S 16

Sulfur (S)

nonmetal

Period: 3 Group: 16 Block: p

Solid

Standard Atomic Weight

Electron configuration

[Ne] 3s² 3p⁴

Melting point

115.21 °C (388.36 K)

Boiling point

444.6 °C (717.75 K)

Density

2067 kg/m³

Oxidation states

−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6

Electronegativity (Pauling)

2.58

Ionization energy (1st)

Discovery year

1777

Atomic radius

100 pm

Details

Name origin Latin: sulphur (brimstone).

Discoverers Known to the ancients.

Sulfur is a reactive nonmetal in group 16, occurring naturally as elemental sulfur and in sulfide and sulfate minerals. It forms many allotropes and a large range of compounds, especially with oxygen, hydrogen, metals, and organic groups. Its chemistry is central to fertilizers, petroleum refining, vulcanized rubber, and biological molecules such as amino acids and cofactors.

Sulfur is pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide. In every state, whether gas, liquid or solid, elemental sulfur occurs in more than one allotropic form or modification; these present a confusing multitude of forms whose relations are not yet fully understood.

In 1975, University of Pennsylvania scientists reported synthesis of polymeric sulfur nitride, which has the properties of a metal, although it contains no metal atoms. The material has unusual optical and electrical properties.

High-purity sulfur is commercially available in purities of 99.999+%.

Amorphous or "plastic" sulfur is obtained by fast cooling of the crystalline form. X-ray studies indicate that amorphous sulfur may have a helical structure with eight atoms per spiral. Crystalline sulfur seems to be made of rings, each containing eight sulfur atoms, which fit together to give a normal X-ray pattern.

The name derives from the Latin sulphurium and the Sanskrit sulveri. Sulfur was known as brenne stone for "combustible stone" from which brim-stone is derived. It was known from prehistoric times and thought to contain hydrogen and oxygen. In 1809, the French chemists Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard proved the elemental nature of sulfur.

Sulfur, the tenth most abundant element in the universe, has been known since ancient times. Sometime around 1777, Antoine Lavoisier convinced the rest of the scientific community that sulfur was an element. Sulfur is a component of many common minerals, such as galena (PbS), gypsum (CaSO4·2(H2O), pyrite (FeS2), sphalerite (ZnS or FeS), cinnabar (HgS), stibnite (Sb2S3), epsomite (MgSO4·7(H2O)), celestite (SrSO4) and barite (BaSO4). Nearly 25% of the sulfur produced today is recovered from petroleum refining operations and as a byproduct of extracting other materials from sulfur containing ores. The majority of the sulfur produced today is obtained from underground deposits, usually found in conjunction with salt deposits, with a process known as the Frasch process. Sulfur is a pale yellow, odorless and brittle material. It displays three allotropic forms: orthorhombic, monoclinic and amorphous. The orthorhombic form is the most stable form of sulfur. Monoclinic sulfur exists between the temperatures of 96°C and 119°C and reverts back to the orthorhombic form when cooled. Amorphous sulfur is formed when molten sulfur is quickly cooled. Amorphous sulfur is soft and elastic and eventually reverts back to the orthorhombic form.

Known to the ancients; referred to in Genesis as brimstone.

Read about Sulfur on Wikipedia

Images

Properties

Physical

Atomic radius (empirical) 100 pm

Covalent radius 105 pm

Van der Waals radius 180 pm

Metallic radius 104 pm

Density

Molar volume 0.0155 L/mol

Phase at STP solid

Melting point 115.21 °C

Boiling point 444.6 °C

Thermal conductivity 0.27 W/(m·K)

Specific heat capacity 0.708 J/(g·K)

Molar heat capacity 22.7 J/(mol·K)

Crystal structure orthorhombic

Chemical

Electronegativity (Pauling) 2.58

Electronegativity (Allen) 2.589

Electron affinity

Ionization energy (1st)

Ionization energy (2nd)

Ionization energy (3rd)

Ionization energy (4th)

Ionization energy (5th)

Oxidation states −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6

Valence electrons 6

Allotropes ["monoclinic", "rhombic"]

Electron configuration

Electron configuration (semantic)

Thermodynamic

Critical point (temperature) 1041 °C

Critical point (pressure) 2.070000e+7 Pa

Heat of fusion 0.01793025 eV

Heat of vaporization 0.46639374 eV

Heat of sublimation 2.870913 eV

Heat of atomization 2.870913 eV

Atomization enthalpy

Nuclear

Stable isotopes 4

Discovery year 1777

Abundance

Abundance (Earth's crust) 350 mg/kg

Abundance (ocean)

Reactivity

N/A

Crystal Structure

Lattice constant a 1047 pm

Electronic Structure

Electrons per shell 2, 8, 6

Identifiers

CAS number 7704-34-9

Term symbol

InChI InChI=1S/S

InChI Key NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Electron Configuration Measured

Ion charge

Protons 16

Electrons 16

Charge Neutral

Configuration S: 3s² 3p⁴

[Ne] 3s² 3p⁴

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴

Orbital diagram

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

6/6

↑↓

2/2

↑↓

↑

4/6 2↑

Total electrons: 16 Unpaired: 2

Atomic model

Protons 16

Neutrons 16

Electrons 16

Mass number 32

Stability Stable

Isotopes change neutron count, mass, and stability — not the electron configuration of a neutral atom.

