Sodium (Na)
alkali-metalSolid
标准原子量
22.989769 u电子排布
[Ne] 3s1熔点
97.8 °C沸点
882.85 °C密度
970 kg/m³氧化态
−1, 0, +1电负性（鲍林）
0.93第一电离能
5.139077 eV发现年份
1807原子半径
180 pm详细信息
Sodium is a soft, highly reactive alkali metal in group 1. It has one valence electron and almost always forms Na⁺ in ordinary compounds. The element is abundant in seawater, evaporite deposits, and silicate minerals, but it is never found free in nature because it reacts readily with water, oxygen, and many nonmetals. Its salts are central to physiology, glassmaking, detergents, and bulk chemical manufacture.
Sodium, like every reactive element, is never found free in nature. Sodium is a soft, bright, silvery metal which floats on water. Decomposition in water results in the evolution of hydrogen and the formation of the hydroxide. It may or may not ignite spontaneously on water, depending on the amount of oxide and metal exposed to the water. It normally does not ignite in air at temperatures below 115°C.
The name derives from the English soda and Latin sodanum for "headache remedy". The symbol Na derives from the Latin natrium for "natron" (soda in English). Sodium was discovered in 1807 by the English chemist Humphry Davy from electrolysis of caustic soda (NaOH).
Although sodium is the sixth most abundant element on earth and comprises about 2.6% of the earth's crust, it is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. Pure sodium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 through the electrolysis of caustic soda (NaOH). Since sodium can ignite on contact with water, it must be stored in a moisture free environment.
From the English word, soda; Medieval Latin, sodanum: a headache remedy. Long recognized in compounds, sodium was first isolated by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic soda.
Pure sodium is a silvery, lustrous metal when freshly cut. It is soft enough to cut with a knife and quickly tarnishes in air as surface oxides, hydroxide, and carbonate form. At ordinary temperature it is a low-density solid with a relatively low melting point for a metal.
Metallic sodium is used mainly as a chemical reductant and heat-transfer medium where its high thermal conductivity and low neutron moderation are useful, notably in some fast-reactor designs. Sodium vapor lamps were historically important for efficient yellow street lighting. Sodium compounds have far larger uses: sodium chloride (NaCl) for food, deicing, and chlor-alkali feedstock; sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) for glass and detergents; and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for pulp, alumina, soaps, and many chemical processes.
Sodium is used in the production of titanium, sodamide, sodium cyanide, sodium peroxide, and sodium hydride. Liquid sodium has been used as a coolant for nuclear reactors. Sodium vapor is used in streetlights and produces a brilliant yellow light.
Sodium also forms many useful compounds. Some of the most common are: table salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3) and borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O).
Metallic sodium is vital in the manufacture of esters and in the preparation of organic compounds. The metal may be used to improve the structure of certain alloys, descale metal, and purify molten metals.
An alloy of sodium with potassium, NaK, is an important heat transfer agent.
Isotopes in Biology
Both 22Na and 24Na have been used as radioactive tracers to study electrolytes in the human body [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html., [109] Australian Government, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (Ansto). [Radioisotopes]:/their Role in Society Today/, Australian Government, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (Ansto) (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ansto.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/3564/Radioisotopes.pdf., [110] AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students. Chemistry Tutorial: Summary of Radioactive Particles, Isotopes, Properties and Uses, AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ausetute.com.au/nuclesum.html..
Isotopes in Geochronology
22Na is a cosmogenic isotope with a half-life of 2.6 years that has been used to study the residence time of water in freshwater basins. It has been used for dating of young (up to a few decades old) surface water and groundwater (Fig. IUPAC.11.1) [111] D. G. Fleishman. J. Environ. Radioact.99, 1203 (2008)..
Isotopes in Medicine
22Na is used as a source to calibrate positron emission tomography (PET) imaging scanners to check that the instruments are functioning properly [112] T. Hasegawa, K. Oda, Y. Wada, Y. Sato, T. Yamada, M. Matsumoto, H. Murayama, T. Takeda, T. Sasaki, K. Kikuchi, Y. Abe, H. Miyatake, K. Miwa, K. Akimoto, K. Wagatsuma. “Application of novel calibration scheme based on traceable point-like 22Na sources to various types of PET scanners”, in Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC), 2012 IEEE..
Sodium chemistry is dominated by the +1 oxidation state and ionic salts containing Na⁺. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most familiar salt and a major industrial feedstock. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base, sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) are important alkaline carbonates, and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) is used in detergents and glass. Sodium hydride (NaH) is a strong base and hydride donor in synthesis. Organosodium compounds exist but are generally more reactive and less commonly handled than organolithium reagents.
