Mercury (Hg)
transition-metalLiquid
标准原子量
200.592 u电子排布
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10熔点
-38.83 °C沸点
356.73 °C密度
1.35336e+4 kg/m³氧化态
−2, +1, +2电负性（鲍林）
2第一电离能
10.437504 eV发现年份
暂无原子半径
150 pm详细信息
Mercury is a heavy, silvery transition metal with the distinctive feature of being liquid near ordinary room temperature. It has a filled 5d shell and commonly forms +1 and +2 compounds, with covalent character more prominent than in many lighter metals. Mercury has been used in instruments, electrical devices, and gold extraction, but many uses have declined because its vapor and several compounds are highly toxic.
It is a heavy, silvery-white metal; a rather poor conductor of heat, as compared with other metals, and a fair conductor of electricity. It easily forms alloys with many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, which are called amalgams. Its ease in amalgamating with gold is made use of in the recovery of gold from its ores. The most important salts are mercury chloride (corrosive sublimate - a violent poison), mercurous chloride (calomel, occasionally still used in medicine), mercury fulminate, a detonator widely used in explosives, and mercuric sulfide (vermilion, a high-grade paint pigment). Organic mercury compounds are important. It has been found that an electrical discharge causes mercury vapor to combine with neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. These products, held together with van der Waals' forces, correspond to HgNe, HgAr, HgKr, and HgXe. Mercury is a virulent poison and is readily absorbed through the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, or through unbroken skin. It acts as a cumulative poison and dangerous levels are readily attained in air. Air saturated with mercury vapor at 20°C contains a concentration that exceeds the toxicity limits. The danger increases at higher temperatures. It is important therefore that mercury be handled with care. Containers of mercury should be securely covered and spillage should be avoided. If it is necessary to heat mercury or mercury compounds, it should be done in a well-ventilated hood. Methyl mercury is a dangerous pollutant and is now widely found in water and streams. The triple point of mercury, -38.8344C, is a fixed point on the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90).
The name derives from the Roman god Mercury, the nimble messenger of the gods, because the ancients used that name for the element known from prehistoric times. The symbol Hg derives from the Greek hydrargyrum for "liquid silver" or "quick silver".
Mercury was known to the ancient Chinese and Hindus and has been found in 3500 year old Egyptian tombs. Mercury is not usually found free in nature and is primarily obtained from the mineral cinnabar (HgS). Spain and Italy produce about half of the world's supply of Mercury.
From Greek hydoor. Known to ancient Chinese and Hindus; found in Egyptian tombs of 1500 B.C. Mercury is the only common metal liquid at ordinary temperatures. It only rarely occurs free in nature. The chief ore is cinnabar; Spain and Italy produce about 50% of the world's supply of the metal. The commercial unit for handling mercury is the "flask," which weighs 76 lb. The metal is obtained by heating cinnabar in a current of air and by condensing the vapor.
Pure mercury is a dense, mirror-bright liquid at room temperature, forming rounded droplets with high surface tension. It freezes to a soft, silvery solid below −38.83 °C and boils at 356.73 °C. Clean mercury wets few common surfaces but readily forms amalgams with many metals.
Mercury was historically important in thermometers, barometers, manometers, tilt switches, fluorescent lamps, dental amalgam, and laboratory electrodes. Some of these uses persist under restrictions or in specialized settings. Mercury vapor remains useful in certain discharge lamps, and mercury compounds have had roles as catalysts, reagents, and preservatives, though many have been replaced. Elemental mercury is still used in some artisanal and small-scale gold mining, a practice associated with substantial emissions.
Mercury can be used to make thermometers, barometers and other scientific instruments. Mercury conducts electricity and is used to make silent, position dependent switches. Mercury vapor is used in streetlights, fluorescent lamps and advertising signs.
Mercury easily forms alloys with other metals, such as gold, silver, zinc and cadmium. These alloys are called amalgams. Amalgams are used to help extract gold from its ores, create dental fillings (in the case of silver) and help extend the life of dry cell batteries (in the case of zinc and cadmium).
