Gold (Au)
transition-metalSolid
标准原子量
196.966569 u电子排布
[Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d10熔点
1064.18 °C沸点
2855.85 °C密度
1.9282e+4 kg/m³氧化态
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +5电负性（鲍林）
2.54第一电离能
9.225554 eV发现年份
暂无原子半径
135 pm详细信息
Gold is a dense, soft transition metal with exceptional resistance to oxidation and corrosion. It is usually found native or alloyed with silver and other precious metals, rather than as common simple ores. Its chemistry is dominated by relativistic effects, which help give the metal its yellow color and influence stable oxidation states. Gold combines high electrical conductivity, malleability, chemical nobility, and cultural value in a way unmatched by most elements.
It is estimated that all the gold in the world, so far refined, could be placed in a single cube 60 ft. on a side. Of all the elements, gold in its pure state is undoubtedly the most beautiful. It is metallic, having a yellow color when in a mass, but when finely divided it may be black, ruby, or purple. The Purple of Cassius is a delicate test for auric gold. It is the most malleable and ductile metal; 1 oz. of gold can be beaten out to 300 ft2. It is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents.
The name derives from the Sanskrit jval for "shine", the Teutonic word gulth for "shining metal", and the Anglo-Saxon gold of unknown origin. The symbol Au derives from the Latin aurum, for Aurora, the goddess of dawn. Gold was known and highly valued in prehistoric times.
An attractive and highly valued metal, gold has been known for at least 5500 years. Gold is sometimes found free in nature but it is usually found in conjunction with silver, quartz (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3), lead, tellurium, zinc or copper. There is roughly 1 milligram of gold dissolved in every ton of seawater, although extracting it currently costs more than the gold is worth. It has been estimated that all of the gold that has currently been refined could be placed in a cube measuring 20 meters on a side.
Known and highly valued from earliest times, gold is found in nature as the free metal and in tellurides; it is very widely distributed and is almost always associated with quartz or pyrite.
Pure gold is a bright metallic yellow solid at ordinary conditions. It is very malleable and ductile, and freshly exposed surfaces keep their luster in air. Finely divided gold can appear red, purple, or blue because small particles interact with light differently from bulk metal.
Gold is used in jewelry, coinage, bullion, and decorative gilding, often alloyed to improve hardness. In electronics it is valued for corrosion-resistant contacts, bond wires, connectors, and thin coatings. Dentistry has used gold alloys where durability and biocompatibility are important, though use has declined in some settings. Gold nanoparticles are used in diagnostic tests, research reagents, and specialized optical materials. Radioactive ¹⁹⁸Au has had limited medical and tracer applications.
Gold is the most malleable and ductile of all known metals. A single ounce of gold can be beaten into a sheet measuring roughly 5 meters on a side. Thin sheets of gold, known as gold leaf, are primarily used in arts and crafts for gilding. One sheet of gold leaf can be as thin as 0.000127 millimeters, or about 400 times thinner than a human hair.
Pure gold is soft and is usually alloyed with other metals, such as silver, copper, platinum or palladium, to increase its strength. Gold alloys are used to make jewelry, decorative items, dental fillings and coins. The amount of gold in an alloy is measured with a unit called a karat. One karat is equal to one part in twenty-four, so an 18 karat gold ring contains 18 parts pure gold and 6 parts alloy material.
Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity and does not tarnish when it is exposed to the air, so it can be used to make electrical connectors and printed circuit boards. Gold is also a good reflector of infrared radiation and can be used to help shield spacecraft and skyscrapers from the sun's heat. Gold coated mirrors can be used to make telescopes that are sensitive to infrared light.
A radioactive isotope of gold, gold-198, is used for treating cancer. Gold sodium thiosulfate (AuNa3O6S4) is used as a treatment for arthritis. Chlorauric acid (HAuCl4) is used to preserve photographs by replacing the silver atoms present in an image.
