Tin (Sn)
post-transition-metalSolid
标准原子量
118.71 u电子排布
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2熔点
231.93 °C沸点
2601.85 °C密度
7287 kg/m³氧化态
−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4电负性（鲍林）
1.96第一电离能
7.343918 eV发现年份
暂无原子半径
145 pm详细信息
Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14, known for its low melting point, resistance to ordinary corrosion, and ability to form useful alloys and coatings. It occurs chiefly as cassiterite, a tin dioxide mineral, and has been worked since antiquity, especially in bronze. Chemically it is less reactive than many base metals but readily forms compounds in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, with organotin chemistry being especially important and sometimes hazardous.
Ordinary tin is composed of nine stable isotopes; 18 unstable isotopes are also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a "tin cry" is heard when a bar is bent.
The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon tin of unknown origin. The symbol Sn is derived from Latin stannum for alloys containing lead. The element was known in prehistoric times.
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using tin for at least 5500 years. Tin is primarily obtained from the mineral cassiterite (SnO2) and is extracted by roasting cassiterite in a furnace with carbon. Tin makes up only about 0.001% of the earth's crust and is chiefly mined in Malaysia. Two allotropes of tin occur near room temperature. The first form of tin is called gray tin and is stable at temperatures below 13.2°C (55.76°F). There are few, if any, uses for gray tin. At temperatures above 13.2°C, gray tin slowly turns into tin's second form, white tin. White tin is the normal form of the metal and has many uses. Unfortunately, white tin will turn into gray tin if its temperature falls below 13.2°C. This change can be prevented if small amounts of antimony or bismuth are added to white tin.
The Latin word for tin is stannum. Known to the ancients.
Pure tin is a soft, silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster. It is malleable at room temperature and melts at a relatively low temperature for a metal. Below about 13.2 °C, white tin can slowly transform to brittle gray tin under favorable conditions, a phenomenon known as tin pest.
Tin is used mainly as a protective coating on steel for food cans and other corrosion-resistant sheet products. It is an important constituent of solders, especially lead-free solders based on tin with silver, copper, antimony, or bismuth additions. Tin is also used in bronze, bearing metals, pewter, and some specialty alloys. Indium tin oxide, a mixed oxide material, is widely used as a transparent conducting coating in displays and touch panels.
Tin resists corrosion and is used as a protective coating on other metals. Tin cans are probably the most familiar example of this application. A tin can is actually made from steel. A thin layer of tin is applied to the inside and outside of the can to keep the steel from rusting. Once widely used, tin cans have largely been replaced with plastic and aluminum containers.
Tin is used in the Pilkington process to produce window glass. In the Pilkington process, molten glass is poured onto a pool of molten tin. The glass floats on the surface of the tin and cools, forming solid glass with flat, parallel surfaces. Most of the window glass produced today is made this way.
Tin is used to form many useful alloys. Bronze is an alloy of tin and copper. Tin and lead are alloyed to make pewter and solder. An alloy of tin and niobium is used to make superconductive wire. Type metal, fusible metal, bell metal and Babbitt metal are other examples of tin alloys.
Tin salts can be sprayed onto glass to make electrically conductive coatings. These can then be used to make panel lighting and frost-free windshields. Stannous fluoride (SnF2) is used in some types of toothpaste.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of tin possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of tin in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.50.1) [366] E. Yamazaki, S. Nakai, T. Yokoyama, S. Ishihara, H. Tang. Geochem. J.47, 21 (2013)..
Isotopes in Medicine
117mSn (with a half-life of 14 days) DTPA is routinely used for diagnostic bone imaging and for the treatment of bone pain caused by the spread of cancer to bones. The m in the superscript of 117mSn indicates a metastable state of the isotope. By using 117mSn DTPA, marrow toxicity can be reduced, and the therapeutic efficacy of using radionuclides is maintained [367] A. Bishayee, D. V. Rao, S. C. Srivastava, L. G. Bouchet, W. E. Bolch, R. W. Howell. J. Nucl. Med.41, 2043 (2000).. 117mSn is a promising radionuclide for therapeutic applications because the radionuclide decays in a way that causes less damage to healthy tissues and bone marrow than other available treatments. These properties of 117mSn make it useful for the treatment of inflammatory synovial disease (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis) [368] S. C. Srivastava. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol.50, 49 (2007)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
112Sn is used to produce the radioisotope 113Sn (with a half-life of 115 days) via the reaction 112Sn (n, γ) 113Sn. This is used for n(113Sn)/n(113mIn) generators for the elution (extracting one material from another) of 113mIn (with a half-life of 1.66 h) as chloride for blood pool imaging. The m the superscript of 113mIn indicates a metastable state of the isotope. 117mSn is a medical radioisotope that can be produced using 116Sn and 117Sn [369] B. Ponsard, S. C. Srivastava, L. F. Mausner, F. F. Knapp, M. A. Garland, S. Mirzadeh. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67 1158 (2009)..
