Chlorine (Cl)
halogenGas
Nguyên tử khối chuẩn
35,45 u [35,446, 35,457]Cấu hình electron
[Ne] 3s2 3p5Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
-101,5 °CNhiệt độ sôi
-34,04 °CKhối lượng riêng
3,214 kg/m³Trạng thái oxi hóa
−1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7Độ âm điện (Pauling)
3,16Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 1)
12,967633 eVNăm phát hiện
1774Bán kính nguyên tử
100 pmChi tiết
Chlorine is a reactive halogen and a yellow-green diatomic gas, Cl₂, under ordinary conditions. It is a strong oxidizing agent and occurs naturally mainly as chloride salts, especially in seawater and evaporite minerals. Chlorine chemistry is central to water disinfection, inorganic chlorides, chlorinated solvents, polymers, and many industrial oxidation and substitution processes. The element has two stable isotopes, ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl.
It is a member of the halogen (salt-forming) group of elements and is obtained from chlorides by the action of oxidizing agents and more often by electrolysis; it is a greenish-yellow gas, combining directly with nearly all elements. At 10°C one volume of water dissolves 3.10 volumes of chlorine, at 30°C only 1.77 volumes.
The name derives from the Greek chloros for "pale green" or "greenish yellow" colour of the element. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. In 1810, the English chemist Humphry Davy proved it was an element.
Since it combines directly with nearly every element, chlorine is never found free in nature. Chlorine was first produced by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, a Swedish chemist, when he combined the mineral pyrolusite (MnO2) with hydrochloric acid (HCl) in 1774. Although Scheele thought the gas produced in his experiment contained oxygen, Sir Humphry Davy proved in 1810 that it was actually a distinct element. Today, most chlorine is produced through the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl).
From the Greek word chloro, greenish yellow. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele, who thought it contained oxygen. Chlorine was named in 1810 by Davy, who insisted it was an element.
Pure chlorine is a dense yellow-green gas with a sharp, irritating odor. It condenses to an amber liquid under pressure or cooling and freezes to a pale solid. The gas is visibly colored even at moderate concentrations in laboratory vessels.
Elemental chlorine, Cl₂, is used chiefly as a chemical intermediate rather than as an end product. Major uses include production of vinyl chloride for polyvinyl chloride, manufacture of chlorinated solvents and intermediates, bleaching of some pulp and textile streams, and synthesis of inorganic chlorides. Chlorine and hypochlorite solutions are widely used for drinking-water, wastewater, and swimming-pool disinfection. Hydrochloric acid, HCl, made directly or as a by-product, is also an important industrial reagent.
Chlorine is commonly used as an antiseptic and is used to make drinking water safe and to treat swimming pools. Large amounts of chlorine are used in many industrial processes, such as in the production of paper products, plastics, dyes, textiles, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, solvents and paints.
Two of the most familiar chlorine compounds are sodium chloride (NaCl) and hydrogen chloride (HCl). Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt, is used to season food and in some industrial processes. Hydrogen chloride, when mixed with water (H2O), forms hydrochloric acid, a strong and commercially important acid. Other chlorine compounds include: chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), potassium chloride (KCl), lithium chloride (LiCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2).
Chlorine is a very dangerous material. Liquid chlorine burns the skin and gaseous chlorine irritates the mucus membranes. Concentrations of the gas as low as 3.5 parts per million can be detected by smell while concentrations of 1000 parts per million can be fatal after a few deep breaths.
Chlorine is widely used in making many everyday products. It is used for producing safe drinking water the world over. Even the smallest water supplies are now usually chlorinated.
It is also extensively used in the production of paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, food, solvents, paints, plastics, and many other consumer products.
Most of the chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Further use is in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and in the extraction of bromine.
