	NIST
410.3213 nm	170	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S).3d 3D*	Measured	NIST
410.3506 nm	200	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S).3d 3D*	Measured	NIST
410.3713 nm	180	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S).3d 3D*	Measured	NIST
410.387 nm	170	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S).3d 3D*	Measured	NIST
410.4008 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S).3d 3D*	Measured	NIST
410.916 nm	170	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(2D).3s 3D → 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3p 3D	Measured	NIST
411.03 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2s.3p 1P* → 1s2.2s.3d 3D	Measured	NIST
411.272 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(2D).3s 3D → 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3p 3D	Measured	NIST
411.2969 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(2D).3s 3D → 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3p 3D	Measured	NIST
411.44 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2s.3p 1P* → 1s2.2s.3d 3D	Measured	NIST
411.6535 nm	160	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(2D).3s 3D → 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3p 3D	Measured	NIST
411.699 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(2D).3s 3D → 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3p 3D	Measured	NIST
411.8752 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(2D).3s 3D → 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3p 3D	Measured	NIST
411.9207 nm	150	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(2D).3s 3D → 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3p 3D	Measured	NIST
415.775 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p4 1D → 2s2.2p4 1S	Measured	NIST
423.3 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 3P → 1s2.2p.3d 3P*	Measured	NIST
424.76 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 3P → 1s2.2p.3d 3P*	Measured	NIST
426.19 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).3p 2D → 2s.2p.(3P).3d 2D*	Measured	NIST
426.28 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2s.3s 1S → 1s2.2s.3p 1P*	Measured	NIST
427.32 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 3P → 1s2.2p.3d 3P*	Measured	NIST
427.94 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).3p 2D → 2s.2p.(3P).3d 2D*	Measured	NIST
429.9165 nm	200	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(2D).3s 1D → 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3p 1F	Measured	NIST
432.27 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 3P → 1s2.2p.3d 3P*	Measured	NIST
433.94 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 3P → 1s2.2p.3d 3P*	Measured	NIST
435.28 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).3p 2D → 2s.2p.(3P).3d 2D*	Measured	NIST
437.11 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).3p 2D → 2s.2p.(3P).3d 2D*	Measured	NIST
439.05 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 3P → 1s2.2p.3d 3P*	Measured	NIST
444.6527 nm	160	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3d 3D → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4f 3F	Measured	NIST
444.6689 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3d 3D → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4f 3F	Measured	NIST
444.6721 nm	170	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3d 3D → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4f 3F	Measured	NIST
444.7117 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3d 3D → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4f 3F	Measured	NIST
444.7148 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3d 3D → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4f 3F	Measured	NIST
444.7188 nm	180	F II	emission	2s2.2p3.(4S).3d 3D → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4f 3F	Measured	NIST
455.99 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 1D → 1s2.2p.3d 1F*	Measured	NIST
456.45 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.3d 3D	Measured	NIST
457.45 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.3d 3D	Measured	NIST
457.96 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.3d 3D	Measured	NIST
459.81 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.3d 3D	Measured	NIST
460.57 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.3d 3D	Measured	NIST
461.08 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.3d 3D	Measured	NIST
463.41 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.4p 1P → 1s2.2p.4d 1P*	Measured	NIST
478.945 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p4 3P → 2s2.2p4 1D	Measured	NIST
478.945 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p4 3P → 2s2.2p4 1D	Measured	NIST
486.899 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p4 3P → 2s2.2p4 1D	Measured	NIST
486.899 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p4 3P → 2s2.2p4 1D	Measured	NIST
490.456 nm	N/A	F II	emission	2s2.2p4 3P → 2s2.2p4 1D	Measured	NIST
507.4 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).4d 4D → 2p2.(3P).3d 4P	Measured	NIST
507.86 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).4d 4D → 2p2.(3P).3d 4P	Measured	NIST
509.78 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).4d 4D → 2p2.(3P).3d 4P	Measured	NIST
510.25 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).4d 4D → 2p2.(3P).3d 4P	Measured	NIST
511.78 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).4d 4D → 2p2.(3P).3d 4P	Measured	NIST
515.72 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).4d 4D → 2p2.(3P).3d 4P	Measured	NIST
517.29 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).4d 4D → 2p2.(3P).3d 4P	Measured	NIST
517.4 nm	N/A	F VIII	emission	1s.3s 3S → 1s.3p 3P*	Measured	NIST
522.95 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).4d 4D → 2p2.(3P).3d 4P	Measured	NIST
525.1 nm	N/A	F VIII	emission	1s.3s 3S → 1s.3p 3P*	Measured	NIST
528.03 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(1D).3p 2D* → 2p2.(1D).3d 2D	Measured	NIST
528.03 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(1D).3p 2D* → 2p2.(1D).3d 2D	Measured	NIST
528.03 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(1D).3p 2D* → 2p2.(1D).3d 2D	Measured	NIST
528.03 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2p2.(1D).3p 2D* → 2p2.(1D).3d 2D	Measured	NIST
533.07 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 1S → 1s2.2p.3d 1P*	Measured	NIST
543.21 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 3P → 1s2.2p.3d 3D*	Measured	NIST
544 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.8p 2P* → 1s2.9d 2D	Measured	NIST
544 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.8p 2P* → 1s2.9d 2D	Measured	NIST
544 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.8p 2P* → 1s2.9d 2D	Measured	NIST
545.91 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 3P → 1s2.2p.3d 3D*	Measured	NIST
549.84 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 3P → 1s2.2p.3d 3D*	Measured	NIST
549.99 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 3P → 1s2.2p.3d 3D*	Measured	NIST
556.76 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 3P → 1s2.2p.3d 3D*	Measured	NIST
560.85 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.3p 3P → 1s2.2p.3d 3D*	Measured	NIST
568.67 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).3s 2P → 2s.2p.(3P*).3p 2P	Measured	NIST
572.12 nm	N/A	F III	emission	2s2.2p3 2D* → 2s2.2p3 2P*	Measured	NIST
572.12 nm	N/A	F III	emission	2s2.2p3 2D* → 2s2.2p3 2P*	Measured	NIST
572.15 nm	N/A	F III	emission	2s2.2p3 2D* → 2s2.2p3 2P*	Measured	NIST
573.29 nm	N/A	F III	emission	2s2.2p3 2D* → 2s2.2p3 2P*	Measured	NIST
573.29 nm	N/A	F III	emission	2s2.2p3 2D* → 2s2.2p3 2P*	Measured	NIST
573.32 nm	N/A	F III	emission	2s2.2p3 2D* → 2s2.2p3 2P*	Measured	NIST
573.32 nm	N/A	F III	emission	2s2.2p3 2D* → 2s2.2p3 2P*	Measured	NIST
576.14 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).3s 2P → 2s.2p.(3P*).3p 2P	Measured	NIST
585.63 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).3s 2P → 2s.2p.(3P*).3p 2P	Measured	NIST
593.55 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).3s 2P → 2s.2p.(3P*).3p 2P	Measured	NIST
604 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.8d 2D → 1s2.9p 2P*	Measured	NIST
604 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.8d 2D → 1s2.9p 2P*	Measured	NIST
604 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.8d 2D → 1s2.9p 2P*	Measured	NIST
683 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.9p 2P* → 1s2.10d 2D	Measured	NIST
683 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.9p 2P* → 1s2.10d 2D	Measured	NIST
683 nm	N/A	F VII	emission	1s2.9p 2P* → 1s2.10d 2D	Measured	NIST
713.8 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).4p 2D → 2s.2p.(3P).4d 2F*	Measured	NIST
719.4 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).4p 2D → 2s.2p.(3P).4d 2F*	Measured	NIST
723.4 nm	N/A	F VI	emission	1s2.2p.4s 1P* → 1s2.2p.4p 1D	Measured	NIST
728.5 nm	N/A	F VIII	emission	1s.3s 1S → 1s.3p 1P*	Measured	NIST
735.8 nm	N/A	F V	emission	2s.2p.(3P).4p 2D → 2s.2p.(3P).4d 2F*	Measured	NIST