Tin commonly forms Sn²⁺ and Sn⁴⁺ compounds. Tin dioxide, SnO₂, is the principal ore mineral and is also used in ceramics, glass polishing, and some conductive or catalytic materials. Tin(II) chloride, SnCl₂, is a reducing agent and a reagent in plating and dyeing processes, while tin(IV) chloride, SnCl₄, is a volatile Lewis acid used in chemical synthesis and surface treatment. Organotin compounds contain Sn–C bonds; some, such as tributyltin oxide, C₂₄H₅₄OSn₂, were formerly used as biocides but are tightly restricted because of toxicity.
The element has two allotropic forms at normal pressure. On warming, gray, or alpha tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2°C into white, or beta tin, the ordinary form of the metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. When tin is cooled below 13.2°C, it changes slowly from white to gray. This change is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by small additions of antimony or bismuth. This change from the alpha to beta form is called the tin pest. There are few if any uses for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Such tin plate over steel is used in the so-called tin can for preserving food.
Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, White metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the important alloys using tin.
Tin resists distilled sea and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. When heated in air, tin forms Sn2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride, which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process).
Also interesting is a crystalline tin-niobium alloy that is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Such magnets, made of tin-niobium wire, weigh only a few pounds and produce magnetic fields that, when started with a small battery, are comparable to that of a 100 ton electromagnet operated continuously with a large power supply.
See more information at the Tin compound page.
Metallic tin has low acute toxicity and is commonly used in food-contact coatings, although excessive intake of soluble tin salts can irritate the gastrointestinal tract. Tin dusts and fumes from melting, soldering, or industrial processing can present inhalation hazards. Organotin compounds vary widely in toxicity; several are potent neurotoxic or endocrine-disrupting substances and require strict control. Radioactive tin isotopes are mainly research or fission-product concerns, not a property of natural tin as a whole.
The small amount of tin found in canned foods is quite harmless. The agreed limit of tin content in U.S. foods is 300 mg/kg. The trialkyl and triaryl tin compounds are used as biocides and must be handled carefully.
Tin is present in the crust mostly in resistant oxide minerals, especially cassiterite, and is not highly mobile under many natural surface conditions. Mining and smelting can release tin-bearing particulates and associated metals, depending on the ore and waste management. Inorganic tin compounds usually show limited bioavailability compared with many organotin compounds. Persistent organotin residues in sediments have been a major concern in harbors and shipyard areas where antifouling paints were used.
Tin is produced chiefly by mining cassiterite from hard-rock and alluvial deposits, followed by concentration, smelting, and refining. Supply is geographically concentrated in a limited number of producing regions, and some production comes from small-scale or artisanal mining. Demand is dominated by solder, tinplate, chemicals, and alloy uses. Recycling is important, especially from solder-bearing electronic scrap and tinplate residues, but recovery can be technically diffuse because tin is often present in thin coatings or complex assemblies. Substitution is possible in some coatings and solders, but performance, food-contact requirements, and processing temperatures limit replacements.
Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world's supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.
Tin is a relatively heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture nucleosynthesis in earlier generations of stars. It is far less abundant cosmically than lighter rock-forming elements, but it is present in meteorites and planetary materials at trace levels. In differentiated planets, tin tends to behave as a lithophile to mildly chalcophile element, concentrating in crustal minerals and some sulfide-associated systems rather than forming abundant native metal.
- Tin has ten stable isotopes, more than any other element.
- The symbol Sn comes from the Latin name stannum.
- The crackling sound of bent tin is called tin cry and comes from crystal deformation.
- Tin pest is promoted by low temperature and can be inhibited by alloying additions.
