Molybdenum (Mo)
transition-metalSolid
标准原子量
95.95 u电子排布
[Kr] 5s1 4d5熔点
2622.85 °C沸点
4638.85 °C密度
1.02e+4 kg/m³氧化态
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6电负性（鲍林）
2.16第一电离能
7.09243 eV发现年份
1778原子半径
145 pm详细信息
Molybdenum is a hard refractory transition metal of group 6. It is notable for its high melting point, useful alloying behavior, and rich redox chemistry. In nature it occurs mainly as molybdenite, and industrially it is important in steels, superalloys, catalysts, and lubricating sulfide materials. In biology, molybdenum is an essential trace element because several enzymes use molybdenum cofactors for oxygen-atom transfer and related redox reactions.
The metal is silvery white, very hard, but is softer and more ductile than tungsten. It has a high elastic modulus, and only tungsten and tantalum, of the more readily available metals, have higher melting points. It is a valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardenability and toughness of quenched and tempered steels. It also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures.
The name derives from the Greek molybdos for "lead". The ancients used the term "lead" for any black mineral that leaves a mark on paper. Molybdenum was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1778. It was first isolated by the Swedish chemist Peter-Jacob Hjelm in 1781.
Molybdenum was discovered by Carl Welhelm Scheele, a Swedish chemist, in 1778 in a mineral known as molybdenite (MoS2) which had been confused as a lead compound. Molybdenum was isolated by Peter Jacob Hjelm in 1781. Today, most molybdenum is obtained from molybdenite, wulfenite (PbMoO4) and powellite (CaMoO4). These ores typically occur in conjunction with ores of tin and tungsten. Molybdenum is also obtained as a byproduct of mining and processing tungsten and copper.
From the Greek word molybdo, lead. Before Scheele recognized molybdenite as a distinct ore of a new element in 1778, it was confused with graphite and lead ore. The metal was prepared in impure form in 1782 by Hjelm. Molybdenum does not occur natively, but is obtained principally from molybdenite. Wulfenite, and Powellite are also minor commercial ores.
Pure molybdenum is a silvery gray metal with a bright metallic luster when freshly prepared. It is solid under ordinary conditions, dense, and mechanically strong at elevated temperature. Massive metal is much less reactive than fine powder, which has a larger surface area and oxidizes more readily.
Molybdenum is used chiefly as an alloying element in steels and cast irons, where it improves hardenability, high-temperature strength, creep resistance, and resistance to some forms of corrosion. Molybdenum metal and alloys are used in high-temperature furnace parts, electrical contacts, glass-melting electrodes, and sputtering targets. Molybdenum disulfide, MoS₂, is a solid lubricant. Molybdenum compounds are also used in petroleum refining catalysts, pigments, corrosion inhibitors, and as sources for producing the medical isotope technetium-99m from molybdenum-99.
Molybdenum has a high melting point and is used to make the electrodes of electrically heated glass furnaces. Some electrical filaments are also made from molybdenum. The metal is used to make some missile and aircraft parts and is used in the nuclear power industry. Molybdenum is also used as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum.
Molybdenum is primarily used as an alloying agent in steel. When added to steel in concentrations between 0.25% and 8%, molybdenum forms ultra-high strength steels that can withstand pressures up to 300,000 pounds per square inch. Molybdenum also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures. When alloyed with nickel, molybdenum forms heat and corrosion resistant materials used in the chemical industry.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), one of molybdenum's compounds, is used as a high temperature lubricant. Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), another molybdenum compound, is used to adhere enamels to metals. Other molybdenum compounds include: molybdic acid (H2MoO4), molybdenum hexafluoride (MoF6) and molybdenum phosphide (MoP2).
