Magnesium (Mg)
alkaline-earth-metalSolid
标准原子量
24.305 u [24.304, 24.307]电子排布
[Ne] 3s2熔点
649.85 °C沸点
1089.85 °C密度
1740 kg/m³氧化态
0, +1, +2电负性（鲍林）
1.31第一电离能
7.646236 eV发现年份
1755原子半径
150 pm详细信息
Magnesium is a light alkaline earth metal and a major rock-forming element. It occurs in silicate minerals, carbonates, evaporites, seawater, and brines, almost entirely as Mg²⁺ rather than as native metal. Its low density, ready formation of stable salts, and high affinity for oxygen shape both its metallurgy and its geochemistry. Magnesium is also essential in biology, where it stabilizes phosphate chemistry and is central to chlorophyll.
Magnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. It tarnishes slightly in air, and finely divided magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame.
The name derives from Magnesia, a district in the north-eastern region of Greece called Thessalia. The Scottish chemist Joseph Black recognized it as a separate element in 1755. In 1808, the English chemist Humphry Davy obtained the impure metal, and in 1831 the French pharmacist and chemist Antoine- Alexandre Brutus Bussy isolated the metal in the pure state.
Although it is the eighth most abundant element in the universe and the seventh most abundant element in the earth's crust, magnesium is never found free in nature. Magnesium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, through the electrolysis of a mixture of magnesium oxide (MgO) and mercuric oxide (HgO) in 1808. Today, magnesium can be extracted from the minerals dolomite (CaCO3·MgCO3) and carnallite (KCl·MgCl2·6H2O), but is most often obtained from seawater. Every cubic kilometer of seawater contains about 1.3 billion kilograms of magnesium (12 billion pounds per cubic mile).
From Magnesia, district in Thessaly. Compounds of magnesium have long been known. Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. Davy isolated it in 1808 and Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It does not occur uncombined, but is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals.
Pure magnesium is a silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster when freshly cut. In air it slowly dulls as a thin oxide and hydroxide film develops. It is light, machinable, and solid at ordinary conditions, but finely divided metal can burn with an intense white flame.
Magnesium metal is used mainly where low mass is valuable, especially in aluminum alloys, die-cast automotive and electronic parts, and some aerospace components. It serves as a reducing agent in the production of metals such as titanium from titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄). Magnesium is used in sacrificial anodes for corrosion protection, in pyrotechnic compositions and flares, and in specialty batteries. Magnesium compounds are widely used in refractories, fertilizers, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, and water treatment.
Magnesium burns with a brilliant white light and is used in pyrotechnics, flares and photographic flashbulbs. Magnesium is the lightest metal that can be used to build things, although its use as a structural material is limited since it burns at relatively low temperatures. Magnesium is frequently alloyed with aluminum, which makes aluminum easier to roll, extrude and weld. Magnesium-aluminum alloys are used where strong, lightweight materials are required, such as in airplanes, missiles and rockets. Cameras, horseshoes, baseball catchers' masks and snowshoes are other items that are made from magnesium alloys.
Magnesium oxide (MgO), also known as magnesia, is the second most abundant compound in the earth's crust. Magnesium oxide is used in some antacids, in making crucibles and insulating materials, in refining some metals from their ores and in some types of cements. When combined with water (H2O), magnesia forms magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), better known as milk of magnesia, which is commonly used as an antacid and as a laxative.
Hydrated magnesium sulphate (MgSO4·7H2O), better known as Epsom salt, was discovered in 1618 by a farmer in Epsom, England, when his cows refused to drink the water from a certain mineral well. He tasted the water and found that it tasted very bitter. He also noticed that it helped heal scratches and rashes on his skin. Epsom salt is still used today to treat minor skin abrasions.
Other magnesium compounds include magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2). Magnesium carbonate is used to make some types of paints and inks and is added to table salt to prevent caking. A thin film of magnesium fluoride is applied to optical lenses to help reduce glare and reflections.