Mercury forms useful compounds with other elements. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is a very poisonous salt and was once used to disinfect wounds. Mercurous chloride (Hg2Cl2), also called calomel, is an antiseptic used to kill bacteria. Mercuric sulfide (HgS) is used to make a red paint pigment called vermilion. Mercuric oxide (HgO) is used to make mercury batteries.
Mercury is poisonous and can enter the body through the respiratory tract, the digestive tract or directly through the skin. It accumulates in the body, eventually causing severe illness or death.
The metal is widely used in laboratory work for making thermometers, barometers, diffusion pumps, and many other instruments. It is used in making mercury-vapor lamps and advertising signs, etc. and is used in mercury switches and other electronic apparatus. Other uses are in making pesticides, Mercury cells for caustic soda and chlorine production, dental preparations, anti-fouling paint, batteries, and catalysts.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
198Hg, 200Hg, and 202Hg are stable isotopes of mercury that can be used to study environmental sources and environmental sinks of this element in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. For example, in an ecosystem, different stable isotopes of mercury can be added to an upland region for run-off evaluation, to a lake for direct deposition analysis, and to a wetland region for outflow contribution analysis (Fig. IUPAC.80.1). As a result, it is possible to determine the entry points of mercury into an ecosystem and determine how the inputs of mercury affect the accumulation of this element in local fish populations. An international consortium of scientists is conducting an experiment called METAALICUS (Mercury Experiment To Assess Atmospheric Loading In Canada and the U.S.). This experiment includes determination of whether mercury contamination in fish is old or new mercury. Tracer studies were performed in northwestern Ontario at the Experimental Lakes Area of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada [537] Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. Mercury-Contaminated Fish-Is it Old or New Mercury? U.S. Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 26; http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/mercury_contaminated_fish.html..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
202Hg is used to produce radioactive 203Hg (with a half-life of 46.6 days) via the 202Hg (n, γ) 203Hg reaction, which is used in gamma radiation calibration and medical tests.
Mercury chemistry is dominated by mercury(I) and mercury(II). Mercury(I) usually exists as the dimeric cation Hg₂²⁺, represented in mercury(I) chloride, Hg₂Cl₂. Mercury(II) chloride, HgCl₂, is more soluble and highly toxic. Mercury(II) sulfide, HgS, occurs as cinnabar and is very insoluble. Organomercury compounds such as methylmercury, CH₃Hg⁺, are environmentally important because they are readily bioaccumulated. Mercury forms amalgams with metals such as silver, gold, and tin.
See more information at the Mercury compound page.
Elemental mercury is hazardous mainly through inhalation of vapor, which is produced even at room temperature and can accumulate in poorly ventilated spaces. Soluble mercury(II) salts are corrosive and systemically toxic, while methylmercury, CH₃Hg⁺, is a potent neurotoxin that concentrates in food webs. Spills are treated as chemical contamination because droplets are persistent and difficult to remove. Heating mercury greatly increases vapor exposure.
Mercury is naturally released by volcanic activity, weathering, geothermal emissions, and ocean-atmosphere exchange, but human activities have greatly redistributed it. Coal combustion, metal smelting, waste burning, and gold mining are major anthropogenic sources. In aquatic sediments, microbes can convert inorganic mercury to methylmercury, CH₃Hg⁺, which biomagnifies in predatory fish and wildlife. Mercury can travel long distances in the atmosphere before deposition.
Mercury is produced mainly from cinnabar ore, HgS, and in some regions as a by-product of nonferrous metal processing or from recycling. Demand has fallen in many industrialized markets because of regulation and substitution in instruments, batteries, switches, and chlor-alkali technology. Supply is affected by restrictions on trade and storage as well as recovery from obsolete equipment. Significant consumption persists where alternatives are costly or poorly enforced, especially in small-scale gold extraction.
Virtually all mercury comes from cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). Some sources of red cinnabar are so rich in mercury that droplets of elemental mercury can be found in random samples.
Mercury is a rare heavy element in cosmic terms. Its stable isotopes were formed chiefly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with later redistribution into the solar nebula. In the Solar System it is present in trace amounts in rocky bodies and meteorites, but it is volatile enough that planetary abundance depends strongly on condensation, heating, and loss processes.
- The chemical symbol Hg comes from hydrargyrum, meaning liquid silver.
