Bismuth (Bi)
post-transition-metalSolid
Standard Atomic Weight
208.9804 uElectron configuration
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3Melting point
271.4 °CBoiling point
1563.85 °CDensity
9807 kg/m³Oxidation states
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5Electronegativity (Pauling)
2.02Ionization energy (1st)
7.285516 eVDiscovery year
1753Atomic radius
160 pmDetails
Bismuth is a heavy post-transition metal and the heaviest element with a primordial isotope that is effectively stable on human timescales. Natural bismuth is almost entirely ²⁰⁹Bi, now known to be very weakly radioactive by alpha decay. It has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal, low thermal conductivity, a low melting point, and a strong tendency to form +3 compounds. These traits make it useful where lead, cadmium, or mercury are undesirable.
It is a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs in a native state. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field).
The name derives from the German weisse masse for "white mass" from the colour of its oxides. The ancients did not distinguish bismuth from lead. The French chemist Claude-Francois Geoffroy showed that bismuth was distinct from lead in 1753.
Bismuth, which has been known since ancient times, was often confused with lead and tin. Bismuth was first shown to be a distinct element in 1753 by Claude Geoffroy the Younger. Bismuth does occur free in nature and in such minerals as bismuthinite (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). The largest deposits of bismuth are found in Bolivia, although bismuth is usually obtained as a by-product of mining and refining lead, copper, tin, silver and gold.
From the German Weisse Masse, meaning white mass; later Wisuth and Bisemutum. In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753.
Pure bismuth is a brittle, crystalline metal with a silvery white surface that often shows a pinkish tint. Fresh crystals readily develop iridescent oxide films. It expands on solidifying, a behavior shared by few common elements.
Bismuth is used in low-melting alloys for fire-sprinkler links, fuses, solders, and precision casting. It is a common lead substitute in some free-machining metals, shot, fishing weights, and plumbing-related solders. Bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics, pigments, pharmaceuticals, and catalysts. Bismuth subsalicylate, C₇H₅BiO₄, is a long-established gastrointestinal medicine, and bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl, gives pearly effects in cosmetic formulations.
Pure bismuth is a white, brittle metal with a slight pink color. Bismuth is usually mixed with other metals, such as lead, tin, iron or cadmium to form low-melting alloys. These alloys are used in such things as automatic fire sprinkler systems, fire detection systems and electrical fuses.
Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), a bismuth compound, is used as a yellow pigment in paints and cosmetics. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is used to make a pigment known as bismuth white. Bismuth carbonate (Bi2(CO3)3) is used to treat diarrhea and gastric ulcers.
Once thought to be the heaviest stable isotope to exist in nature, experiments conducted in 2002 showed that bismuth-209 is unstable and decays into thallium-205 through alpha decay. Bismuth-209 has a half-life of roughly 19,000,000,000,000,000,000 years.
"Bismanol" is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocoupling material, and has found application as a carrier for 235U or 233U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming unsoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine.
Isotopes in Medicine
212Bi and 213Bi (with half-lives of 1 h and 0.76 h, respectively) are both used in medicine for radioimmunotherapy as bismuth-labeled monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer cells from melanoma (skin cancer) (Fig. IUPAC.83.1) and ovarian cancer [559] D. E. Milenic, M. Roselli, S. Mirzadeh, C. G. Pippin, O. A. Gansow, D. Colcher, M. W. Brechbiel, J. Schlom. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm.16, 133 (2001).. Figure 4.83.2 compares the biologic effect of 131I and 213Bi using a specific monoclonal antibody, B-B4, coupled to 213Bi by a chelating agent (a substance that can form multiple bonds to a single metal ion). 213Bi is a mixed alpha and beta emitter with a half-life of 0.76 h. The primary mode of decay is by beta emission to the very short-lived alpha emitter 213Po. The 8.4 MeV alpha particle emitted by 213Po has a path length of 76 μm in human tissue and is responsible for its cytotoxic effects (toxic to living cells). 213Bi is produced from a series of alpha particle decays beginning with 225Ac, which is a pure alpha emitter with a half-life of 10 days. A schematic of the Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Standard 225Ac/ 213Bi Radionuclide Generator is shown in Fig. IUPAC.83.3.
212Bi has been used for radioimmunotherapy of leukemia and for targeting the vascular endothelial cells (thin layer of simple squamous cells that forms the interface between circulating blood or lymph and the remainder of the vessel wall) of tumors [560] F. Hartmann, E. M. Horak, K. Garmestani, C. Wu, M. W. Brechbiel, R. W. Kozak, J. Tso, S. A. Kosteiny, O. A. Gansow, D. L. Nelson. Cancer Res.54, 4362 (1994)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
209Bi is bombarded with neutrons in a nuclear reactor to form radioactive 210Bi. The 210Bi (with a half-life of 5 days) decays via the reaction 210Bi→ 210Po+β −. The half-life of 210Po is 138 days and it is used in static eliminators in machinery [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf..