Uses include flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. It is one third lighter than aluminum, and in alloys is essential for airplane and missile construction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Magnesium is used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron, and is used as an additive to conventional propellants.
It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide (milk of magnesia), chloride, sulfate (Epsom salts), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters.
Isotopes in Biology
Natural magnesium enriched in the stable isotopes 25Mg and 26Mg has been used as tracers in human studies to assess absorption, excretion, distribution, and utilization of magnesium in basic and applied research [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html., [113] M. Sabatier, W. R. Keyes, F. Pont, M. J. Arnaud, J. R. Turnlund. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.77, 1206 (2003)., [114] M. Sabatier, F. Pont, M. J. Arnaud, J. R. Turnlund. Am. J. Physiol.285, R656 (2003)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of magnesium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of magnesium in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.12.1). These variations are useful in investigating the origin of substances and studying environmental, hydrological, and geological processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)., [17] T. B. Coplen, J. A. Hopple, J. K. Böhlke, H. S. Peiser, S. E. Rieder, H. R. Krouse, K. J. R. Rosman, T. Ding, R. D. Vocke, K. Revesz, A. Lamberty, P. D. P. Taylor, P. D. Bièvre. United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report, 01-4222, (2002)., [115] J. G. Montes, R. A. Sjodin, A. L. Yergey, N. E. Vieira. Biophys. J.56, 437 (1989)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
26Mg is a stable isotope and is the radiogenic product of 26Al decay. 26Al is produced by cosmic rays in space and in the atmosphere, and it was present in the primordial solar nebula. The anomalous abundance of 26Mg in meteorite inclusions indicate that this material must have been formed early in the development of the Solar System before all primordial 26Al (with half-life of 7.1×105 years) had decayed [116] S. Sahijpal, J. N. Goswami. Astrophys. J.509, L137 (1998)..
Magnesium chemistry is dominated by the +2 oxidation state and by ionic or strongly polar compounds. Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a refractory basic oxide, while magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) is sparingly soluble and used where mild alkalinity is needed. Important salts include magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), and magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃). Magnesium silicates are major constituents of rocks. Organomagnesium halides, known as Grignard reagents, are central synthetic intermediates in organic chemistry.
Organic magnesium is important in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered perphyrins.
The adult daily nutritional requirement, which is affected by various factors include weight and size, is about 300 mg/day.
See more information at the Magnesium compound page.
Bulk magnesium metal is not highly toxic, and magnesium ions are essential nutrients. The main elemental hazard is fire: shavings, powder, and molten metal can ignite, and burning magnesium is difficult to extinguish with water because hydrogen and heat may be produced. Intense ultraviolet and visible light from burning magnesium can injure eyes. Excess intake of soluble magnesium salts can cause physiological effects, especially when renal clearance is impaired, and industrial dusts require exposure control.
Because serious fires can occur, great care should be taken in handling magnesium metal, especially when finely divided. Water should not be used on burning magnesium or on magnesium fires.
Magnesium is abundant in the crust and hydrosphere and cycles through weathering, river transport, seawater chemistry, carbonate deposition, and biological uptake. It is a common nutrient for plants and animals, and its availability affects soil fertility and water hardness. In the ocean, Mg²⁺ is one of the major dissolved cations. Magnesium minerals also participate in long-term carbon cycling through carbonate formation and alteration of silicate rocks.
Magnesium is produced from mineral sources and brines, chiefly by electrolysis of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) or by thermal reduction of magnesium oxide (MgO)-bearing feedstocks such as dolomite-derived material. Energy cost, process emissions, and control of oxidation during melting are important industrial factors. Demand is tied to lightweight alloys, aluminum alloying, die casting, desulfurization and chemical uses. Recycling is significant for clean alloy scrap, although mixed or oxidized scrap is harder to recover efficiently. Substitution is possible in many structural applications, but magnesium remains attractive where low density outweighs cost and handling constraints.