- Mercury expands fairly uniformly with temperature, which made it valuable in older thermometers.
- Cinnabar, HgS, was used historically as the red pigment vermilion.
- Mercury droplets can divide into many beads, increasing surface area and vapor release.
- Aluminum structures can be damaged by mercury because amalgamation disrupts protective oxide behavior.
- Most dental amalgam is an alloy phase mixture rather than pure mercury.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 150 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 132 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 209 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 139 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 1.35336 × 104 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0148 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 液态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- -38.83 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 356.73 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 8.3 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.14 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 27.983 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 菱方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 2 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 1.76
- 电子亲和能
- -0.5 eV (负值——预计该原子不结合额外电子)
- 第一电离能
- 10.437504 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 18.756945 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 34.490119 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 48.550167 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 61.200211 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- −2, +1, +2 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 12 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10
热力学性质
- 三相点（温度）
- -38.8344 °C
- 临界点（温度）
- 1491 °C
- 临界点（压力）
- 1.67e+8 Pa
- 熔化热
- 0.02373426 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 0.61263409 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 0.63636835 eV
- 原子化热
- 0.63636835 eV
- 原子化焓
- 0.63616106 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 80 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 122 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 47 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 6 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Hg-202
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 0.085 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 3 × 10−5 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 299 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7439-97-6 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Hg
- InChI Key
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Hg: 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 198 稳定 | 197.9667686 ± 0.00000052 | 9.9700% | 稳定 |
| 199 稳定 | 198.96828064 ± 0.00000046 | 16.8700% | 稳定 |
| 200 稳定 | 199.96832659 ± 0.00000047 | 23.1000% | 稳定 |
| 201 稳定 | 200.97030284 ± 0.00000069 | 13.1800% | 稳定 |
| 202 稳定 | 201.9706434 ± 0.00000069 | 29.8600% | 稳定 |
| 204 稳定 | 203.97349398 ± 0.00000053 | 6.8700% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 位于熔点（-38.83 °C）与沸点（356.73 °C）之间
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
暂无液相数据
高级
原子光谱
已显示10项，共81项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Hg I | 0 | 299 |
| 198Hg I 同位素 | 0 | 61 |
| Hg II | +1 | 115 |
| Hg III | +2 | 94 |
| Hg IV | +3 | 61 |
| Hg V | +4 | 2 |
| Hg VI | +5 | 2 |
| Hg VII | +6 | 2 |
| Hg VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Hg IX | +8 | 2 |
暂无固相晶体结构数据
晶体结构: rhombohedral
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 3 | 暂无 | 97 pm |
| +1 | 6 | 暂无 | 119 pm |
| +2 | 2 | 暂无 | 69 pm |
| +2 | 4 | 暂无 | 96 pm |
| +2 | 6 | 暂无 | 102 pm |
| +2 | 8 | 暂无 | 113.99999999999999 pm |
化合物
同位素 (6)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 198 稳定 | 197.9667686 ± 0.00000052 | 9.9700% ± 0.2000% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 199 稳定 | 198.96828064 ± 0.00000046 | 16.8700% ± 0.2200% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 200 稳定 | 199.96832659 ± 0.00000047 | 23.1000% ± 0.1900% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 201 稳定 | 200.97030284 ± 0.00000069 | 13.1800% ± 0.0900% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 202 稳定 | 201.9706434 ± 0.00000069 | 29.8600% ± 0.2600% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 204 稳定 | 203.97349398 ± 0.00000053 | 6.8700% ± 0.1500% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
已显示50项，共218项。 默认仅显示具有实测强度的谱线。
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 542.5249 nm | 8000000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.6d 2D → 5d10.5f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 587.12779 nm | 1200000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7p 2P* → 5d10.7d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 559.526 nm | 200000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.6d 2D → 5d10.5f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 520.4768 nm | 150000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 629.123 nm | 65000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.5f 2F* → 5d10.6g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 639.4888 nm | 55000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.5f 2F* → 5d10.6g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 380.63154 nm | 50000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7p 2P* → 5d10.8d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 439.8623 nm | 40000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7p 2P* → 5d10.8d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 521.6379 nm | 40000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 466.0216 nm | 30000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,3P<1>)* → 5d10.7d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527.7593 nm | 18000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 482.5564 nm | 17000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,3/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 514.6293 nm | 15000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 404.65643 nm | 12000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 3P* → 5d10.6s.7s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 435.83363 nm | 12000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 3P* → 5d10.6s.7s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 383.9255 nm | 10000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7s 2S → 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,1P<1>)* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 546.07498 nm | 6000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 3P* → 