Bismuth chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, with the +5 state less stable and strongly oxidizing in many compounds. Bismuth(III) oxide, Bi₂O₃, is an important oxide with several polymorphs and high oxide-ion conductivity in some phases. Bismuth trichloride, BiCl₃, hydrolyzes readily in water to give oxychloride species. Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate, Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O, is a common laboratory precursor. Organobismuth compounds exist but are less broadly used than analogous phosphorus or arsenic chemistry.
See more information at the Bismuth compound page.
Elemental bismuth and many insoluble bismuth compounds are comparatively low in toxicity, but this does not make all bismuth materials harmless. Soluble salts, dusts, and pharmaceutical overuse can cause adverse effects, including kidney or neurological problems in severe cases. Molten bismuth presents ordinary burn and metal-fume precautions. Natural ²⁰⁹Bi is radioactive only at an extremely low specific activity, so its radiological hazard is normally negligible.
Bismuth occurs at low abundance in the crust, commonly associated with sulfide ores of lead, copper, tin, and tungsten. Native bismuth and minerals such as bismuthinite, Bi₂S₃, are known but not usually mined alone. In soils and waters, bismuth tends to form sparingly soluble oxides, sulfides, and basic salts, limiting mobility under many conditions. It has no established essential biological role.
Bismuth is obtained mainly as a by-product of refining lead, copper, tin, tungsten, and other metal ores, rather than from dedicated bismuth mines. Supply therefore depends strongly on the processing of other metals. Demand is supported by substitution for more toxic heavy metals, especially lead, and by uses in alloys, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recycling occurs from some alloy and manufacturing scrap, but dispersed uses in cosmetics, medicines, and small components are difficult to recover economically.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores.
Bismuth is a rare heavy element in cosmic terms. Its stable primordial inventory was made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from the slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile and siderophile trace element, concentrating preferentially in sulfide-rich and metallic phases rather than in common silicates.
- Bismuth is more strongly diamagnetic than any other stable metal.
- Its liquid form is denser than its solid form, so it expands when it freezes.
- The half-life of ²⁰⁹Bi is about 1.9 × 10¹⁹ years.
- Bismuth crystals sold as ornaments usually owe their colors to a thin oxide film.
- Bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, is a major thermoelectric material near room temperature.
Images
Properties
Physical
- Atomic radius (empirical)
- 160 pm Compare Atomic radius (empirical) of all elements →
- Covalent radius
- 148 pm Compare Covalent radius of all elements →
- Van der Waals radius
- 207 pm Compare Van der Waals radius of all elements →
- Metallic radius
- 151 pm Compare Metallic radius of all elements →
- Density
- 9807 kg/m³ Compare Density of all elements →
- Molar volume
- 0.0213 L/mol
- Phase at STP
- Solid Compare Phase at STP of all elements →
- Melting point
- 271.4 °C Compare Melting point of all elements →
- Boiling point
- 1563.85 °C Compare Boiling point of all elements →
- Thermal conductivity
- 7.9 W/(m·K) Compare Thermal conductivity of all elements →
- Specific heat capacity
- 0.122 J/(g·K) Compare Specific heat capacity of all elements →
- Molar heat capacity
- 25.52 J/(mol·K) Compare Molar heat capacity of all elements →
- Crystal structure
- Rhombohedral Compare Crystal structure of all elements →
Chemical
- Electronegativity (Pauling)
- 2.02 Compare Electronegativity (Pauling) of all elements →
- Electronegativity (Allen)
- 2.01
- Electron affinity
- 0.942 eV
- Ionization energy (1st)
- 7.285516 eV Compare Ionization energy (1st) of all elements →
- Ionization energy (2nd)
- 16.703057 eV Compare Ionization energy (2nd) of all elements →
- Ionization energy (3rd)
- 25.570838 eV Compare Ionization energy (3rd) of all elements →
- Ionization energy (4th)
- 45.370156 eV Compare Ionization energy (4th) of all elements →
- Ionization energy (5th)
- 54.856189 eV Compare Ionization energy (5th) of all elements →
- Oxidation states
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 Compare Oxidation states of all elements →
- Valence electrons
- 5 Compare Valence electrons of all elements →
- Electron configuration
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3
Thermodynamic
- Critical point (temperature)
- 4347 °C
- Heat of fusion
- 0.11297093 eV Compare Heat of fusion of all elements →
- Heat of vaporization
- 1.56501 eV Compare Heat of vaporization of all elements →
- Heat of sublimation
- 2.176504 eV
- Heat of atomization
- 2.176504 eV
- Atomization enthalpy
- 2.172358 eV
Nuclear
- Protons
- 83 Compare Protons of all elements →
- Neutrons
- 126 Compare Neutrons of all elements →
- Known isotopes
- 41 Compare Known isotopes of all elements →
- Stable isotopes
- 0 Compare Stable isotopes of all elements →
- Most stable isotope
- Bi-209
- Discovery year
- 1753
Abundance
- Abundance (Earth's crust)
- 0.009 mg/kg Compare Abundance (Earth's crust) of all elements →
- Abundance (ocean)
- 2 × 10−5 mg/L Compare Abundance (ocean) of all elements →
Crystal Structure
- Lattice constant a
- 475 pm
Electronic Structure
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 Compare Electrons per shell of all elements →
Identifiers
- CAS number
- 7440-69-9 Compare CAS number of all elements →
- Term symbol
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Bi
- InChI Key
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Electron Configuration Measured
Bi: 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³Atomic model
Isotopes change neutron count, mass, and stability — not the electron configuration of a neutral atom.