The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water.
Magnesium is a relatively abundant cosmic element formed mainly by fusion processes in massive stars and dispersed by supernovae and stellar winds. It is common in silicate dust and rocky planetary material, where it combines with oxygen and silicon. In meteorites and terrestrial planets it is concentrated in minerals such as olivine and pyroxene rather than in metallic form.
- Magnesium burns in carbon dioxide (CO₂) as well as in air, forming magnesium oxide and carbon.
- Chlorophyll contains a magnesium ion held in a porphyrin ring.
- Seawater is an important practical source of magnesium, although the metal itself is not present there.
- Grignard reagents made from magnesium helped transform carbon-carbon bond formation in synthesis.
- Magnesium alloys often need protective atmospheres or fluxes during melting to limit oxidation.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 150 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 141 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 173 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 136 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 1740 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.014 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 649.85 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 1089.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 156 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 1.023 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 24.869 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 六方密堆积 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 1.31 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 1.293
- 电子亲和能
- -0.4 eV (负值——预计该原子不结合额外电子)
- 第一电离能
- 7.646236 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 15.035323 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 80.143876 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 109.265776 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 141.330486 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- 0, +1, +2 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 2 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Ne] 3s2
热力学性质
- 熔化热
- 0.08788931 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 1.326631 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 1.524589 eV
- 原子化热
- 1.524589 eV
- 原子化焓
- 1.524589 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 12 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 12 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 23 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 3 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Mg-24
- 发现年份
- 1755
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 2.33e+4 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 1290 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 321 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 2 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7439-95-4 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mg
- InChI Key
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Mg: 3s²[Ne] 3s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s²原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24 稳定 | 23.985041697 ± 0.000000014 | 78.9900% | 稳定 |
| 25 稳定 | 24.985836976 ± 0.00000005 | 10.0000% | 稳定 |
| 26 稳定 | 25.982592968 ± 0.000000031 | 11.0100% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（649.85 °C）624.9 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
原子光谱
已显示10项，共12项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录谱线 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 谱线总数 | 跃迁概率 | 能级标记 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mg I | 0 | 1342 | 1090 | 1342 |
| Mg II | +1 | 601 | 482 | 601 |
| Mg III | +2 | 452 | 149 | 452 |
| Mg IV | +3 | 821 | 625 | 821 |
| Mg V | +4 | 518 | 513 | 515 |
| Mg VI | +5 | 890 | 883 | 890 |
| Mg VII | +6 | 379 | 344 | 379 |
| Mg VIII | +7 | 944 | 941 | 944 |
| Mg IX | +8 | 461 | 444 | 461 |
| Mg X | +9 | 223 | 184 | 223 |
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Mg I | 0 | 323 |
| Mg II | +1 | 149 |
| Mg III | +2 | 114 |
| Mg IV | +3 | 173 |
| Mg V | +4 | 104 |
| Mg VI | +5 | 120 |
| Mg VII | +6 | 104 |
| Mg VIII | +7 | 113 |
| Mg IX | +8 | 94 |
| Mg X | +9 | 60 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | 暂无 | 56.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 5 | 暂无 | 66 pm |
| +2 | 6 | 暂无 | 72 pm |
| +2 | 8 | 暂无 | 89 pm |
化合物
同位素 (3)
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 稳定 | 23.985041697 ± 0.000000014 | 78.9900% ± 0.0400% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 25 稳定 | 24.985836976 ± 0.00000005 | 10.0000% ± 0.0100% | 稳定 | stable | |
| 26 稳定 | 25.982592968 ± 0.000000031 | 11.0100% ± 0.0300% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
已显示50项，共399项。 默认仅显示具有实测强度的谱线。
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 518.36043 nm | 45 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.4s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 517.26844 nm | 44 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.4s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 516.73213 nm | 42 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.4s 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 383.82919 nm | 40 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.3d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 552.84047 nm | 40 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.4d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 383.23039 nm | 38 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.3d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 382.93547 nm | 36 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.3d 3D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 470.29908 nm | 30 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.5d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 571.1088 nm | 30 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.5s 1S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 435.19057 nm | 20 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.6d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 416.72713 nm | 15 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.7d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 625.6757 nm | 15 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 448.1126 nm | 14 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.4f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 448.1325 nm | 13 