I 53

Iodine (I)

halogen

Period: 5 Group: 17 Block: p

Solid

Standard Atomic Weight

Electron configuration

[Kr] 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁵

Melting point

113.7 °C (386.85 K)

Boiling point

184.4 °C (457.55 K)

Density

4930 kg/m³

Oxidation states

−1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7

Electronegativity (Pauling)

2.66

Ionization energy (1st)

Discovery year

1811

Atomic radius

140 pm

Details

Name origin Greek: iôeides (violet colored).

Discovery country France

Discoverers Bernard Courtois

Iodine is a heavy halogen and the least abundant stable halogen in Earth’s crust. The element occurs naturally as iodide and iodate rather than as free I₂. It is chemically less electronegative and less strongly oxidizing than bromine or chlorine, and it forms a wide range of covalent, ionic, and polyiodide species. Iodine is an essential trace element for vertebrates because thyroid hormones contain iodine atoms.

Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid, volatizing at ordinary temperatures into a blue-violet gas with an irritating odor; it forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form beautiful purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water.

The name derives from the Greek iodes for "violet" because of its violet vapours. Iodine was discovered in seaweed by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811, and named by the French chemist Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac, when he proved it was an element in 1814.

Iodine was discovered by the French chemist Barnard Courtois in 1811. Courtois was extracting sodium and potassium compounds from seaweed ash. Once these compounds were removed, he added sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to further process the ash. He accidentally added too much acid and a violet colored cloud erupted from the mass. The gas condensed on metal objects in the room, creating solid iodine. Today, iodine is chiefly obtained from deposits of sodium iodate (NaIO3) and sodium periodate (NaIO4) in Chile and Bolivia. Trace amounts of iodine are required by the human body. Iodine is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the body's rate of physical and mental development. A lack of iodine can also cause a goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland. Iodine is added to salt (iodized salt) to prevent these diseases.

From the Greek word iodes, violet. Discovered by Courtois in 1811, Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, Chilean saltpeter, nitrate-bearing earth (known as caliche), brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells.

Read about Iodine on Wikipedia

Images

Properties

Physical

Atomic radius (empirical) 140 pm

Covalent radius 139 pm

Van der Waals radius 198 pm

Density

Molar volume 0.0257 L/mol

Phase at STP solid

Melting point 113.7 °C

Boiling point 184.4 °C

Specific heat capacity 0.214 J/(g·K)

Molar heat capacity 54.43 J/(mol·K)

Crystal structure orthorhombic

Chemical

Electronegativity (Pauling) 2.66

Electronegativity (Allen) 2.359

Electron affinity

Ionization energy (1st)

Ionization energy (2nd)

Ionization energy (3rd)

Ionization energy (4th)

Ionization energy (5th)

Oxidation states −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7

Valence electrons 7

Electron configuration

Electron configuration (semantic)

Thermodynamic

Triple point (temperature) 113.6 °C

Triple point (pressure) 1.211000e+4 Pa

Critical point (temperature) 546 °C

Heat of fusion 0.16085402 eV

Heat of vaporization 0.21661398 eV

Heat of sublimation 0.64714722 eV

Heat of atomization 1.566047 eV

Atomization enthalpy

Nuclear

Stable isotopes 1

Discovery year 1811

Abundance

Abundance (Earth's crust) 0.45 mg/kg

Abundance (ocean)

Reactivity

N/A

Crystal Structure

Lattice constant a 772 pm

Electronic Structure

Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 7

Identifiers

CAS number 7553-56-2

Term symbol

InChI InChI=1S/I

InChI Key ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Electron Configuration Measured

Ion charge

Protons 53

Electrons 53

Charge Neutral

Configuration I: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵

[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵

Orbital diagram

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

6/6

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

6/6

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

10/10

↑↓

6/6

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

10/10

↑↓

↑

5/6 1↑

Total electrons: 53 Unpaired: 1

Atomic model

Protons 53

Neutrons 74

Electrons 53

Mass number 127

Stability Stable

Isotopes change neutron count, mass, and stability — not the electron configuration of a neutral atom.

Schematic atomic model, not to scale.