Schematic atomic model, not to scale.
Atomic Fingerprint
Emission / Absorption Spectrum
Isotope Distribution
No stable isotopes.
| Mass number | Atomic mass (u) | Natural abundance | Half-life |
|---|---|---|---|
| 189 Radioactive | 188.989195 ± 0.000022 | N/A | 688 ms |
| 208 Radioactive | 207.9797425 ± 0.0000025 | N/A | 368 ky |
| 195 Radioactive | 194.9806488 ± 0.0000057 | N/A | 183 seconds |
| 201 Radioactive | 200.97701 ± 0.000016 | N/A | 103 minutes |
| 217 Radioactive | 217.009372 ± 0.000019 | N/A | 98.5 seconds |
Phase / State
Reason: 246.4 °C below melting point (271.4 °C)
Schematic, not to scale
Phase transition points
Transition energies
Energy required to melt 1 mol at melting point
Energy required to vaporize 1 mol at boiling point
Energy required to sublime 1 mol at sublimation point
Density
At standard conditions
At standard conditions
Advanced
Atomic Spectra
Showing 10 of 83. Sorted by ion charge (ascending).
Lines Holdings ?
| Ion | Charge | Total lines | Transition probabilities | Level designations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bi I | 0 | 69 | 39 | 63 |
| Bi II | +1 | 111 | 4 | 16 |
| Bi III | +2 | 204 | 204 | 204 |
| Bi IV | +3 | 45 | 0 | 0 |
| Bi V | +4 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
Levels Holdings ?
| Ion | Charge | Levels |
|---|---|---|
| Bi I | 0 | 75 |
| Bi II | +1 | 78 |
| Bi III | +2 | 68 |
| Bi IV | +3 | 38 |
| Bi V | +4 | 15 |
| Bi VI | +5 | 115 |
| Bi VII | +6 | 2 |
| Bi VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Bi IX | +8 | 2 |
| Bi X | +9 | 2 |
Ionic Radii
| Charge | Coordination | Spin | Radius |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 5 | N/A | 96 pm |
| +3 | 6 | N/A | 103 pm |
| +3 | 8 | N/A | 117 pm |
| +5 | 6 | N/A | 76 pm |
Compounds
Isotopes (5)
| Mass number | Atomic mass (u) | Natural abundance | Half-life | Decay mode | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 189 Radioactive | 188.989195 ± 0.000022 | N/A | 688 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 208 Radioactive | 207.9797425 ± 0.0000025 | N/A | 368 ky | β+ =100% | |
| 195 Radioactive | 194.9806488 ± 0.0000057 | N/A | 183 seconds | β+ ≈100%α =0.030±1.2% | |
| 201 Radioactive | 200.97701 ± 0.000016 | N/A | 103 minutes | β+ =100% | |
| 217 Radioactive | 217.009372 ± 0.000019 | N/A | 98.5 seconds | β- =100% |
Spectral Lines
| Wavelength (nm) | Intensity | Ion stage | Type | Transition | Accuracy | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 384.893 nm | 21 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 392.72 nm | N/A | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(3P) 2P → 6s2.8p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 393.036 nm | N/A | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1S) 2S → 6s2.8p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 422.469 nm | 350 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.7g 2G | Measured | NIST | |
| 423.421 nm | 280 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.7g 2G | Measured | NIST | |
| 425.9413 nm | N/A | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.6d (1/2,5/2)* → 6s2.6p.5f (1/2,7/2) | Measured | NIST | |
| 430.1697 nm | N/A | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.6d (1/2,5/2)* → 6s2.6p.5f (1/2,7/2) | Measured | NIST | |
| 430.653 nm | N/A | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1S) 2S → 6s2.8p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 432.792 nm | 360 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.7p 2P* → 6s2.8s 2S | Measured | NIST | |
| 456.143 nm | N/A | Bi III | emission | 6s2.7s 2S → 6s2.7p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 470.5285 nm | N/A | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,1/2) → 6s2.6p.7d (1/2,3/2)* | Measured | NIST | |
| 472.883 nm | N/A | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.5f 2F* | Measured | NIST | |
| 475.128 nm | N/A | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.5f 2F* | Measured | NIST | |
| 479.742 nm | N/A | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 480.9082 nm | N/A | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6p 2P* → 6s2.6p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 505.178 nm | N/A | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | Measured | NIST | |