Schematic atomic model, not to scale.

Atomic Fingerprint

Emission / Absorption Spectrum

Emission Visible: 380–750 nm

Isotope Distribution

Mass number	Atomic mass (u)	Natural abundance	Half-life
32 Stable	31.9720711744 ± 0.0000000014	94.9900%	Stable
33 Stable	32.9714589098 ± 0.0000000015	0.7500%	Stable
34 Stable	33.967867004 ± 0.000000047	4.2500%	Stable
36 Stable	35.96708071 ± 0.0000002	0.0100%	Stable

Measured

Phase / State

Solid 25 °C (298.15 K)

Reason: 90.2 °C below melting point (115.21 °C)

Melting point 115.21 °C

Boiling point 444.6 °C

Below melting by 90.2 °C

0 K Current temperature: 25 °C 6000 K

Phase timeline

Schematic, not to scale

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Melting

Boiling

25°C

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Current

Phase transition points

Melting point Literature

115.21 °C

Boiling point Literature

444.6 °C

Current phase Calculated
Solid

Transition energies

Heat of fusion Literature

0.01793025 eV

Energy required to melt 1 mol at melting point

Heat of vaporization Literature

0.46639374 eV

Energy required to vaporize 1 mol at boiling point

Heat of sublimation Literature

2.870913 eV

Energy required to sublime 1 mol at sublimation point

Density

Reference density Literature

2067 kg/m³

At standard conditions

Current density Calculated

2067 kg/m³

At standard conditions

Advanced

Critical point Literature

1041 °C

Atomic Spectra

Showing 10 of 16 Atomic Spectra. Sorted by ion charge (ascending).

Lines Holdings ?

Ion	Charge	Total lines	Transition probabilities	Level designations
S I	0	1437	1052	1429
S II	+1	1349	753	1349
S III	+2	329	273	329
S IV	+3	1199	999	1199
S V	+4	866	699	866
S VI	+5	457	393	457
S VII	+6	259	253	255
S VIII	+7	254	253	254
S IX	+8	175	175	175
S X	+9	270	268	270

NIST Lines Holdings →

Levels Holdings ?

Ion	Charge	Levels
S I	0	382
S II	+1	247
S III	+2	59
S IV	+3	142
S V	+4	150
S VI	+5	88
S VII	+6	57
S VIII	+7	54
S IX	+8	45
S X	+9	44

NIST Levels Holdings →

16 S 32.067499999999995

Sulfur — Atomic Orbital Visualizer

[Ne]3s23p4

Energy levels 2 8 6

Oxidation states -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6

HOMO 3p n=3 · l=1 · m=-1

Sulfur — Atomic Orbital Visualizer Preview

Three.js loads only on request

16 S 32.067499999999995

Sulfur — Crystal Structure Visualizer

Orthorhombic · Pearson N/A

Experimental

Pearson N/A

Sulfur — Crystal Structure Visualizer Preview

Three.js loads only on request

Ionic Radii

Charge	Coordination	Spin	Radius
-2	6	N/A	184 pm
+4	6	N/A	37 pm
+6	4	N/A	12 pm
+6	6	N/A	28.999999999999996 pm

Compounds

32.070 u

S-2

32.070 u

S-

32.070 u

S-2

33.968 u

32.971 u

31.972 u

S-2

34.969 u

Isotopes (4)

Eleven isotopes of sulfur exist. None of the four isotopes that are found in nature are radioactive. A finely divided form of sulfur, known as flowers of sulfur, is obtained by sublimation.

Mass number	Atomic mass (u)	Natural abundance	Half-life	Decay mode
32 Stable	31.9720711744 ± 0.0000000014	94.9900% ± 0.2600%	Stable	stable
33 Stable	32.9714589098 ± 0.0000000015	0.7500% ± 0.0200%	Stable	stable
34 Stable	33.967867004 ± 0.000000047	4.2500% ± 0.2400%	Stable	stable
36 Stable	35.96708071 ± 0.0000002	0.0100% ± 0.0100%	Stable	stable

32 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 31.9720711744 ± 0.0000000014

Natural abundance 94.9900% ± 0.2600%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

33 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 32.9714589098 ± 0.0000000015

Natural abundance 0.7500% ± 0.0200%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

34 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 33.967867004 ± 0.000000047

Natural abundance 4.2500% ± 0.2400%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

36 Stable

Atomic mass (u) 35.96708071 ± 0.0000002

Natural abundance 0.0100% ± 0.0100%

Half-life Stable

Decay mode

stable

Spectral Lines

Showing 50 of 556 Spectral Lines. Only spectral lines with measured intensity are shown by default.

