Antimony (Sb)
metalloidSolid
标准原子量
121.76 u电子排布
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3熔点
630.63 °C沸点
1586.85 °C密度
6685 kg/m³氧化态
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5电负性（鲍林）
2.05第一电离能
8.608389 eV发现年份
1707原子半径
145 pm详细信息
Antimony is a brittle p-block metalloid in group 15. It commonly shows oxidation states +3 and +5, with chemistry that bridges arsenic and bismuth. The element is best known as a hardening additive for lead alloys and as a component of flame-retardant systems through antimony trioxide. Natural antimony is usually encountered in sulfide minerals rather than as native metal.
Antimony is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic.
The name derives from the Greek, anti + monos for "not alone" or "not one" because it was found in many compounds. The symbol Sb comes from stibium, which is derived from the Greek stibi for "mark" because it was used for blackening eyebrows and eyelashes. The minerals stibnite (Sb2S3) and stibine (SbH3) are two of more than one hundred mineral species, which were known in the ancient world.
Antimony has been known since ancient times. It is sometimes found free in nature, but is usually obtained from the ores stibnite (Sb2S3) and valentinite (Sb2O3). Nicolas Lémery, a French chemist, was the first person to scientifically study antimony and its compounds. He published his findings in 1707. Antimony makes up about 0.00002% of the earth's crust.
From the Greek word anti plus monos - "a metal not found alone". Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier.
Pure antimony is a silvery white, lustrous solid with a crystalline, flaky fracture. It is hard enough to take a polish but is very brittle and can be pulverized. The stable form at ordinary conditions is metallic in appearance, although it has semimetallic electrical behavior.
The largest uses of antimony are tied to compounds rather than the pure element. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, is widely used as a synergist with halogenated flame retardants in plastics, textiles, and coatings. Metallic antimony hardens lead in lead-acid battery grids, ammunition, and some bearing or type-metal alloys. Smaller uses include glass fining, ceramic opacifiers or color modifiers, and antimony-containing semiconductors such as indium antimonide, InSb.
Antimony is a brittle metal and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Very pure antimony is used to make certain types of semiconductor devices, such as diodes and infrared detectors. Antimony is alloyed with lead to increase lead's durability. Antimony alloys are also used in batteries, low friction metals, type metal and cable sheathing, among other products. Antimony compounds are used to make flame-proofing materials, paints, ceramic enamels, glass and pottery. The ancient Egyptians used antimony, in the form of stibnite, for black eye make-up.
Antimony is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes and Hall-effect devices. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. Batteries, antifriction alloys, type metal, small arms and tracer bullets, cable sheathing, and minor products use about half the metal produced. Compounds taking up the other half are oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride. These are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of antimony possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of antimony in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.51.1) [370] O. Rouxel, J. Ludden, Y. Fouquet. Chem. Geol.200, 25 (2003).. The stable isotopes 121Sb and 123Sb have been used to measure movement of sediments and rocks originating from locations high in antimony. 121Sb and 123Sb move with the sediments and have been used as tracers in areas low in antimony to determine the originating location of certain metal/metalloid contaminants in streams [371] B. Chauvenet, M. M. Be, M. N. Amiot, C. Bobin, M. C. Lepy, T. Branger, I. Laniece, A. Luca, M. Sahagia, A. C. Watjen, K. Kossert, O. Ott, O. Nahle, P. Dryak, J. Sochorova, P. Kovar, P. Auerbach, T. Altzitzoglou, S. Pomme, G. Sibbens, R. Van Ammel, J. Paepen, A. Iwahara, J. U. Delgado, R. Poledna, C. J. da Silva, L. Johansson, A. Stroak, C. Bailat, Y. Nedjadi, P. Spring. Appl. Radiat. Isot.68, 1207 (2010)., [372] M. Baeza, J. Ren, S. Krishnamurthy, T. C. Vaughan. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.8, 299 (2010)., [373] L. Wilson. “Determination of trace element provenance in the Rio Loa Basin, Chile”, in 2010 Geological Society of America Presentation..