- Most modern food cans are steel cans with a very thin tin coating, not solid tin.
- Cassiterite is dense, which makes gravity separation useful in ore concentration.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 145 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 139 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 217 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 142 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 7287 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0163 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 231.93 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 2601.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 66.8 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.227 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 26.99 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 四方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 1.96 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 1.824
- 电子亲和能
- 1.112 eV
- 第一电离能
- 7.343918 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 14.63312 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 30.506105 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 40.74014 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 77.030265 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 4 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 同素异形体
- ["gray", "white"]
- 电子排布
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.07286107 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 3.067834 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 3.131057 eV
- 原子化热
- 3.131057 eV
- 原子化焓
- 3.121729 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 50 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 70 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 42 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 9 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Sn-120
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 2.3 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 4 × 10−6 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 582 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-31-5 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 3P0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sn
- InChI Key
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Sn: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 112 稳定 | 111.90482387 ± 0.00000061 | 0.9700% | 稳定 |
| 114 稳定 | 113.9027827 ± 0.000001 | 0.6600% | 稳定 |
| 115 稳定 | 114.903344699 ± 0.000000016 | 0.3400% | 稳定 |
| 116 稳定 | 115.9017428 ± 0.0000001 | 14.5400% | 稳定 |
| 117 稳定 | 116.90295398 ± 0.00000052 | 7.6800% | 稳定 |
| 118 稳定 | 117.90160657 ± 0.00000054 | 24.2200% | 稳定 |
| 119 稳定 | 118.90331117 ± 0.00000078 | 8.5900% | 稳定 |
| 120 稳定 | 119.90220163 ± 0.00000097 | 32.5800% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（231.93 °C）206.9 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共50项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录谱线 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 谱线总数 | 跃迁概率 | 能级标记 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sn I | 0 | 227 | 55 | 226 |
| Sn II | +1 | 215 | 141 | 215 |
| Sn III | +2 | 259 | 0 | 259 |
| Sn IV | +3 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| Sn V | +4 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Sn I | 0 | 228 |
| Sn II | +1 | 77 |
| Sn III | +2 | 86 |
| Sn IV | +3 | 24 |
| Sn V | +4 | 26 |
| Sn VI | +5 | 37 |
| Sn VII | +6 | 2 |
| Sn VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Sn IX | +8 | 2 |
| Sn X | +9 | 2 |
暂无晶体结构数据
晶体结构: tetragonal
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 4 | 暂无 | 55.00000000000001 pm |
| +4 | 5 | 暂无 | 62 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 暂无 | 69 pm |
| +4 | 7 | 暂无 | 75 pm |
| +4 | 8 | 暂无 | 81 pm |
化合物
同位素 (9)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 112 稳定 | 111.90482387 ± 0.00000061 | 0.9700% ± 0.0100% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 114 稳定 | 113.9027827 ± 0.000001 | 0.6600% ± 0.0100% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 115 稳定 | 114.903344699 ± 0.000000016 | 0.3400% ± 0.0100% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 116 稳定 | 115.9017428 ± 0.0000001 | 14.5400% ± 0.0900% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 117 稳定 | 116.90295398 ± 0.00000052 | 7.6800% ± 0.0700% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 118 稳定 | 117.90160657 ± 0.00000054 | 24.2200% ± 0.0900% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 119 稳定 | 118.90331117 ± 0.00000078 | 8.5900% ± 0.0400% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 120 稳定 | 119.90220163 ± 0.00000097 | 32.5800% ± 0.0900% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 122 稳定 | 121.9034438 ± 0.0000026 | 4.6300% ± 0.0300% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
已显示50项，共96项。 默认仅显示具有实测强度的谱线。
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 556.19094 nm | 2700 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.6d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 579.88578 nm | 2700 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 558.88153 nm | 2600 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 645.35421 nm | 2500 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6s 2S → 5s2.6p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 452.47334 nm | 2200 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p2 1S → 5s2.5p.6s 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 533.23391 nm | 1600 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.6d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 607.97742 nm | 1400 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.6g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 684.41863 nm | 1300 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6s 2S → 5s2.6p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 719.07778 nm | 1100 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.7s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 666.11 nm | 1000 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6d 2D → 5s2.6f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 676.08103 nm | 840 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.7s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 656.851 nm | 830 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.9d 2D → 5s.5p.(3P*).5d 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 642.908 nm | 760 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.8s 2S → 5s.5p.