Zirconium (Zr)
transition-metalSolid
标准原子量
91.224 u电子排布
[Kr] 5s2 4d2熔点
1854.85 °C沸点
4408.85 °C密度
6520 kg/m³氧化态
+1, +2, +3, +4电负性（鲍林）
1.33第一电离能
6.634126 eV发现年份
1789原子半径
155 pm详细信息
Zirconium is a lustrous transition metal in group 4, chemically close to hafnium and titanium. It occurs mainly in zircon and related heavy minerals, almost always with hafnium as a companion. The metal is valued for its very low thermal-neutron absorption and its stable, adherent oxide film, which give it a central role in nuclear reactor materials and in corrosion-resistant alloys.
Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Zircaloy(R) is an important alloy developed specifically for nuclear applications. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents. Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35°K.
The name derives from the Arabic zargun for "gold-like". It was discovered in zirconia by the German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth in 1789. Zirconium was first isolated by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824 in an impure state, and finally by the chemists D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger in a pure state in 1914.
Zirconium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral jargon (ZrSiO4) in 1789. Zirconium was isolated by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1824 and finally prepared in a pure form in 1914. Obtaining pure zirconium is very difficult because it is chemically similar to hafnium, an element which is always found mixed with deposits of zirconium. Today, most zirconium is obtained from the minerals zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2) through a process known as the Kroll Process.
From the Persian zargun, gold like. Zircon, the primary gemstone of zirconium, is also known as jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure. This mineral, or its variations, is mentioned in biblical writings. The mineral was not known to contain a new element until Klaproth, in 1789, analyzed a jargon from Ceylon and identified the new element, which Werner named zircon (silex circonius), and which Klaproth called Zirkonertz (zirconia). The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small decomposition process they developed.
Pure zirconium is a silvery-gray, ductile metal when clean and massive. Finely divided zirconium can appear dark and is much more reactive than bulk metal. At ordinary temperatures the surface is protected by a thin layer of zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂.
The dominant high-value use of zirconium metal is in cladding and structural components for water-cooled nuclear fuel, where hafnium must be removed because it absorbs neutrons strongly. Zirconium alloys are also used in chemical-processing equipment exposed to corrosive media. Zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂, is used in refractories, ceramics, oxygen sensors, thermal-barrier coatings, and dental ceramics. Zirconium compounds serve in pigments, catalysts, tanning, and specialty glass formulations.
Zirconium is a corrosion resistant metal that is used in high performance pumps and valves. Since it also does not easily absorb neutrons, zirconium is widely used in nuclear reactors. The nuclear power industry uses nearly 90% of the zirconium produced each year, which must be nearly free of hafnium. Zirconium is also used as an alloying agent in steel, to make some types of surgical equipment and as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes.
Zircon (ZrSiO4) is a zirconium compound that can take many different forms, the most popular of which is a clear, transparent gemstone that can be cut to look like diamond and is frequently used in jewelry. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) can withstand very high temperatures and is used to make crucibles and to line the walls of high temperature furnaces. Zirconium carbonate (3ZrO2·CO2·H2O) is used in lotions to treat poison ivy.
It is used extensively by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets, which offer hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Its use as a refractory material accounts for a large share of all zirconium consumed.
Isotopes in Industry
Zirconium enriched in 90Zr has been proposed for the cladding (covering) of reactor fuel elements (Fig. IUPAC.40.1) because it has a lower neutron absorption cross section than natural abundances of zirconium and is well suited for coverage of metal parts without absorbing neutrons [307] M. D. DeHart, H. Zhang, E. Shaber, M. A. Jessee. “A study of fast reactor fuel transmutation in a candidate dispersion fuel design”, in 11th Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation..
Zirconium chemistry is dominated by the +4 oxidation state, reflecting the stability of Zr⁴⁺ in oxides and salts. Zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂, is a refractory ceramic with monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic forms; stabilized zirconias contain added oxides to retain high-temperature structures. Zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, is an important volatile precursor for metal production and organozirconium chemistry. Zircon, ZrSiO₄, is the principal mineral source. Lower oxidation states are known but are less common and often require special conditions.
See more information at the Zirconium compound page.