Isotopes in Industry
In the 1950s, 124Sb and 125Sb (with half-lives of 60 days and about 1000 days, respectively) were used commercially as tracers. They were injected into oil pipelines as a way to detect the residence time and flow rate of the substance through the pipeline. The presence of these isotopes could be detected by means of a Geiger counter held above the pipeline. If the pipeline had a leak, the tracer would escape and its contamination and movement could be detected in the soil. 124Sb and 125Sb are now both treated as environmental contaminants [375] R. Gibbs. Popular Mech.117, 117 (1955)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
123Sb is used to produce 124I (with a half-life of 100 h), which is used in radioimmunotherapy and also in positron emission tomography. It can be produced from the 123Sb (3He, 2n) 124I reaction [376] M. S. Uddin, A. Hermanne, S. Sudár, M. N. Aslam, B. Scholten, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.69, 699 (2010).. 121Sb and 123Sb can both be used for the production of 123I (with a half-life of 13.2 h) via 3He and alpha particle-induced reactions with 121Sb and 123Sb, although the most common production route is via 124Xe or 123Te [377] K. F. Hassan, S. M. Qaim, Z. A. Saleh, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.64, 101 (2006)..
Antimony forms stable trivalent and pentavalent compounds, with Sb(III) generally more common. Stibnite, Sb₂S₃, is the principal ore mineral and a representative sulfide. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, is amphoteric and dissolves in strong acids or bases under suitable conditions. Antimony pentachloride, SbCl₅, is a strong Lewis acid, while antimony trifluoride, SbF₃, is a useful fluorinating reagent. Complex antimonates contain Sb(V) in oxide frameworks.
See more information at the Antimony compound page.
Elemental antimony is less readily absorbed than many soluble compounds, but dust and fumes can irritate the respiratory tract and should be controlled. Soluble antimony(III) compounds are generally more toxic than many antimony(V) compounds. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, has occupational inhalation concerns and is classified in several jurisdictions as a suspected or possible carcinogenic hazard. Stibine, SbH₃, is a highly toxic gas.
Antimony is a trace element in the crust and is concentrated mainly in sulfide deposits. Weathering of antimony minerals can release antimony species to soils and waters, where mobility depends strongly on pH, redox state, and adsorption to iron and manganese oxides. Mining, smelting, coal combustion, waste incineration, and wear or disposal of antimony-containing products can add local contamination. It has no known essential biological role.
Antimony supply is based mainly on mining and processing stibnite ores, with additional recovery as a by-product from some complex lead, copper, and precious-metal operations. Concentrates are roasted or otherwise converted to oxides and then reduced or refined, depending on the desired product. Demand is dominated by flame-retardant applications and lead-alloy use, especially batteries. Supply is relatively concentrated geographically, so recycling from lead-acid batteries and substitution in flame-retardant systems are important industrial considerations.
Antimony is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found natively, but more frequently it is found as the sulfide stibnite.
Antimony is a relatively uncommon heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are produced chiefly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, including slow neutron capture in evolved stars and rapid neutron capture in explosive events. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile element, tending to associate with sulfur-rich phases rather than silicate minerals.
- The symbol Sb comes from stibium, a Latin name associated with antimony sulfide.
- Antimony expands slightly on solidifying, a property useful in sharp-casting alloys.
- Stibnite crystals can form long metallic-gray blades with a very low hardness.
- Indium antimonide, InSb, has a very narrow band gap and is used in infrared detectors.