It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems in many countries. It is also extensively used for jewelry, decoration, dental work, and for plating. It is used for coating certain space satellites, as it is a good reflector of infrared and is inert.
Isotopes in Biology
195Au (with a half-life of about 0.51 year) has been used to study particle movement within the lungs of rats [528] G. Patrick, C. Stirling. Environ. Health Perspect.97, 47 (1992).. 198Au (with a half-life of 2.7 days) was used in a study to model gold cycling in plants. This study demonstrated that gold particles are retained by humates (organic constituents of soil), which contain fulvic acid, humic acid, ulmic acid, and lignin and would therefore be likely to accumulate in mull humus or forest litter [529] K. C. Jones, P. J. Peterson. Biogeochemistry7, 3 (1989)..
Isotopes in Medicine
198Au has several medical uses. It has been used as both a diagnostic tool and a treatment option for cancer [530] N. Chanda, P. Kan, L. D. Watkinson, R. Shukla, A. Zambre, T. L. Carmack, H. Engelbrecht, J. R. Lever, K. Katti, G. M. Fent, S. W. Casteel, C. J. Smith, W. H. Miller, S. Jurisson, E. Boote, J. D. Robertson, C. Cutler, M. Dobrovolskaia, R. Kannan, K. V. Katti. Nanomed-Nanotechnol.6, 201 (2010)., [531] C. W. H. Havard, J. McAlister. Br. Med. J.2, 555 (1967)..
–As a diagnostic tool, colloidal 198Au is injected into the affected organ. Normal cells will take up the gold colloid, but tumor cells will not. Therefore, an abscess will show up as a “cold area” on a scan [531] C. W. H. Havard, J. McAlister. Br. Med. J.2, 555 (1967)..
–As a treatment option, gold is intended to provide localized irradiation and can be implanted or injected into the affected area. When implanted, the gold “seed” offers an advantage over other materials in that it can be left in place due to its short half-life (2.7 days). As a colloidal injection, 198Au has been found to produce improvement from a wide variety of cancers [530] N. Chanda, P. Kan, L. D. Watkinson, R. Shukla, A. Zambre, T. L. Carmack, H. Engelbrecht, J. R. Lever, K. Katti, G. M. Fent, S. W. Casteel, C. J. Smith, W. H. Miller, S. Jurisson, E. Boote, J. D. Robertson, C. Cutler, M. Dobrovolskaia, R. Kannan, K. V. Katti. Nanomed-Nanotechnol.6, 201 (2010).. Figure 4.79.1a and 4.79.1b, respectively, show squamous cell carcinoma (cancer) on the lower left eyelid of a cat and the eyelid 6 weeks after implantation of 198Au seeds [532] C. Hardman, R. Stanley. Aust. Vet. J.79, 604 (2001)..
Recent studies have shown the effectiveness of 198Au nanoparticles and nanodevices in reducing tumor size in mice while minimizing radiation spread to other areas [530] N. Chanda, P. Kan, L. D. Watkinson, R. Shukla, A. Zambre, T. L. Carmack, H. Engelbrecht, J. R. Lever, K. Katti, G. M. Fent, S. W. Casteel, C. J. Smith, W. H. Miller, S. Jurisson, E. Boote, J. D. Robertson, C. Cutler, M. Dobrovolskaia, R. Kannan, K. V. Katti. Nanomed-Nanotechnol.6, 201 (2010)., [533] M. K. Khan, L. D. Minc, S. S. Nigavekar, M. S. T. Kariapper, B. M. Nair, M. Schipper, A. C. Cook, W. G. Lesniak, L. P. Balogh. Nanomedicine4, 57 (2008)., [534] H. B. Wheeler, W. E. Jaques, T. W. Botsford. Ann. Surg.141, 208 (1955).. 198Au has been studied and successfully used as an anti-inflammatory (a substance or treatment that reduces the body tissues response to harmful stimuli, such as swelling) for improving arthritic conditions [535] A. M. Spencer, M. P. Patel, B. J. Smits, J. D. F. Williams. Br. Med. J.4 (5937), 153 (1974)., [536] J. R. Topp, E. G. Cross, A. G. Fam. Can. Med. Assoc. J.112, 1085 (1975)..