The most common compound is sodium chloride (table salt), but it occurs in many other minerals, such as soda niter, cryolite, amphibole, zeolite, etc.
Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Soap is generally a sodium salt of certain fatty acids. The importance of common salt to animal nutrition has been recognized since prehistoric times.
Among the many compounds that are of the greatest industrial importance are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (hypo, Na2S2O3 • 5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7 • 10H2O).
See more information at the Sodium compound page.
Metallic sodium reacts violently with water to form sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen (H₂), which can ignite from the heat released. It is stored under dry mineral oil or inert gas and must be kept away from moisture, acids, and halogenated solvents. Concentrated sodium hydroxide and some other sodium compounds are corrosive. Sodium ions are essential in the body, but excessive dietary sodium is associated with adverse health effects in susceptible populations.
Sodium metal should be handled with great care. It cannot be maintained in an inert atmosphere and contact with water and other substances with which sodium reacts should be avoided.
Sodium is widely distributed in rocks, soils, natural brines, and oceans. Weathering releases Na⁺ from feldspars and other silicates, and rivers carry it to lakes and the sea, where it remains highly soluble. In arid regions it can accumulate in soils and impair plant growth by increasing salinity and altering soil structure. Road deicing salts can raise sodium and chloride levels in nearby waters and soils.
The main commercial sodium materials are salts rather than the metal. Sodium chloride is mined as rock salt, extracted from brines, and recovered by solar evaporation; it feeds chlor-alkali plants that make chlorine (Cl₂), hydrogen (H₂), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Sodium carbonate is produced from natural trona deposits or by synthetic processes such as the Solvay route. Metallic sodium is made by electrolysis of molten sodium chloride or related salt mixtures and has a much smaller, specialized market. Recycling is usually process-specific rather than a broad commodity loop.
Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spectrum. Sodium is the fourth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the earth's crust; it is the most abundant of the alkali group of metals.
It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago.
Sodium is a moderately abundant light element produced chiefly by stellar nucleosynthesis involving carbon and neon burning and by related neutron-capture reactions in stars. Its yellow D spectral lines are strong and easily observed in stellar atmospheres, comets, planetary exospheres, and interstellar gas. On rocky planets it is commonly incorporated into silicates and soluble salts rather than existing as metal.
- Sodium’s chemical symbol comes from natrium, a Latinized name related to soda minerals.
- The yellow sodium D lines near 589 nm are among the most recognizable atomic emission features.