Massive zirconium metal has low acute toxicity and is usually limited in hazard by dust generation and processing conditions. Finely divided powder, turnings, and some dry residues are combustible and can ignite in air. Zirconium compounds vary in irritation and corrosivity; zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, reacts with moisture to release hydrogen chloride, HCl. Nuclear-grade zirconium is not inherently radioactive, but service in reactors can activate or contaminate materials.
Zirconium is a lithophile element and is held mainly in resistant minerals, especially zircon, rather than in soluble aqueous forms. Its compounds are generally not very mobile under ordinary surface conditions because zirconium(IV) hydrolyzes strongly and forms insoluble oxides and hydroxides. Weathering releases zircon grains to sediments and heavy-mineral sands, where they can persist for very long periods.
Commercial zirconium starts with mining of zircon-bearing heavy-mineral sands, often associated with titanium minerals such as ilmenite and rutile. For nuclear applications, zirconium must be separated from chemically similar hafnium, an expensive step that creates distinct nuclear-grade and hafnium-bearing markets. Metal is commonly produced through conversion to zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, followed by reduction. Demand is driven by nuclear fuel fabrication, ceramics, foundry sands, refractories, and specialty chemicals. Recycling is important for clean metal scrap, while ceramic and mineral uses are less readily recovered.
Zirconium is produced from the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4). It is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks.
Zirconium is produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and by related heavy-element nucleosynthesis before incorporation into later generations of planets and meteorites. It is not among the most abundant cosmic elements, but it is readily detected in stellar spectra. In planetary materials it behaves as a refractory lithophile element and concentrates in silicate minerals rather than metallic cores.
- Zirconium and hafnium are so chemically similar that their separation became a major technical problem for reactor use.
- Ancient zircon grains preserve some of the oldest known records of Earth's crust.
- Zirconium dioxide can be made tough for ceramics by stabilizing high-temperature crystal forms.
- Bulk zirconium resists many acids, but hydrofluoric acid attacks its protective oxide film.
- The name zirconium comes from zircon, not from the modern synthetic gemstone cubic zirconia.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 155 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 175 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 186 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 145 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 6520 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0141 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 1854.85 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 4408.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 22.7 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 0.278 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 25.36 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 六方密堆积 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 1.33 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 1.32
- 电子亲和能
- 0.426 eV
- 第一电离能
- 6.634126 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 13.130045 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 23.17008 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 34.418478 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 80.348277 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- +1, +2, +3, +4 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 4 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Kr] 5s2 4d2
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.17515676 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 5.938747 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 6.311862 eV
- 原子化热
- 6.311862 eV
- 原子化焓
- 6.322226 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 40 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 50 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 37 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 3 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Zr-90
- 发现年份
- 1789
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 165 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 3 × 10−5 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 323 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-67-7 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 3F2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Zr
- InChI Key
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Zr: 4d² 5s²[Kr] 4d² 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d² 5s²原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 90 稳定 | 89.9046977 ± 0.000002 | 51.4500% | 稳定 |
| 91 稳定 | 90.9056396 ± 0.000002 | 11.2200% | 稳定 |
| 92 稳定 | 91.9050347 ± 0.000002 | 17.1500% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（1854.85 °C）1829.8 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共40项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录谱线 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 谱线总数 | 跃迁概率 | 能级标记 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zr I | 0 | 459 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr II | +1 | 207 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr III | +2 | 490 | 490 | 490 |
| Zr IV | +3 | 76 | 0 | 76 |
| Zr V | +4 | 104 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr VI | +5 | 427 | 427 | 427 |
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Zr I | 0 | 262 |
| Zr II | +1 | 136 |
| Zr III | +2 | 140 |
| Zr IV | +3 | 35 |
| Zr V | +4 | 102 |
| Zr VI | +5 | 97 |
| Zr VII | +6 | 2 |
| Zr VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Zr IX | +8 | 2 |
| Zr X | +9 | 2 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 4 | 暂无 | 59 pm |
| +4 | 5 | 暂无 | 66 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 暂无 | 72 pm |
| +4 | 7 | 暂无 | 78 pm |
| +4 | 8 | 暂无 | 84 pm |
| +4 | 9 | 暂无 | 89 pm |
化合物
同位素 (3)
Naturally occurring zirconium contains five isotopes. Fifteen other isotopes are known to exist. Zircon, ZrSiO4, the principal ore, is pure ZrO2 in crystalline form having a hafnium content of about 1%. Zirconium also occurs in some 30 other recognized mineral species. Zirconium is produced commercially by reduction of chloride with magnesium (the Kroll Process), and by other methods. It is a grayish-white lustrous metal. When finely divided, the metal may ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures. The solid metal is much more difficult to ignite. The inherent toxicity of zirconium compounds is low. Hafnium is invariably found in zirconium ores, and the separation is difficult.