Wavelength (nm)	Intensity	Ion stage	Type	Transition	Accuracy	Source
545.3853 nm	42000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D*	Measured	NIST
543.2797 nm	30000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D*	Measured	NIST
416.2665 nm	25000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4d 4F	Measured	NIST
532.0715 nm	24000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p2.(1D).4p 2F*	Measured	NIST
415.3066 nm	20000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4d 4F	Measured	NIST
503.2435 nm	20000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
542.8658 nm	20000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D*	Measured	NIST
547.3617 nm	20000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D*	Measured	NIST
550.9702 nm	20000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D*	Measured	NIST
560.6158 nm	20000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4F → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D*	Measured	NIST
563.998 nm	20000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 2D*	Measured	NIST
414.5059 nm	16000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4d 4F	Measured	NIST
429.44 nm	16000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4d 4D	Measured	NIST
481.5553 nm	16000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4S*	Measured	NIST
534.5715 nm	16000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p2.(1D).4p 2F*	Measured	NIST
393.326 nm	13000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 2D* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4d 2F	Measured	NIST
402.875 nm	13000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4d 4D	Measured	NIST
414.2259 nm	13000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4d 4F	Measured	NIST
417.4266 nm	13000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(1D).4p 2F* → 3s2.3p2.(1D).4d 2G	Measured	NIST
426.7762 nm	13000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4d 4D	Measured	NIST
452.4942 nm	13000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p2.(1D).4p 2P*	Measured	NIST
500.9564 nm	13000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
501.4044 nm	13000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 2P*	Measured	NIST
521.2614 nm	13000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p2.(1D).4p 2D*	Measured	NIST
630.5479 nm	13000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
556.4958 nm	12000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D*	Measured	NIST
564.0336 nm	12000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4F → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D*	Measured	NIST
564.6998 nm	12000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 2D*	Measured	NIST
565.9998 nm	12000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4F → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D*	Measured	NIST
628.6951 nm	12000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 2F → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 2D*	Measured	NIST
392.3449 nm	10000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 2D* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4d 2F	Measured	NIST
446.358 nm	10000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).5s 4P	Measured	NIST
639.7363 nm	10000	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
471.6272 nm	9900	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4S*	Measured	NIST
499.1968 nm	9800	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
502.72 nm	9800	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 2P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 2S*	Measured	NIST
520.1025 nm	9800	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p2.(1D).4p 2D*	Measured	NIST
566.4773 nm	9700	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4F → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D*	Measured	NIST
631.2666 nm	7900	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 2F → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 2D*	Measured	NIST
399.3499 nm	7800	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 2F → 3s2.3p2.(1D).4p 2F*	Measured	NIST
403.2767 nm	7800	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4S* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4d 4P	Measured	NIST
417.4001 nm	7700	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(1D).4p 2F* → 3s2.3p2.(1D).4d 2G	Measured	NIST
446.443 nm	7700	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(1D).3d 2F → 3s2.3p2.(3P<2>).4f 2[5]*	Measured	NIST
448.3428 nm	7700	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4D* → 3s2.3p2.(3P).5s 4P	Measured	NIST
465.6762 nm	7700	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4S*	Measured	NIST
491.7197 nm	7600	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 2P*	Measured	NIST
492.5347 nm	7600	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
510.3332 nm	7600	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P*	Measured	NIST
581.9238 nm	7500	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 2D*	Measured	NIST
639.8015 nm	7500	S II	emission	3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P*	Measured	NIST

Extended Properties

Covalent Radii (Extended)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö, double)

Covalent radius (Pyykkö, triple)

Covalent radius (Bragg)

Van der Waals Radii

Bondi

Batsanov

Alvarez

UFF

MM3

Dreiding

Rowland–Taylor

Atomic & Metallic Radii

Atomic radius (Rahm)

Metallic radius (C12)

Numbering Scales

Mendeleev

Pettifor

Glawe

Electronegativity Scales

Ghosh

Gunnarsson–Lundqvist

Robles–Bartolotti

Polarizability & Dispersion

Dipole polarizability

Dipole polarizability (unc.)