- Liquid sodium has been used as a coolant because it stays liquid over a broad temperature range.
- Fresh sodium surfaces can look mirror-bright before tarnishing within seconds in moist air.
- Common table salt usually contains additives, so it is not pure sodium chloride.
图片
性质
物理性质
- 原子半径（经验值）
- 180 pm 比较所有元素的原子半径（经验值） →
- 共价半径
- 166 pm 比较所有元素的共价半径 →
- 范德华半径
- 227 pm 比较所有元素的范德华半径 →
- 金属半径
- 157 pm 比较所有元素的金属半径 →
- 密度
- 970 kg/m³ 比较所有元素的密度 →
- 摩尔体积
- 0.0237 L/mol
- 标准温度和压力下的物相
- 固态 比较所有元素的标准温度和压力下的物相 →
- 熔点
- 97.8 °C 比较所有元素的熔点 →
- 沸点
- 882.85 °C 比较所有元素的沸点 →
- 热导率
- 142 W/(m·K) 比较所有元素的热导率 →
- 比热容
- 1.228 J/(g·K) 比较所有元素的比热容 →
- 摩尔热容
- 28.23 J/(mol·K) 比较所有元素的摩尔热容 →
- 晶体结构
- 体心立方 比较所有元素的晶体结构 →
化学性质
- 电负性（鲍林）
- 0.93 比较所有元素的电负性（鲍林） →
- 电负性（Allen）
- 0.869
- 电子亲和能
- 0.5479 eV
- 第一电离能
- 5.139077 eV 比较所有元素的第一电离能 →
- 第二电离能
- 47.286523 eV 比较所有元素的第二电离能 →
- 第三电离能
- 71.620247 eV 比较所有元素的第三电离能 →
- 第四电离能
- 98.936341 eV 比较所有元素的第四电离能 →
- 第五电离能
- 138.404476 eV 比较所有元素的第五电离能 →
- 氧化态
- −1, 0, +1 比较所有元素的氧化态 →
- 价电子
- 1 比较所有元素的价电子 →
- 电子排布
- [Ne] 3s1
热力学性质
- 临界点（温度）
- 2300 °C
- 临界点（压力）
- 3.5e+7 Pa
- 熔化热
- 0.02694719 eV 比较所有元素的熔化热 →
- 汽化热
- 1.012593 eV 比较所有元素的汽化热 →
- 升华热
- 1.11209 eV
- 原子化热
- 1.11209 eV
- 原子化焓
- 1.114163 eV
核性质
- 质子
- 11 比较所有元素的质子 →
- 中子
- 12 比较所有元素的中子 →
- 已知同位素
- 23 比较所有元素的已知同位素 →
- 稳定同位素
- 1 比较所有元素的稳定同位素 →
- 最稳定同位素
- Na-23
- 发现年份
- 1807
丰度
- 丰度（地壳）
- 2.36e+4 mg/kg 比较所有元素的丰度（地壳） →
- 丰度（海洋）
- 1.08 × 104 mg/L 比较所有元素的丰度（海洋） →
晶体结构
- 晶格常数a
- 423 pm
电子结构
- 各电子层电子数
- 2, 8, 1 比较所有元素的各电子层电子数 →
标识符
- CAS登记号
- 7440-23-5 比较所有元素的CAS登记号 →
- 谱项符号
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Na
- InChI Key
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
电子排布 实测值
Na: 3s¹[Ne] 3s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹原子模型
不同同位素的中子数、质量和稳定性不同，但中性原子的电子排布不变。
原子模型示意图，未按比例绘制。
原子指纹
发射 / 吸收光谱
同位素分布
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23 稳定 | 22.989769282 ± 0.0000000019 | 100.0000% | 稳定 |
物相 / 状态
原因: 低于熔点（97.8 °C）72.8 °C
示意图，未按比例绘制
相变点
相变能
在熔点熔化1 mol物质所需的能量
在沸点汽化1 mol物质所需的能量
在升华点升华1 mol物质所需的能量
密度
标准条件下
标准条件下
高级
原子光谱
已显示10项，共11项。 按离子电荷升序排列。
收录谱线 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 谱线总数 | 跃迁概率 | 能级标记 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na I | 0 | 869 | 523 | 858 |
| Na II | +1 | 1345 | 176 | 605 |
| Na III | +2 | 560 | 417 | 560 |
| Na IV | +3 | 687 | 671 | 687 |
| Na V | +4 | 529 | 503 | 527 |
| Na VI | +5 | 657 | 594 | 641 |
| Na VII | +6 | 1374 | 1369 | 1374 |
| Na VIII | +7 | 464 | 456 | 464 |
| Na IX | +8 | 172 | 138 | 172 |
| Na X | +9 | 594 | 586 | 594 |
收录能级 ?
| 离子 | 电荷 | 能级 |
|---|---|---|
| Na I | 0 | 430 |
| Na II | +1 | 165 |
| Na III | +2 | 120 |
| Na IV | +3 | 104 |
| Na V | +4 | 102 |
| Na VI | +5 | 116 |
| Na VII | +6 | 142 |
| Na VIII | +7 | 89 |
| Na IX | +8 | 46 |
| Na X | +9 | 111 |
离子半径
| 电荷 | 配位 | 自旋 | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 4 | 暂无 | 99 pm |
| +1 | 5 | 暂无 | 100 pm |
| +1 | 6 | 暂无 | 102 pm |
| +1 | 7 | 暂无 | 112.00000000000001 pm |
| +1 | 8 | 暂无 | 118 pm |
| +1 | 9 | 暂无 | 124 pm |
| +1 | 12 | 暂无 | 139 pm |
化合物
同位素 (1)
Thirteen isotopes of sodium are recognized.