- Antimony has two stable natural isotopes, ¹²¹Sb and ¹²³Sb.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 145 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 139 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 206 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 139 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 6685 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0184 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 630.63 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 1586.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 24.43 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.207 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 25.23 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 菱方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 2.05 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 1.984
- 电子亲和能
- 1.07 eV
- 第一电离能
- 8.608389 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 16.626057 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 25.323587 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 43.804151 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 55.000189 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 5 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 同素异形体
- ["gray"]
- 电子排布
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.20417682 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 0.70477276 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 2.02104 eV
- 原子化热
- 2.715448 eV
- 原子化焓
- 2.740322 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 51 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 70 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 41 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 2 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Sb-121
- 发现年份
- 1707
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 0.2 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 2.4 × 10−4 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 451 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-36-0 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sb
- InChI Key
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Sb: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 稳定 | 120.903812 ± 0.000003 | 57.2100% | 稳定 |
| 123 稳定 | 122.9042132 ± 0.0000023 | 42.7900% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（630.63 °C）605.6 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共51项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Sb I | 0 | 153 |
| Sb II | +1 | 110 |
| Sb III | +2 | 24 |
| Sb IV | +3 | 29 |
| Sb V | +4 | 9 |
| Sb VI | +5 | 60 |
| Sb VII | +6 | 2 |
| Sb VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Sb IX | +8 | 2 |
| Sb X | +9 | 2 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 4 | 暂无 | 76 pm |
| +3 | 5 | 暂无 | 80 pm |
| +3 | 6 | 暂无 | 76 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 暂无 | 60 pm |
化合物
同位素 (2)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 121 稳定 | 120.903812 ± 0.000003 | 57.2100% ± 0.0500% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 123 稳定 | 122.9042132 ± 0.0000023 | 42.7900% ± 0.0500% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 403.35367 nm | 200 | Sb I | emission | 5p3 2P* → 5p2.(3P).6s 4P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 475.77494 nm | 20 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,3/2)* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 549.02252 nm | 暂无 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,1/2)* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 555.60108 nm | 暂无 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(1D<2>).6p (2,1/2)* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 560.20647 nm | 暂无 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<1>).7p (1,3/2)* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 563.19352 nm | 暂无 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<0>).7p (0,3/2)* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 573.02392 nm | 暂无 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,3/2)* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 661.1381 nm | 20 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(1D<2>).6p (2,1/2)* | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 140 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 133 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 127 pm
- 共价半径（Bragg）
- 140 pm
范德华半径
- Truhlar
- 206 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 247 pm
- UFF
- 442 pm
- MM3
- 252 pm
- Dreiding
- 435 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 246 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 166 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 96
- Pettifor
- 88
- Glawe
- 91
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 43 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 2 a.u.
- C₆
- 492 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 504 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 16.95 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 2
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 88
- 相对供应风险
- 9
- 储量分布
- 53
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 24
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 24
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 903.78 K |
| 沸点 | 1860.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (11)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.0256 |
| 2 | p | 4.1274 |
| 2 | s | 13.4046 |
| 3 | d | 14.2002 |
| 3 | p | 17.8161 |
| 3 | s | 17.7909 |
| 4 | d | 32.0256 |
| 4 | p | 28.8188 |
| 4 | s | 27.4564 |
| 5 | p | 41.0055 |
晶体半径详情 (4)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | IVPY | 90 | ||
| 3 | V | 94 | ||
| 3 | VI | 90 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 5 | VI | 74 |
同位素衰变方式 (61)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 102 | p | — |
| 103 | p | — |
| 104 | B+ | — |
| 104 | B+p | 7% |
| 104 | p | 7% |
| 104 | A | — |
| 105 | B+ | 100% |
| 105 | p | 0.1% |
| 105 | B+p | — |
| 106 | B+ | 100% |
X射线散射因子 (508)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 9.95091 |
| 10.1617 | — | 10.0681 |
| 10.3261 | — | 9.92927 |
| 10.4931 | — | 9.42377 |
| 10.6628 | — | 8.92685 |
| 10.8353 | — | 8.35287 |
| 11.0106 | — | 7.84004 |
| 11.1886 | — | 7.4678 |
| 11.3696 | — | 7.10503 |
| 11.5535 | — | 6.73907 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Antimony https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele051.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2.4×10-4 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Antimony https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele051.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Antimony is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found natively, but more frequently it is found as the sulfide stibnite.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Antimony https://periodic.lanl.gov/51.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Antimony.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.