Gallium vs Germanium
Side-by-side comparison of Gallium (Ga, element 31) and Germanium (Ge, element 32) by atomic structure and physical properties.
| Property | Ga Gallium | Ge Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic number | 31 | 32 |
| Symbol | Ga | Ge |
| Name | Gallium | Germanium |
| Category | post-transition-metal | metalloid |
| Standard Atomic Weight | 69.723 u | 72.63 u |
| Period | 4 | 4 |
| Group | 13 | 14 |
| Block | p | p |
| Phase at STP | Solid | Solid |
| Electron configuration | [Ar]3d104s24p1 | [Ar]3d104s24p2 |
| Oxidation states | [-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3] | [-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4] |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.81 | 2.01 |
| Electron affinity | 0.3 eV | 1.232 eV |
| Density | 5910 kg/m³ | 5323.4 kg/m³ |
| Melting point | 29.76 °C | 938.25 °C |
| Boiling point | 2203.85 °C | 2832.85 °C |
| Discovery year | 1875 | 1886 |
Key Differences
| Property | Ga Gallium | Ge Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Standard Atomic Weight | 69.723 u ↓ lower | 72.63 u ↑ higher |
| Density | 5910 kg/m³ ↑ higher | 5323.4 kg/m³ ↓ lower |
| Melting point | 29.76 °C ↓ lower | 938.25 °C ↑ higher |
| Boiling point | 2203.85 °C ↓ lower | 2832.85 °C ↑ higher |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 1.81 ↓ lower | 2.01 ↑ higher |
| Electron affinity | 0.3 eV ↓ lower | 1.232 eV ↑ higher |
| Group | 13 | 14 |
| Category | post-transition-metal | metalloid |
| Electron configuration | [Ar]3d104s24p1 | [Ar]3d104s24p2 |
| Discovery year | 1875 | 1886 |