5d10.6s.7s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 391.43142 nm | 5000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,3P<2>)* → 5d9.6s.7s [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 412.0447 nm | 4000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7p 2P* → 5d10.9s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.28309 nm | 2800 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.6d 2D → 5d10.8p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 664.66839 nm | 1300 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s2 2D → 5d9.6s2 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 506.6497 nm | 1200 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,3/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 382.89121 nm | 1000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,3P<2>)* → 5d9.6s.7s [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 407.7837 nm | 1000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 3P* → 5d10.6s.7s 1S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 576.96095 nm | 1000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.6d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 690.746 nm | 1000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.8p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 708.1901 nm | 1000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.8p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 579.06705 nm | 900 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.6d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 709.186 nm | 800 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.8p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 567.588 nm | 600 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.9p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 671.636 nm | 600 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 1S → 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 580.3783 nm | 400 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 1S → 5d10.6s.10p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 474.2296 nm | 300 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,3/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 434.74951 nm | 150 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.7d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 594.7682 nm | 150 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7d 2D → 5d10.8f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 535.4036 nm | 130 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.10p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 585.9254 nm | 130 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.9p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 496.017 nm | 100 | Hg I | emission | 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[7/2]* → 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).7s 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 510.0945 nm | 100 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 410.8054 nm | 70 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.9s 1S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 512.0637 nm | 70 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.11p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 509.8561 nm | 60 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 380.16582 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.10s 1S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 382.037 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[7/2]* → 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).7s 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 404.7742 nm | 50 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,3P<2>)* → 5d9.6s.7s [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 433.92228 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.7d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 538.4627 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.10p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 554.9636 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 1S → 5d10.6s.11p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 623.435 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 1S → 5d10.6s.9p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 390.6383 nm | 40 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.8d 1D | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 133 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 142 pm
范德华半径
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 245 pm
- UFF
- 270.5 pm
- MM3
- 253 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 229 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 151 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 79
- Pettifor
- 74
- Glawe
- 76
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 33.91 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 0.34 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 268 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 14.08 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 2
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 74
- 相对供应风险
- 9
- 储量分布
- 29
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 24
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 23
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 234.32 K |
| 沸点 | 629.77 K |
| 临界点（温度） | 1764.15 K |
| 临界点（压力） | 167 MPa |
| 三相点（温度） | 234.32 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (14)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.5419 |
| 2 | p | 4.499 |
| 2 | s | 20.8906 |
| 3 | d | 13.4804 |
| 3 | p | 22.4798 |
| 3 | s | 23.4587 |
| 4 | d | 37.532 |
| 4 | f | 38.2392 |
| 4 | p | 35.594 |
| 4 | s | 34.7552 |
晶体半径详情 (6)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | III | 111 | ||
| 1 | VI | 133 | ||
| 2 | II | 83 | ||
| 2 | IV | 110 | ||
| 2 | VI | 116 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 128 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
同位素衰变方式 (76)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 170 | A | 100% |
| 171 | A | 100% |
| 171 | B+ | — |
| 172 | A | 100% |
| 172 | B+ | — |
| 173 | A | 100% |
| 174 | A | 100% |
| 174 | B+ | — |
| 175 | A | 100% |
| 175 | B+ | — |
X射线散射因子 (516)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 3.07253 |
| 10.1617 | — | 3.05926 |
| 10.3261 | — | 3.04605 |
| 10.4931 | — | 3.0329 |
| 10.6628 | — | 3.0198 |
| 10.8353 | — | 3.00676 |
| 11.0106 | — | 3.02448 |
| 11.1886 | — | 3.04517 |
| 11.3696 | — | 3.066 |
| 11.5535 | — | 3.08698 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3×10-5 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Mercury.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.