Gold commonly forms compounds in the +1 and +3 oxidation states, while metallic gold is unusually noble. Chloroauric acid, HAuCl₄, is an important laboratory and refining intermediate, and tetrachloroaurate(III), [AuCl₄]⁻, is a common soluble gold complex. Gold(I) cyanide, AuCN, and dicyanoaurate(I), [Au(CN)₂]⁻, are central to cyanide leaching. Gold forms stable complexes with soft donor ligands such as phosphines, sulfides, and thiolates. Simple gold oxides are relatively unstable compared with those of many transition metals.
See more information at the Gold compound page.
Bulk metallic gold is chemically inert and is generally not a major toxicity hazard, but powders and fumes can present exposure risks in industrial work. Soluble gold salts may be irritants, sensitizers, or systemically toxic, depending on the compound. Cyanide-based gold processing involves hazards from cyanide salts and hydrogen cyanide, HCN, rather than from gold itself. Radioactive gold isotopes require isotope-specific radiation controls.
Gold occurs naturally at very low concentrations in rocks, sediments, seawater, and hydrothermal deposits. Weathering can release native particles that accumulate in placer deposits because of gold's high density and chemical persistence. In soils and waters, gold is usually immobile, but complexation by chloride, cyanide, thiosulfate, or organic sulfur compounds can increase transport. Mining and processing can disturb large volumes of material and may release associated elements such as arsenic or mercury where they are present.
Gold is mined from hard-rock deposits and placers, and is also recovered as a by-product from some copper, nickel, and polymetallic ores. Extraction commonly uses gravity concentration, flotation, smelting, and cyanide leaching, depending on ore type. Supply is supplemented by extensive recycling from jewelry, electronics, and industrial scrap. Demand is split among jewelry, investment, central-bank reserves, and technology. Because gold is highly valued and chemically durable, much of the metal ever refined remains recoverable, although dispersed uses in electronics can be difficult to reclaim economically.
It occurs in veins and alluvial deposits, and is often separated from rocks and other minerals by mining and panning operations. About two thirds of the world's gold output comes from South Africa, and about two thirds of the total U.S. production comes from South Dakota and Nevada. The metal is recovered from its ores by cyaniding, amalgamating, and smelting processes. Refining is also frequently done by electrolysis. Gold occurs in sea water to the extent of 0.1 to 2 mg/ton, depending on the location where the sample is taken. As yet, no method has been found for recovering gold from sea water profitably.
Gold is a rare heavy element in the cosmos. It is produced mainly by rapid neutron-capture nucleosynthesis, with neutron-star mergers strongly implicated and some contribution from rare supernova environments possible. In the early Solar System, gold partitioned strongly into metallic phases, so much of Earth's original inventory is thought to reside in the core. Crustal gold is concentrated by later geological processes.
- Gold can be beaten into leaf thin enough to transmit greenish light.
- The symbol Au comes from the Latin name aurum.
- Gold is one of the few metals that is strongly yellow in bulk form.
- Native gold commonly contains silver; electrum is a natural gold-silver alloy.
- Gold's resistance to tarnish makes it useful for low-current electrical contacts.