It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the "Hastelloys(R)" which are heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions. Molybdenum oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces and forehearths. The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts. Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum. It has found applications as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications. Molybdenum is an essential trace element in plant nutrition; some lands are barren for lack of this element in the soil. Molybdenum sulfide is useful as a lubricant, especially at high temperatures where oils would decompose. Almost all ultra-high strength steels with minimum yield points up to 300,000 psi (lb/in.2) contain molybdenum in amounts from 0.25 to 8%. Biologically, molybdenum as a trace element is necessary for nitrogen fixation and other metabolic processes.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molybdenites display a variation in isotopic composition (Fig. IUPAC.42.1) [316] A. J. Pietruszka, R. J. Walker, P. A. Candela. Chem. Geol.225, 121 (2006).. The isotopic composition of molybdenum in ocean sediments depends on oxygen levels in the ocean. When oxygen levels are high, the lighter isotopes of molybdenum are scavenged by iron and manganese oxides into sediments. However, when oxygen levels are low, the mechanism for molybdenum removal becomes more efficient and more of the heavier isotopes of molybdenum are found in iron and manganese oxides. Thus, the molybdenum isotopic composition of these sediments can be used as a proxy for oxygen levels in the paleo oceans (history of the oceans in the geological past) to gain insights into mechanisms that may have been responsible for mass-extinction events in the Earth’s history [317] B. C. Proemse, S. E. Grasby, M. E. Wieser, B. Mayer, B. Beauchamp. Geology41, 967 (2013)..
Isotopes in Industry
Depleted 95Mo has been used in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Tennessee, USA). The use of U-10Mo fuel elements (90 percent uranium, 10 percent molybdenum) would allow the conversion from high-enrichment uranium (HEU) fuel, 92 percent, to low-enrichment uranium (LEU) fuel, below 20 percent, for nuclear non-proliferation purposes [319] S. Mirzadeh, F. F. Knapp Jr., E. D. Collins. 5774782, Filed..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
95Mo is used to produce medical radioisotope 97Ru via the 95Mo (4He, 2n) 97Ru reaction. The isotope 99Mo is commercially produced by the fission of 235U and is the parent radionuclide of 99mTc, which is the most widely used radiopharmaceutical in the world. The much longer half-life of 99Mo (about 66 h) enables the radionuclide to be transported more easily than the short-lived (6 h half-life) 99mTc. The n(99Mo)/n(99mTc) amount-ratio generator was originally developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (Fig. IUPAC.42.2) in the early 1960s and is now a patented system [320] U. Abram, R. Alberto. J. Braz. Chem. Soc.17, 1486 (2006)..
Molybdenum chemistry is dominated by oxidation states from 0 to +6, with +4, +5, and +6 especially common. Molybdenum trioxide, MoO₃, and molybdates such as sodium molybdate, Na₂MoO₄, contain Mo(VI) and are important industrial and laboratory materials. Molybdenum disulfide, MoS₂, has a layered structure and is both a mineral and a useful solid lubricant. The element also forms halides such as molybdenum pentachloride, MoCl₅, organometallic carbonyls such as molybdenum hexacarbonyl, Mo(CO)₆, and many cluster compounds with metal-metal bonding.
See more information at the Molybdenum compound page.
Massive molybdenum metal is not highly hazardous in normal handling, but dusts and fumes can irritate the respiratory tract and may present combustible-dust risks under some conditions. Soluble molybdates can be toxic at elevated exposure, and excessive intake interferes with copper metabolism in animals. Molybdenum-99 is radioactive and must be handled with isotope-specific controls. Strong oxidizing or volatile molybdenum compounds require compound-specific precautions.
Molybdenum is a trace element in rocks, soils, waters, and living organisms. Weathering releases molybdate species, which are relatively mobile under neutral to alkaline oxidizing conditions and less mobile where adsorption or sulfide formation is favored. It is an essential micronutrient for plants and microorganisms, especially in nitrogen metabolism, but high soil molybdenum can contribute to copper deficiency in grazing animals.
Commercial molybdenum is obtained mainly from molybdenite concentrates, either from primary molybdenum mines or as a by-product of copper porphyry operations. Roasting converts molybdenite to molybdenum trioxide, MoO₃, which can be purified, reduced to metal, or converted to ferro-molybdenum for steelmaking. Demand is closely tied to alloy steel, stainless steel, energy, chemical processing, and catalyst markets. Recycling occurs from alloy scrap and spent catalysts, although recovery depends on grade, contamination, and processing economics.
Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate.
Molybdenum is a moderately rare heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are produced by several nucleosynthetic processes, including slow and rapid neutron capture, with some proton-rich isotopes associated with rarer p-process pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a refractory and siderophile to chalcophile element, so its distribution records metal-silicate separation and sulfide chemistry.
- Molybdenum has seven naturally occurring stable isotopes.
- The name comes from an old term for lead-like minerals, because molybdenite was once confused with graphite and lead ore
- Molybdenum disulfide keeps lubricating in vacuum better than many oils.
- Molybdenum enzymes are essential for nitrate reduction in many plants.
- Ferro-molybdenum is often the practical form added to steel melts.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 145 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 154 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 209 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 130 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 1.02 × 104 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0094 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 2622.85 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 4638.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 比热容
- 0.251 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 24.06 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 体心立方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 2.16 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 1.47
- 电子亲和能
- 0.744 eV
- 第一电离能
- 7.09243 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 16.160056 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 27.130093 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 40.330139 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 54.417187 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 6 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Kr] 5s1 4d5
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.29020055 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 5.088874 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 6.819713 eV
- 原子化热
- 6.819713 eV
- 原子化焓
- 6.82987 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 42 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 54 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 39 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 4 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Mo-96
- 发现年份
- 1778
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 1.2 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 0.01 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 315 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7439-98-7 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 7S3
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mo
- InChI Key
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Mo: 4d⁵ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁵ 5s¹原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 94 稳定 | 93.9050849 ± 0.00000048 | 9.1500% | 稳定 |
| 95 稳定 | 94.90583877 ± 0.00000047 | 15.8400% | 稳定 |
| 96 稳定 | 95.90467612 ± 0.00000047 | 16.6700% | 稳定 |
| 97 稳定 | 96.90601812 ± 0.00000049 | 9.6000% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（2622.85 °C）2597.8 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共42项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录谱线 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 谱线总数 | 跃迁概率 | 能级标记 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mo I | 0 | 818 | 721 | 808 |
| Mo II | +1 | 209 | 0 | 0 |
| Mo III | +2 | 62 | 0 | 0 |
| Mo IV | +3 | 29 | 0 | 0 |
| Mo V | +4 | 966 | 923 | 929 |
| Mo VI | +5 | 245 | 245 | 245 |
| Mo VII | +6 | 413 | 0 | 413 |
| Mo VIII | +7 | 109 | 0 | 109 |
| Mo IX | +8 | 231 | 0 | 231 |
| Mo X | +9 | 120 | 0 | 120 |
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Mo I | 0 | 428 |
| Mo II | +1 | 249 |
| Mo III | +2 | 120 |
| Mo IV | +3 | 81 |
| Mo V | +4 | 258 |
| Mo VI | +5 | 113 |
| Mo VII | +6 | 96 |
| Mo VIII | +7 | 77 |
| Mo IX | +8 | 93 |
| Mo X | +9 | 48 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | 暂无 | 69 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 暂无 | 65 pm |
| +5 | 4 | 暂无 | 46 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 暂无 | 61 pm |
| +6 | 4 | 暂无 | 41 pm |
| +6 | 5 | 暂无 | 50 pm |
| +6 | 6 | 暂无 | 59 pm |
| +6 | 7 | 暂无 | 73 pm |
化合物
同位素 (4)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 94 稳定 | 93.9050849 ± 0.00000048 | 9.1500% ± 0.0900% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 95 稳定 | 94.90583877 ± 0.00000047 | 15.8400% ± 0.1100% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 96 稳定 | 95.90467612 ± 0.00000047 | 16.6700% ± 0.1500% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 97 稳定 | 96.90601812 ± 0.00000049 | 9.6000% ± 0.1400% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.2548 nm | 290 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 383.9084 nm | 360 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 386 nm | 暂无 | ID 915 | emission | 1s.5s 3S → 1s.5p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 393.8911 nm | 1400 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 394.8336 nm | 50 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 400.9437 nm | 35 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 403.6485 nm | 40 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7f 2F* → 4p6.8g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 405.4556 nm | 50 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7f 2F* → 4p6.8g 2G | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 406.1547 nm | 210 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 406.2019 nm | 15000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 406.4706 nm | 14 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 406.527 nm | 3500 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 407.1568 nm | 2800 