Atomic Fingerprint

Emission / Absorption Spectrum

Emission Visible: 380–750 nm

Isotope Distribution

Mass number	Atomic mass (u)	Natural abundance	Half-life
127 Stable	126.9044719 ± 0.0000039	100.0000%	Stable

Measured

Phase / State

Solid 25 °C (298.15 K)

Reason: 88.7 °C below melting point (113.7 °C)

Melting point 113.7 °C

Boiling point 184.4 °C

Below melting by 88.7 °C

0 K Current temperature: 25 °C 6000 K

Phase timeline

Schematic, not to scale

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Melting

Boiling

25°C

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Current

Phase transition points

Melting point Literature

113.7 °C

Boiling point Literature

184.4 °C

Current phase Calculated
Solid

Transition energies

Heat of fusion Literature

0.16085402 eV

Energy required to melt 1 mol at melting point

Heat of vaporization Literature

0.21661398 eV

Energy required to vaporize 1 mol at boiling point

Heat of sublimation Literature

0.64714722 eV

Energy required to sublime 1 mol at sublimation point

Density

Reference density Literature

4930 kg/m³

At standard conditions

Current density Calculated

4930 kg/m³

At standard conditions

Advanced

Triple point Literature

113.6 °C

Critical point Literature

546 °C

Atomic Spectra

Showing 10 of 53 Atomic Spectra. Sorted by ion charge (ascending).

Lines Holdings ?

Ion	Charge	Total lines	Transition probabilities	Level designations
I I	0	1432	417	1432
I II	+1	126	0	122
I III	+2	76	0	0
I IV	+3	47	0	0
I V	+4	4	0	0

NIST Lines Holdings →

Levels Holdings ?

Ion	Charge	Levels
I I	0	229
I II	+1	315
I III	+2	116
I IV	+3	61
I V	+4	54
I VI	+5	40
I VII	+6	25
I VIII	+7	36
I IX	+8	2
I X	+9	2

NIST Levels Holdings →

53 I 126.90447

Iodine — Atomic Orbital Visualizer

[Kr]5s24d105p5

Energy levels 2 8 18 18 7

Oxidation states -1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7

HOMO 5p n=5 · l=1 · m=-1

Iodine — Atomic Orbital Visualizer Preview

Three.js loads only on request

53 I 126.90447

Iodine — Crystal Structure Visualizer

Orthorhombic · Pearson N/A

Experimental

Pearson N/A

Iodine — Crystal Structure Visualizer Preview

Three.js loads only on request

Ionic Radii

Charge	Coordination	Spin	Radius
-1	6	N/A	220.00000000000003 pm
+5	3	N/A	44 pm
+5	6	N/A	95 pm
+7	4	N/A	42 pm
+7	6	N/A	53 pm

Compounds

I-

126.904 u

I-

130.906 u

I-

122.906 u

126.904 u

I+

126.904 u

I-

124.905 u

I-

129.907 u

I-

123.906 u

I-

134.910 u

I-

128.905 u

124.905 u

I-

132.908 u

I-

120.907 u

I-

131.908 u

I-

121.908 u

I-

119.910 u

I-

125.906 u

Isotopes (1)

Thirty isotopes are recognized. Only one stable isotope, 127I is found in nature. The artificial radioisotope 131I, with a half-life of 8 days, has been used in treating the thyroid gland. The most common compounds are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3). Lack of iodine is the cause of goiter.

	Mass number	Atomic mass (u)	Natural abundance	Half-life	Decay mode
	127 Stable	126.9044719 ± 0.0000039	100.0000%	Stable	stable

127 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 126.9044719 ± 0.0000039

Natural abundance 100.0000%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

Spectral Lines

Showing 50 of 474 Spectral Lines. Only spectral lines with measured intensity are shown by default.