(3P*).6s 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 723.005 nm | 670 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.8d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 690.47 nm | 538 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6d 3D → 4d10.5s.5f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 731.417 nm | 500 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7d 2D → 5s.5p.(3P*).6s 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 579.69075 nm | 490 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 707.93 nm | 485 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6d 3D → 4d10.5s.5f 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 738.71637 nm | 480 | Sn II | emission | 5s.5p2 2D → 5s2.6p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 529.083 nm | 448 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 384.13749 nm | 440 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.8s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 536.929 nm | 421 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 601.34 nm | 419 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 1S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 624.113 nm | 380 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6d 2D → 5s2.9p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 740.827 nm | 380 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.8d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 719.9 nm | 373 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.7p 3P* → 4d10.5s.7d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 507.26 nm | 360 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.7g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 429.433 nm | 340 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.9g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 433.013 nm | 309 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 502.038 nm | 302 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 534.881 nm | 271 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 563.16738 nm | 270 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p2 1S → 5s2.5p.6s 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.046 nm | 241 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 396.169 nm | 231 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6p 3P* → 4d10.5s.7s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 522.464 nm | 225 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 1S → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 411.13 nm | 180 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 390.698 nm | 170 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 1D → 4d10.4f.5s 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 471.558 nm | 164 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 494.42561 nm | 150 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.7p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 510.022 nm | 145 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 458.025 nm | 140 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.8g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 614.96038 nm | 140 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p.6s 3P* → 5s2.5p.7p 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 492.435 nm | 131 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 457.432 nm | 120 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 487.7209 nm | 100 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.7p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 606.91169 nm | 95 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p.6s 3P* → 5s2.5p.7p 3P | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 457.553 nm | 91 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 461.82363 nm | 90 | Sn II | emission | 5s.5p2 4P → 5s2.6p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 485.827 nm | 89 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 491.78 nm | 83 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.11d 2D | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 140 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 130 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 132 pm
- 共价半径（Bragg）
- 140 pm
范德华半径
- Bondi
- 217 pm
- Batsanov
- 225 pm
- Alvarez
- 242 pm
- UFF
- 439.2 pm
- MM3
- 259 pm
- Dreiding
- 447 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 248 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 163 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 90
- Pettifor
- 83
- Glawe
- 83
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 53 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 6 a.u.
- C₆
- 659 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 715 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 16.3 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 2
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 46
- 相对供应风险
- 7
- 储量分布
- 31
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 24
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 24
相变与同素异形体
| 转变温度 | 286.35 K |
| 沸点 | 2859.15 K |
| 熔点 | 505.08 K |
| 沸点 | 2859.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (11)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.008 |
| 2 | p | 4.1146 |
| 2 | s | 13.1406 |
| 3 | d | 14.2583 |
| 3 | p | 17.6468 |
| 3 | s | 17.5802 |
| 4 | d | 32.03 |
| 4 | p | 28.7348 |
| 4 | s | 27.342 |
| 5 | p | 40.898 |
晶体半径详情 (5)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | IV | 69 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | V | 76 | calculated, | |
| 4 | VI | 83 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VII | 89 | ||
| 4 | VIII | 95 | calculated, |
同位素衰变方式 (54)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 99 | B+ | 100% |
| 99 | B+p | 5% |
| 100 | B+ | 100% |
| 100 | B+p | 17% |
| 101 | B+ | 100% |
| 101 | B+p | 21% |
| 102 | B+ | 100% |
| 103 | B+ | 100% |
| 103 | B+p | 1.2% |
| 104 | B+ | 100% |
X射线散射因子 (510)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 3.97344 |
| 10.1617 | — | 3.94095 |
| 10.3261 | — | 3.90871 |
| 10.4931 | — | 3.87675 |
| 10.6628 | — | 3.84504 |
| 10.8353 | — | 3.81359 |
| 11.0106 | — | 3.7824 |
| 11.1886 | — | 3.75146 |
| 11.3696 | — | 3.72078 |
| 11.5535 | — | 3.64688 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.3 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4×10-6 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world's supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.
参考文献 (1)
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tin.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.