| 质量数 | 原子质量（u） | 天然丰度 | 半衰期 | 衰变方式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23 稳定 | 22.989769282 ± 0.0000000019 | 100.0000% | 稳定 | stable |
谱线
已显示50项，共480项。 默认仅显示具有实测强度的谱线。
| 波长（nm） | 强度 | 电离级 | 类型 | 跃迁 | 准确度 | 来源 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 588.995094 nm | 80000 | Na I | emission | 2p6.3s 2S → 2p6.3p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 589.592424 nm | 40000 | Na I | emission | 2p6.3s 2S → 2p6.3p 2P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 388.181 nm | 420 | Na I | emission | 2p5.(2P*).3s.3p.(3P*) 4D → 2p5.3s.(3P*).3d 4F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 443.234 nm | 310 | Na I | emission | 2p5.(2P*).3s.3p.(3P*) 4S → 2p5.3s.(3P*).4s 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 411.3703 nm | 300 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.3p 1S → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 507.12 nm | 270 | Na I | emission | 2p5.(2P*).3s.3p.(3P*) 4D → 2p5.3s.(3P*).4s 4P* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 412.3069 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.3p 1S → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4s 2[1/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 423.335 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 424.09 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 429.249 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 429.287 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 430.882 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 430.904 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 432.091 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 433.729 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 434.412 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.3p 1S → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 439.281 nm | 250 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[7/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 408.1372 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 436.859 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.3p 1S → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[3/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 437.522 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[7/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 438.748 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[7/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 440.512 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[7/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 444.669 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 444.741 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 445.473 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 445.523 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 445.72 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 447.463 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 447.88 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 448.167 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.015 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.088 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 449.961 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 450.697 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 451.92 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 452.497 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 453.331 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 455.152 nm | 200 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 391.803 nm | 160 | Na I | emission | 2p5.(2P*).3s.3p.(3P*) 4D → 2p5.3s.(3P*).3d 4F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 438.42 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[7/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 439.63 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[7/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 459.094 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.3p 1S → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).3d 2[1/2]* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 472.23 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 473.113 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[7/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 474.163 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[5/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 476.892 nm | 160 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).3d 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 418.546 nm | 150 | Na I | emission | 2p5.(2P*).3s.3p.(3P*) 4P → 2p5.3s.(3P*).3d 4D* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 386.543 nm | 130 | Na I | emission | 2p5.(2P*).3s.3p.(3P*) 4D → 2p5.3s.(3P*).3d 4F* | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 408.7593 nm | 130 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.3s 1P* → 2s2.2p5.3p 3S | 实测值 | NIST | |
| 420.2759 nm | 130 | Na II | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4f 2[5/2] | 实测值 | NIST |
扩展性质
共价半径（扩展）
- 共价半径（Pyykkö）
- 155 pm
- 共价半径（Pyykkö，双键）
- 160 pm
- 共价半径（Bragg）
- 177 pm
范德华半径
- Bondi
- 227 pm
- Batsanov
- 240 pm
- Alvarez
- 250 pm
- UFF
- 298.3 pm
- MM3
- 270 pm
原子半径与金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 225 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 190 pm
编号标度
- Mendeleev
- 2
- Pettifor
- 11
- Glawe
- 11
电负性标度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
极化率与色散
- 偶极极化率
- 162.7 a.u.
- 偶极极化率（不确定度）
- 0.5 a.u.
- C₆
- 1518 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1570 Ha·Bohr6
Miedema参数
- Miedema摩尔体积
- 23.78 cm3/mol
- Miedema电子密度
- 1
供应风险与经济性
- 生产集中度
- 24
- 相对供应风险
- 4
- 政治稳定性（最大生产国）
- 24
相变与同素异形体
| 熔点 | 370.94 K |
| 沸点 | 1156.09 K |
| 临界点（温度） | 2573.15 K |
| 临界点（压力） | 35 MPa |
氧化态分类
高级参考数据
屏蔽常数 (4)
| n | 轨道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3741 |
| 2 | p | 4.1982 |
| 2 | s | 4.4286 |
| 3 | s | 8.4926 |
晶体半径详情 (7)
| 电荷 | CN | 自旋 | rcrystal (pm) | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IV | 113 | ||
| 1 | V | 114 | ||
| 1 | VI | 116 | ||
| 1 | VII | 126 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 132 | ||
| 1 | IX | 138 | calculated, | |
| 1 | XII | 153 |
同位素衰变方式 (47)
| 同位素 | 模式 | 强度 |
|---|---|---|
| 17 | p | 100% |
| 18 | p | — |
| 19 | p | 100% |
| 20 | B+ | 100% |
| 20 | B+A | 25% |
| 21 | B+ | 100% |
| 22 | B+ | 100% |
| 22 | e+ | 90.6% |
| 22 | EC | 9.4% |
| 24 | B- | 100% |
X射线散射因子 (504)
| 能量 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.01475 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.01517 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.01559 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.01603 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.01648 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.01695 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.01743 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.01792 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.01842 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.01894 |
补充数据
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.36×104 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.08×104 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spectrum. Sodium is the fourth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the earth's crust; it is the most abundant of the alkali group of metals.
It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Sodium https://periodic.lanl.gov/11.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Sodium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.