Wavelength (nm)	Intensity	Ion stage	Type	Transition	Accuracy	Source
511.92792 nm	120000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[1]*	Measured	NIST
740.20433 nm	98000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[4]	Measured	NIST
661.96418 nm	88000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[4]	Measured	NIST
746.89862 nm	87000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[4]	Measured	NIST
723.78303 nm	68000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[4]*	Measured	NIST
714.20318 nm	53000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[3]	Measured	NIST
658.3733 nm	48000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[4]*	Measured	NIST
633.78649 nm	44000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3]	Measured	NIST
619.1891 nm	36000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[4]	Measured	NIST
712.20331 nm	33000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[3]	Measured	NIST
514.55362 nm	26000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).6s 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).7p 2[1]*	Measured	NIST
741.0472 nm	25000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[4] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[5]*	Measured	NIST
656.64687 nm	23000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[4]	Measured	NIST
633.94468 nm	22000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3]	Measured	NIST
722.72727 nm	22000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[3]*	Measured	NIST
716.47586 nm	21000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[3]	Measured	NIST
698.6488 nm	20000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[4] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7f 2[5]*	Measured	NIST
621.3101 nm	19000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[4]	Measured	NIST
608.24072 nm	18000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).6p 2[2]*	Measured	NIST
624.4475 nm	17000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7f 2[4]*	Measured	NIST
631.31292 nm	17000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[0]	Measured	NIST
589.39929 nm	16000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).6p 2[1]*	Measured	NIST
666.20777 nm	15000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3]	Measured	NIST
712.0036 nm	15000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[1]	Measured	NIST
666.10964 nm	14000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9s 2[2]	Measured	NIST
741.64587 nm	14000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[2]*	Measured	NIST
595.6854 nm	13000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[3]	Measured	NIST
598.4862 nm	13000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[2]	Measured	NIST
637.16776 nm	12000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3]	Measured	NIST
486.23094 nm	11000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[3]*	Measured	NIST
491.69357 nm	11000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[2]*	Measured	NIST
520.41202 nm	11000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[1]*	Measured	NIST
629.39502 nm	11000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<0>).6p 2[1]*	Measured	NIST
633.0376 nm	11000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[2]	Measured	NIST
523.45653 nm	10000	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[3]*	Measured	NIST
533.82 nm	10000	I II	emission	5s2.5p3.(2D).6s 3D → 5s2.5p3.(2D*).6p 3F	Measured	NIST
562.569 nm	10000	I II	emission	5s2.5p3.(4S).6s 3S → 5s2.5p3.(4S*).6p 3P	Measured	NIST
707.78407 nm	9700	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[1]	Measured	NIST
598.4207 nm	8900	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[3]	Measured	NIST
742.00062 nm	8300	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[4] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[4]*	Measured	NIST
596.8258 nm	7900	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).10d 2[4]	Measured	NIST
698.97761 nm	7800	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9s 2[2]	Measured	NIST
658.05101 nm	7600	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[3]*	Measured	NIST
673.20067 nm	7600	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[3]*	Measured	NIST
595.4372 nm	6700	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[3]	Measured	NIST
741.1195 nm	6700	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[3]*	Measured	NIST
656.08006 nm	6600	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[2]	Measured	NIST
723.49797 nm	6600	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[4]*	Measured	NIST
633.35136 nm	6300	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[1]	Measured	NIST
723.17992 nm	6200	I I	emission	5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[3]*	Measured	NIST

Extended Properties

Covalent Radii (Extended)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö, double)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö, triple)

Covalent radius (Bragg)

Van der Waals Radii

Bondi

Batsanov

Alvarez

UFF

MM3

Dreiding

Rowland–Taylor

Atomic & Metallic Radii

Atomic radius (Rahm)

Metallic radius (C12)

Numbering Scales

Mendeleev

Pettifor

Glawe

Electronegativity Scales

Ghosh

Gunnarsson–Lundqvist

Robles–Bartolotti

Polarizability & Dispersion

Dipole polarizability

Dipole polarizability (unc.)