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 90 稳定 | 89.9046977 ± 0.000002 | 51.4500% ± 0.4000% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 91 稳定 | 90.9056396 ± 0.000002 | 11.2200% ± 0.0500% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 92 稳定 | 91.9050347 ± 0.000002 | 17.1500% ± 0.0800% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.0196 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 382.4611 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 382.7722 nm | 300 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 382.923 nm | 600 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 383.0087 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 383.7038 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 384.2399 nm | 270 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 390.7626 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 391.0786 nm | 3 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[13/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 391.6928 nm | 100 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 392.0624 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 392.5804 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 392.694 nm | 120 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 393.1478 nm | 100 | Zr III | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 4d.5d 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 396.3178 nm | 500 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 396.5231 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 397.1691 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 397.3984 nm | 220 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 398.854 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 401.632 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 401.6949 nm | 35 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 401.7561 nm | 3 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 401.8142 nm | 140 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 403.2482 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 403.3591 nm | 180 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 403.6779 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 408.0264 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 408.7114 nm | 150 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 412.5432 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 412.6379 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 413.2087 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 413.7442 nm | 500 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 414.6654 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 415.3368 nm | 2 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 416.0827 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 416.5293 nm | 15 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 417.1353 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 417.2872 nm | 300 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 419.3504 nm | 275 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 419.7309 nm | 15 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 419.8266 nm | 3000 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 420.3546 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 423.5695 nm | 275 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 431.7077 nm | 2000 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 434.2686 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[13/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 440.7385 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 456.1637 nm | 50 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 456.922 nm | 1800 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5g 2G → 4p6.6h 2H* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 456.927 nm | 1800 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5g 2G → 4p6.6h 2H* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 460.8973 nm | 60 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 500.71 nm | 暂无 | ID 803 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 154 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 127 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 121 pm
范德华半径
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 252 pm
- UFF
- 312.4 pm
- MM3
- 254 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 269 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 160 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 44
- Pettifor
- 49
- Glawe
- 49
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 112 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 13 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1360 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 14 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 3
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 39
- 相对供应风险
- 6
- 储量分布
- 40
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 75
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 75
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 2127.15 K |
| 沸点 | 4679.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (10)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.841 |
| 2 | p | 4.0072 |
| 2 | s | 10.6262 |
| 3 | d | 14.4331 |
| 3 | p | 16.1545 |
| 3 | s | 15.6385 |
| 4 | d | 26.9284 |
| 4 | p | 26.54 |
| 4 | s | 25.0984 |
| 5 | s | 33.5545 |
晶体半径详情 (6)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | IV | 73 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | V | 80 | calculated, | |
| 4 | VI | 86 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VII | 92 | ||
| 4 | VIII | 98 | ||
| 4 | IX | 103 |
同位素衰变方式 (56)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 77 | B+ | — |
| 77 | B+p | — |
| 77 | p | — |
| 78 | B+ | — |
| 78 | B+p | — |
| 79 | B+ | 100% |
| 79 | B+p | — |
| 80 | B+ | 100% |
| 81 | B+ | 100% |
| 81 | B+p | 0.1% |
X射线散射因子 (724)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | — | 0.18706 |
| 1.0149 | — | 0.19051 |
| 1.0299 | — | 0.19402 |
| 1.0452 | — | 0.1976 |
| 1.0608 | — | 0.20124 |
| 1.0765 | — | 0.20499 |
| 1.0925 | — | 0.20885 |
| 1.1087 | — | 0.21277 |
| 1.1252 | — | 0.21677 |
| 1.142 | — | 0.22085 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.65×102 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Zirconium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele040.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3×10-5 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Zirconium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele040.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Zirconium is produced from the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4). It is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Zirconium https://periodic.lanl.gov/40.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Zirconium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.