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 407.4773 nm | 3100 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 416.4901 nm | 75 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.6g 2G → 4p6.7f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 418.4284 nm | 60 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.6g 2G → 4p6.7f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 418.6616 nm | 2700 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 422.59 nm | 暂无 | ID 896 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 423.2026 nm | 40000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 427.2928 nm | 100 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 433.4926 nm | 840 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 436 nm | 暂无 | ID 915 | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 438.442 nm | 2900 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 439.9605 nm | 28 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 446.6307 nm | 79 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 447.4143 nm | 63 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 454.3076 nm | 570 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 462.464 nm | 840 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 463.7675 nm | 41 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 466.0971 nm | 100 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.5f 2F* → 4p6.6d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 468.7277 nm | 22 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 474.6519 nm | 8000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.5f 2F* → 4p6.6d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 504.622 nm | 暂无 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7g 2G → 4p6.8h 2H* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 504.622 nm | 暂无 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7g 2G → 4p6.8h 2H* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 524.749 nm | 暂无 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7h 2H* → 4p6.8i 2I | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 524.749 nm | 暂无 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7h 2H* → 4p6.8i 2I | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527.675 nm | 暂无 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7i 2I → 4p6.8k 2K* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 527.675 nm | 暂无 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7i 2I → 4p6.8k 2K* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 558.5 nm | 200 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.8d 2D → 4p6.8f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 562 nm | 350 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.8d 2D → 4p6.8f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 587.138 nm | 300 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7d 2D → 4p6.8p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 603.562 nm | 10 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.4f 2F* → 4p6.5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 618.867 nm | 1400 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.4f 2F* → 4p6.5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 633.604 nm | 1000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.4f 2F* → 4p6.5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 138 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 121 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 113 pm
范德华半径
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 245 pm
- UFF
- 305.2 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 244 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 139 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 52
- Pettifor
- 55
- Glawe
- 56
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 87 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 6 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1030 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 9.4 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 6
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 40
- 相对供应风险
- 9
- 储量分布
- 43
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 24
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 24
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 2895.15 K |
| 沸点 | 4912.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (10)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.8744 |
| 2 | p | 4.0282 |
| 2 | s | 11.1232 |
| 3 | d | 14.7717 |
| 3 | p | 16.5264 |
| 3 | s | 16.0185 |
| 4 | d | 30.6076 |
| 4 | p | 27.0232 |
| 4 | s | 25.9036 |
| 5 | s | 35.894 |
晶体半径详情 (8)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 83 | estimated, | |
| 4 | VI | 79 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | IV | 60 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 75 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | IV | 55 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | V | 64 | ||
| 6 | VI | 73 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | VII | 87 |
同位素衰变方式 (58)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 81 | B+ | — |
| 81 | B+p | — |
| 82 | B+ | — |
| 82 | B+p | — |
| 83 | B+ | 100% |
| 83 | B+p | — |
| 84 | B+ | 100% |
| 84 | B+p | — |
| 85 | B+ | 100% |
| 85 | B+p | 0.1% |
X射线散射因子 (909)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2.2382 |
| 10.1447 | — | 2.20464 |
| 10.3088 | — | 2.17288 |
| 10.4756 | — | 2.14408 |
| 10.645 | — | 2.11566 |
| 10.8172 | — | 2.09307 |
| 10.9921 | — | 2.12057 |
| 11.1699 | — | 2.20711 |
| 11.3506 | — | 2.32651 |
| 11.5342 | — | 2.50051 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.2 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Molybdenum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-2 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Molybdenum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Molybdenum https://periodic.lanl.gov/42.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Molybdenum.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.