C₆

C₆ (Gould–Bučko)

Chemical Affinity

Proton affinity

Gas basicity

Supply Risk & Economics

Production concentration

Relative supply risk

Reserve distribution

Political stability (top producer)

Political stability (top reserve)

Phase Transitions & Allotropes

Melting point	386.85 K
Boiling point	457.55 K
Critical point (temperature)	819.15 K
Triple point (temperature)	386.75 K
Triple point (pressure)	12.11 kPa

Oxidation State Categories

+1 main

+7 main

+3 main

+4 extended

+6 extended

+5 main

−1 main

+2 extended

Advanced Reference Data

Screening Constants (11)

n	Orbital	σ
1	s	1.0609
2	p	4.1526
2	s	13.933
3	d	14.0993
3	p	18.1586
3	s	18.2126
4	d	32.066
4	p	28.9704
4	s	27.7028
5	p	41.3885

Crystal Radii Detail (5)

Charge	CN	r_crystal (pm)	Origin
-1	VI	206	Ahrens (1952) ionic radius,
5	IIIPY	58
5	VI	109
7	IV	56
7	VI	67

Isotope Decay Modes (82)

Isotope	Mode	Intensity
106	A	—
107	A	—
108	A	99.5%
108	p	0.5%
108	B+	—
108	B+p	—
109	p	100%
109	A	0%
110	B+	83%
110	A	17%

X‑ray Scattering Factors (508)

Energy (eV)	f₁	f₂
10	—	7.8167
10.1617	—	7.56781
10.3261	—	7.32685
10.4931	—	7.08081
10.6628	—	6.8332
10.8353	—	6.78435
11.0106	—	6.80888
11.1886	—	7.27334
11.3696	—	7.86775
11.5535	—	8.52786

Additional Data

Estimated Crustal Abundance

The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.

4.5×10-1 milligrams per kilogram

References (1)

[5] Iodine https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele053.html

Estimated Oceanic Abundance

The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.

6×10-2 milligrams per liter

References (1)

[5] Iodine https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele053.html

Sources

Sources of this element.

Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known.

References (1)

[6] Iodine https://periodic.lanl.gov/53.shtml

Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology

Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.

131I (with a half-life of about 8 days) and 129I are both fission products; 129I is a long-lived fission product with a half-life of 1.7×107 years that can be helpful in the detection of the movement of radiation after a radioactive event, such as occurred at the Japanese reactors at Fukushima. In nuclear reactors and weapons tests, uranium and plutonium undergo fission processes in which one of the fission products is the long-lived isotope 129I. This isotope has been used as a groundwater tracer to determine evidence of nuclear fission, and it can also be tracked in rainwater as evidence of a fission event in the air (weapons explosion; Fig. IUPAC.53.1) [390] [390] D. Elmore, H. E. Gove, R. Ferraro, L. R. Kilius, H. W. Lee, K. H. Chang, R. P. Beukens, A. E. Litherland, C. J. Russo, K. H. Purser, M. T. Murrell, R. C. Finkel. Nature286, 138 (1980).[390] D. Elmore, H. E. Gove, R. Ferraro, L. R. Kilius, H. W. Lee, K. H. Chang, R. P. Beukens, A. E. Litherland, C. J. Russo, K. H. Purser, M. T. Murrell, R. C. Finkel. Nature286, 138 (1980)., [391] [391] G. Snyder, U. Fehn. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B223, 579 (2004).[391] G. Snyder, U. Fehn. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B223, 579 (2004)., [392] [392] G. Snyder, A. Aldahan, G. Possnert. Geochem. Geophys.11, Q04010 (2010).[392] G. Snyder, A. Aldahan, G. Possnert. Geochem. Geophys.11, Q04010 (2010)..

References (4)

[390] D. Elmore, H. E. Gove, R. Ferraro, L. R. Kilius, H. W. Lee, K. H. Chang, R. P. Beukens, A. E. Litherland, C. J. Russo, K. H. Purser, M. T. Murrell, R. C. Finkel. Nature286, 138 (1980).
[391] G. Snyder, U. Fehn. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B223, 579 (2004).
[392] G. Snyder, A. Aldahan, G. Possnert. Geochem. Geophys.11, Q04010 (2010).
[4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703

References

(9)

1 PubChem

Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

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2 Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.

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3 IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)

Iodine

Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

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4 IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI)

The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.

Visit source License

License note: Copyright (c) 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) contribution within Pubchem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.

5 Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy

Iodine

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/

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License note: Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html

6 Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy

Iodine

The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.

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7 NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory

Iodine

The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database

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8 PubChem Elements

Iodine

This section provides all form of data related to element Iodine.

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9 PubChem Elements

Iodine

The element property data was retrieved from publications.

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Last updated: May 1, 2026