| 505.178 nm | N/A | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | Measured | NIST | |
| 505.244 nm | 120 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | Measured | NIST | |
| 507.928 nm | N/A | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | Measured | NIST | |
| 512.4356 nm | N/A | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (3/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (3/2,3/2) | Measured | NIST | |
| 514.4507 nm | N/A | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (1/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,3/2) | Measured | NIST | |
| 520.9325 nm | N/A | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (1/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,3/2) | Measured | NIST | |
| 613.907 nm | 22 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | Measured | NIST | |
| 614.039 nm | 150 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | Measured | NIST | |
| 616.071 nm | 120 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | Measured | NIST | |
| 662.323 nm | 180 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.8p 2P* → 6s2.8d 2D | Measured | NIST | |
| 738.23 nm | N/A | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | Measured | NIST |
Extended Properties
Covalent Radii (Extended)
- Covalent radius (Pyykkö)
- 151 pm
- Covalent radius (Pyykkö, double)
- 141 pm
- Covalent radius (Pyykkö, triple)
- 135 pm
- Covalent radius (Bragg)
- 148 pm
Van der Waals Radii
- Truhlar
- 207 pm
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 254 pm
- UFF
- 437 pm
- MM3
- 266 pm
Atomic & Metallic Radii
- Atomic radius (Rahm)
- 250 pm
- Metallic radius (C12)
- 178 pm
Numbering Scales
- Mendeleev
- 97
- Pettifor
- 87
- Glawe
- 92
Electronegativity Scales
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
Polarizability & Dispersion
- Dipole polarizability
- 48 a.u.
- Dipole polarizability (unc.)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 513 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema Parameters
- Miedema molar volume
- 19.32 cm3/mol
- Miedema electron density
- 2
Supply Risk & Economics
- Production concentration
- 42
- Relative supply risk
- 9
- Reserve distribution
- 75
- Political stability (top producer)
- 24
- Political stability (top reserve)
- 24
Phase Transitions & Allotropes
| Melting point | 544.55 K |
| Boiling point | 1837.15 K |
| Critical point (temperature) | 4620.15 K |
Oxidation State Categories
Advanced Reference Data
Screening Constants (15)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.6018 |
| 2 | p | 4.533 |
| 2 | s | 21.824 |
| 3 | d | 13.4585 |
| 3 | p | 23.0678 |
| 3 | s | 24.1145 |
| 4 | d | 37.7608 |
| 4 | f | 37.9308 |
| 4 | p | 36.1496 |
| 4 | s | 35.2928 |
Crystal Radii Detail (4)
| Charge | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | V | 110 | calculated, | |
| 3 | VI | 117 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VIII | 131 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 90 | estimated, |
Isotope Decay Modes (70)
| Isotope | Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|---|
| 184 | A | 100% |
| 185 | p | — |
| 185 | A | — |
| 186 | A | 100% |
| 186 | B+ | — |
| 186 | B+SF | 0% |
| 187 | A | 100% |
| 188 | A | 100% |
| 188 | B+ | — |
| 188 | B+SF | 0% |
X‑ray Scattering Factors (516)
| Energy (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 5.59475 |
| 10.1617 | — | 5.63587 |
| 10.3261 | — | 5.67729 |
| 10.4931 | — | 5.71901 |
| 10.6628 | — | 5.74574 |
| 10.8353 | — | 5.7564 |
| 11.0106 | — | 5.76707 |
| 11.1886 | — | 5.77776 |
| 11.3696 | — | 5.78847 |
| 11.5535 | — | 5.7834 |
Additional Data
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.5×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
References (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-5 milligrams per liter
References (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores.
References (1)
- [6] Bismuth https://periodic.lanl.gov/83.shtml
References
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Bismuth.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.