C₆

C₆ (Gould–Bučko)

Chemical Affinity

Proton affinity

Gas basicity

Supply Risk & Economics

Production concentration

Relative supply risk

Political stability (top producer)

Phase Transitions & Allotropes

rhombic

Transition temperature	368.35 K
Boiling point	717.76 K
Critical point (temperature)	1314.15 K
Critical point (pressure)	20.7 MPa

monoclinic

Melting point	388.36 K
Boiling point	717.76 K
Critical point (temperature)	1314.15 K

Oxidation State Categories

+2 main

0 extended

+1 extended

+3 extended

+5 extended

+4 main

+6 main

−1 extended

−2 main

Advanced Reference Data

Screening Constants (5)

n	Orbital	σ
1	s	0.4591
2	p	4.023
2	s	5.3712
3	p	10.5181
3	s	9.6331

Crystal Radii Detail (4)

Charge	CN	r_crystal (pm)	Origin
-2	VI	170	Pauling's (1960) crystal radius,
4	VI	51	Ahrens (1952) ionic radius,
6	IV	26
6	VI	43	calculated,

Isotope Decay Modes (38)

Isotope	Mode	Intensity
26	2p	—
27	B+	100%
27	B+p	61%
27	2p	3%
28	B+	100%
28	B+p	20.7%
29	B+	100%
29	B+p	46.4%
30	B+	100%
31	B+	100%

X‑ray Scattering Factors (504)

Energy (eV)	f₁	f₂
10	—	4.05213
10.1617	—	4.23511
10.3261	—	4.42637
10.4931	—	4.62625
10.6628	—	4.83517
10.8353	—	5.05351
11.0106	—	5.28172
11.1886	—	5.52024
11.3696	—	5.79892
11.5535	—	6.15554

Additional Data

Estimated Crustal Abundance

The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.

3.50×102 milligrams per kilogram

References (1)

[5] Sulfur https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele016.html

Estimated Oceanic Abundance

The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.

9.05×102 milligrams per liter

References (1)

[5] Sulfur https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele016.html

Sources

Sources of this element.

Sulfur is found in meteorites. R.W. Wood suggests that the dark area near the crater Aristarchus is a sulfur deposit.

Sulfur occurs native in the vicinity of volcanos and hot springs. It is widely distributed in nature as iron pyrites, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, stibnite, gypsum, epsom salts, celestite, barite, etc.

References (1)

[6] Sulfur https://periodic.lanl.gov/16.shtml

Production

Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).

Sulfur is commercially recovered from wells sunk into the salt domes along the Gulf Coast of the U.S. Using the Frasch process heated water is forced into the wells to melt the sulfur, which is then brought to the surface.

Sulfur also occurs in natural gas and petroleum crudes and must be removed from these products. Formerly this was done chemically, which wasted the sulfur; new processes now permit recovery. Large amounts of sulfur are being recovered from Alberta gas fields.

References (1)

[6] Sulfur https://periodic.lanl.gov/16.shtml

Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology

Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.

The isotope-amount ratio n(34S)/n(32S) can be used to authenticate the dietary source of cattle. First, stable isotopes are measured to infer the dietary source of the cattle. Once the source of the diet is found, the isotopic compositions can be traced in certain muscle groups of the cattle and can be used to determine if the diet of the animal has been changed or if the feed is consistent with what the animal has been claimed to have been fed [145] [145] B. Bahar, A. P. Moloney, F. J. Monahan, S. M. Harrison, A. Zazzo, C. M. Scrimgeour, I. S. Begley, O. Schmidt. J. Anim. Sci.87, 905 (2009).[145] B. Bahar, A. P. Moloney, F. J. Monahan, S. M. Harrison, A. Zazzo, C. M. Scrimgeour, I. S. Begley, O. Schmidt. J. Anim. Sci.87, 905 (2009)..

References (2)

[145] B. Bahar, A. P. Moloney, F. J. Monahan, S. M. Harrison, A. Zazzo, C. M. Scrimgeour, I. S. Begley, O. Schmidt. J. Anim. Sci.87, 905 (2009).
[4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703

References

(9)

1 PubChem

Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

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2 Atomic Mass Data Center (AMDC), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.

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3 IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)

Sulfur

Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

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4 IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI)

The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.

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License note: Copyright (c) 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) contribution within Pubchem is provided under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.

5 Jefferson Lab, U.S. Department of Energy

Sulfur

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/

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License note: Please see citation and linking information: https://education.jlab.org/faq/index.html

6 Los Alamos National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy

Sulfur

The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.

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7 NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory

Sulfur

The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database

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8 PubChem Elements

Sulfur

This section provides all form of data related to element Sulfur.

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9 PubChem Elements

Sulfur

The element property data was retrieved from publications.

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Last updated: May 1, 2026

Data verified: May 12, 2026

Content is reviewed against latest scientific data.