Extended Properties

Covalent Radii (Extended)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö, double)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö, triple)

Covalent radius (Bragg)

Van der Waals Radii

Bondi

Batsanov

Alvarez

UFF

MM3

Dreiding

Rowland–Taylor

Atomic & Metallic Radii

Atomic radius (Rahm)

Numbering Scales

Mendeleev

Pettifor

Glawe

Electronegativity Scales

Ghosh

Gunnarsson–Lundqvist

Robles–Bartolotti

Polarizability & Dispersion

Dipole polarizability

Dipole polarizability (unc.)

C₆

C₆ (Gould–Bučko)

Chemical Affinity

Proton affinity

Gas basicity

Supply Risk & Economics

Production concentration

Relative supply risk

Reserve distribution

Political stability (top producer)

Political stability (top reserve)

Phase Transitions & Allotropes

Melting point	53.48 K
Boiling point	85.04 K
Critical point (temperature)	144.41 K
Critical point (pressure)	5.17 MPa
Triple point (temperature)	53.48 K
Triple point (pressure)	90 kPa

Oxidation State Categories

−1 main

Advanced Reference Data

Screening Constants (3)

n	Orbital	σ
1	s	0.3499
2	p	3.9
2	s	3.8724

Crystal Radii Detail (5)

Charge	CN	r_crystal (pm)	Origin
-1	II	114.5
-1	III	116
-1	IV	117
-1	VI	119
7	VI	22	Ahrens (1952) ionic radius,

Isotope Decay Modes (31)

Isotope	Mode	Intensity
13	p	—
14	p	—
15	p	100%
16	p	100%
17	B+	100%
18	B+	100%
20	B-	100%
21	B-	100%
22	B-	100%
22	B-n	11%

X‑ray Scattering Factors (502)

Energy (eV)	f₁	f₂
10	—	0.05165
10.1617	—	0.05648
10.3261	—	0.06176
10.4931	—	0.06754
10.6628	—	0.07386
10.8353	—	0.08077
11.0106	—	0.08833
11.1886	—	0.09659
11.3696	—	0.10831
11.5535	—	0.12462

Additional Data

Estimated Crustal Abundance

The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.

5.85×102 milligrams per kilogram

References (1)

[5] Fluorine https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele009.html

Estimated Oceanic Abundance

The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.

1.3 milligrams per liter

References (1)

[5] Fluorine https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele009.html

References

(9)

1 PubChem

Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

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2 Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.

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3 IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)

Fluorine

Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

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4 IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI)

The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.

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License note: Copyright (c) 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) contribution within Pubchem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.

5 Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy

Fluorine

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/

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License note: Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html

6 Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy

Fluorine

The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.

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7 NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory

Fluorine

The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database

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8 PubChem Elements

Fluorine

This section provides all form of data related to element Fluorine.

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9 PubChem Elements

Fluorine

The element property data was retrieved from publications.

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Last updated: May 1, 2026

Data verified: May 12, 2026

Content is reviewed against latest scientific data.