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.4f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 738.7689 nm | 12 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.8f 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 405.75052 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.8d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 439.0572 nm | 10 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 473.00286 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.6s 1S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 491.5991 nm | 10 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 583.981 nm | 10 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 631.8717 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.4s 3S → 3s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 634.6742 nm | 10 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.6f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 719.3184 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.9f 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 729.1055 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.4s 1S → 3s.6p 1P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 438.4637 nm | 9 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.5d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 443.3988 nm | 9 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.6s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 452.6219 nm | 9 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[1/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 459.6921 nm | 9 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[1/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[1/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 496.041 nm | 9 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 631.9237 nm | 9 | Mg I | emission | 3s.4s 3S → 3s.6p 3P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 634.6964 nm | 9 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.6f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 384.8211 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.5p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 398.67533 nm | 8 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.9d 1D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 442.7994 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.6s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 467.3315 nm | 8 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4s 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 498.1469 nm | 8 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 526.422 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.7f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 640.6637 nm | 8 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 678.7855 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.5p 2P* → 2p6.7d 2D | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 681.927 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.5p 2P* → 2p6.8s 2S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 706.0414 nm | 8 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.10f 1F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 385.0386 nm | 7 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.5p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 423.9473 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 463.2537 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[1/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[1/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 480.2585 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 491.5363 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 497.0497 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 502.3674 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 526.4364 nm | 7 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.7f 2F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 591.6431 nm | 7 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.7p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 139 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 132 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，三键）
- 127 pm
- 共价半径（Bragg）
- 142 pm
范德华半径
- Bondi
- 173 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 251 pm
- UFF
- 302.1 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 240 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 160 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 76
- Pettifor
- 73
- Glawe
- 73
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 71.2 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 0.4 a.u.
- C₆
- 626 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 629 Ha·Bohr6
化学亲和力
- 质子亲和能
- 819.6 kJ/mol
- 气相碱性
- 797.3 kJ/mol
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 14 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 2
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 64
- 相对供应风险
- 7
- 储量分布
- 26
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 24
- 政治稳定性（最大储量国）
- 18
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 923.15 K |
| 沸点 | 1363.15 K |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (4)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3911 |
| 2 | p | 4.1742 |
| 2 | s | 4.608 |
| 3 | s | 8.6925 |
晶体半径详情 (4)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | 71 | ||
| 2 | V | 80 | ||
| 2 | VI | 86 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 103 | calculated, |
同位素衰变方式 (43)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 19 | 2p | 100% |
| 20 | B+ | 100% |
| 20 | B+p | 30.3% |
| 21 | B+ | 100% |
| 21 | B+p | 20.1% |
| 21 | B+A | 0.1% |
| 21 | B+pA | 0% |
| 22 | B+ | 100% |
| 23 | B+ | 100% |
| 27 | B- | 100% |
X射线散射因子 (755)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | 0.117 | 0.14592 |
| 0.5079 | 0.1168 | 0.14896 |
| 0.516 | 0.1165 | 0.15206 |
| 0.5242 | 0.1165 | 0.15522 |
| 0.5325 | 0.1162 | 0.15845 |
| 0.5409 | 0.1162 | 0.16175 |
| 0.5495 | 0.1162 | 0.16511 |
| 0.5582 | 0.1161 | 0.16855 |
| 0.5671 | 0.1163 | 0.17205 |
| 0.5761 | 0.1167 | 0.17558 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.33×104 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Magnesium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele012.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.29×103 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Magnesium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele012.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Magnesium https://periodic.lanl.gov/12.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Magnesium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.