- Aqua regia dissolves gold by combining oxidation with chloride complex formation.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 135 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 136 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 166 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 134 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 1.9282 × 104 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0102 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 1064.18 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 2855.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 318 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.129 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 25.418 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 面心立方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 2.54 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 1.92
- 电子亲和能
- 2.3086 eV
- 第一电离能
- 9.225554 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 20.20307 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 30.000103 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 45.000155 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 60.000207 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +5 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 11 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d10
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.13007203 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 3.358035 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 3.814064 eV
- 原子化热
- 3.814064 eV
- 原子化焓
- 3.816137 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 79 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 118 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 43 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 1 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Au-197
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 0.004 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 4 × 10−6 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 408 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-57-5 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Au
- InChI Key
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Au: 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 197 稳定 | 196.96656879 ± 0.00000071 | 100.0000% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（1064.18 °C）1039.2 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共79项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Au I | 0 | 75 |
| Au II | +1 | 48 |
| Au III | +2 | 2 |
| Au IV | +3 | 2 |
| Au V | +4 | 2 |
| Au VI | +5 | 2 |
| Au VII | +6 | 2 |
| Au VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Au IX | +8 | 2 |
| Au X | +9 | 2 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 6 | 暂无 | 137 pm |
| +3 | 4 | 暂无 | 68 pm |
| +3 | 6 | 暂无 | 85 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 暂无 | 56.99999999999999 pm |
化合物
同位素 (1)
The most common gold compounds are auric chloride and chlorauric acid, the latter being used in photography for toning the silver image. Gold has 18 isotopes; 198Au, with a half-life of 2.7 days, is used for treating cancer and other diseases. Disodium aurothiomalate is administered intramuscularly as a treatment for arthritis. A mixture of one part nitric acid with three of hydrochloric acid is called aqua regia (because it dissolved gold, the King of Metals). Gold is available commercially with a purity of 99.999+%. For many years the temperature assigned to the freezing point of gold has been 1063.0C; this has served as a calibration point for the International Temperature Scales (ITS-27 and ITS-48) and the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-48). In 1968, a new International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-68) was adopted, which demands that the freezing point of gold be changed to 1064.43C. The specific gravity of gold has been found to vary considerably depending on temperature, how the metal is precipitated, and cold-worked.
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 197 稳定 | 196.96656879 ± 0.00000071 | 100.0000% | 稳定 | stable |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 124 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 121 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 123 pm
范德华半径
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 232 pm
- UFF
- 329.3 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 226 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 144 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 73
- Pettifor
- 70
- Glawe
- 66
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 36 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 3 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 427 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 10.2 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 4
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 13
- 相对供应风险
- 6
- 储量分布
- 15
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 24
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 75
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 1337.33 K |
| 沸点 | 3109.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (14)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.5239 |
| 2 | p | 4.4868 |
| 2 | s | 20.6302 |
| 3 | d | 13.4917 |
| 3 | p | 22.297 |
| 3 | s | 23.2372 |
| 4 | d | 37.472 |
| 4 | f | 38.3504 |
| 4 | p | 35.4532 |
| 4 | s | 34.5868 |
晶体半径详情 (4)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | VI | 151 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 3 | IVSQ | 82 | ||
| 3 | VI | 99 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 5 | VI | 71 |
同位素衰变方式 (71)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 168 | p | — |
| 169 | p | — |
| 169 | A | — |
| 169 | B+ | — |
| 170 | p | 89% |
| 170 | A | 11% |
| 171 | p | 100% |
| 171 | A | — |
| 172 | A | 100% |
| 172 | p | — |
X射线散射因子 (506)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.73645 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.81425 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.89553 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.98045 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.06919 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.16029 |
| 11.0106 | — | 2.25522 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.35433 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.45698 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.56237 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
4×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4×10-6 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
It occurs in veins and alluvial deposits, and is often separated from rocks and other minerals by mining and panning operations. About two thirds of the world's gold output comes from South Africa, and about two thirds of the total U.S. production comes from South Dakota and Nevada. The metal is recovered from its ores by cyaniding, amalgamating, and smelting processes. Refining is also frequently done by electrolysis. Gold occurs in sea water to the extent of 0.1 to 2 mg/ton, depending on the location where the sample is taken. As yet, no method has been found for recovering gold from sea water profitably.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Gold https://periodic.lanl.gov/79.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Gold.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.