Organic chemistry demands much from chlorine, both as an oxidizing agent and in substitution, since it often brings many desired properties in an organic compound when substituted for hydrogen, as in one form of synthetic rubber.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of chlorine possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of chlorine in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.17.1). These variations are useful for investigating the origin of substances and studying environmental, hydrological, and geological processes. Chlorine is subject to isotopic fractionation by physical and chemical processes. Variations in isotopic compositions of stable chlorine isotopes provide evidence for ultrafiltration and crystallization of brines and indicate sources of chlorine-bearing contaminants, such as solvents and rocket fuels, in the environment [151] H. G. M. Eggenkamp, R. Kreulen, A. F. Koster Van Groos. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta59, 5169 (1995)., [152] M. A. Stewart, A. J. Spivack. Rev. Mineral. Geochem.55, 231 (2004)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Analyses of chlorine isotopes and other environmental tracers can help to identify whether an environmental contaminant is of anthropogenic origin or naturally occurring. For example, perchlorate (ClO4 -) can be of anthropogenic origin and is also found naturally. Perchlorate is a widespread groundwater contaminant that can interfere with hormone production in the thyroid gland by displacing iodide. Both the stable chlorine isotope-amount ratio n(37Cl)/n(35Cl) and the mole fraction of 36Cl, n(36Cl)/n(Cl), can provide useful information about origins of perchlorate in the environment (Fig. IUPAC.17.2). Such information may be important for legal reasons and for remediation of contaminated areas [152] M. A. Stewart, A. J. Spivack. Rev. Mineral. Geochem.55, 231 (2004)., [153] J. K. Böhlke, N. C. Sturchio, B. Gu, J. Horita, G. M. Brown, W. A. Jackson, J. R. Batista, P. B. Hatzinger. Anal. Chem.77, 7838 (2005)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
Radioactive 36Cl provides a useful tool to determine ages in geology and hydrology. Some radioactive 36Cl is cosmogenic and enters the terrestrial environment in precipitation. Because of its long half-life of 3.01×105 years, the level of 36Cl in aquifers can be measured and used to estimate ages (on the order of 105 to 106 years) of old meteoric groundwater (water that was originally precipitation) [155] F. M. Phillips. “Chlorine-36”, in Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology, P. G. Cook and A. L. Herczeg (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston MA (2000)..
Thermonuclear bomb tests in the ocean produced large amounts of 36Cl by neutron reactions with 35Cl in seawater. This was especially prevalent in the late 1950s. Large amounts of this anthropogenic 36Cl were distributed throughout the atmosphere, deposited with precipitation, and incorporated into terrestrial soils and groundwater. This enriched 36Cl has been used as a tracer of meteoric water from that era [156] F. M. Phillips, J. L. Mattick, T. A. Duval, D. Elmore, P. W. Kubik. Water Resour. Res.24, 877 (1988)..
Chlorine commonly forms chloride compounds in the −1 oxidation state, including sodium chloride, NaCl, hydrogen chloride, HCl, and many metal chlorides. It also forms positive oxidation states in oxyanions such as hypochlorite, ClO⁻, chlorite, ClO₂⁻, chlorate, ClO₃⁻, and perchlorate, ClO₄⁻. Important molecular compounds include chlorine dioxide, ClO₂, and phosphorus trichloride, PCl₃. Organic chlorides range from simple chloromethane, CH₃Cl, to complex polymers and pharmaceuticals.
See more information at the Chlorine compound page.
Chlorine, Cl₂, is acutely toxic by inhalation and strongly irritating to eyes, skin, and the respiratory tract. It reacts with moisture in tissues to form acidic and oxidizing species. Concentrated hypochlorite solutions and chlorine dioxide, ClO₂, are hazardous oxidizers, and mixing hypochlorite with acids can release chlorine gas. Many chloride salts are low-hazard at ordinary exposure levels, but toxicity depends strongly on the accompanying cation or organic group.
Chlorine is a respiratory irritant. The gas irritates the mucus membranes and the liquid burns the skin. As little as 3.5 ppm can be detected as an odor, and 1000 ppm is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths. In fact, chlorine was used as a war gas in 1915.
Chlorine is abundant in the environment mainly as chloride, Cl⁻, dissolved in seawater, brines, soils, and biological fluids. Marine aerosols, evaporite deposits, volcanic gases, and weathering move chlorine through natural cycles. Reactive chlorine compounds are formed naturally in the atmosphere and by organisms, but industrial organochlorines have added persistent pollutants in some settings. Chloride is mobile in water and is not readily removed by ordinary soil adsorption.
Chlorine is produced industrially by electrolysis of brine, usually together with sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and hydrogen, H₂, in the chlor-alkali process. The economics are closely tied to demand for caustic soda and for chlorine-consuming products such as polyvinyl chloride and isocyanates. Because chlorine gas is hazardous to transport, large users are often integrated with production sites or consume it nearby. Recycling is indirect: chloride from wastes may be recovered in salts or converted through industrial processes, but much chlorine ultimately disperses as chloride.
In nature it is found in the combined state only, chiefly with sodium as common salt (NaCl), carnallite, and sylvite.
Chlorine is a moderately abundant cosmic element made mainly in massive stars and supernova-related nucleosynthesis. It is less abundant than neighboring elements such as sulfur and argon. In planetary materials it is strongly lithophile and volatile relative to many rock-forming elements, occurring as chlorides, brines, and volcanic gases. Chlorine-bearing salts have been detected or inferred on several planetary bodies.
- Chlorine gas was used as a chemical weapon in the First World War.
- Natural chlorine has a stable isotope ratio that is useful in isotope geochemistry.
- Dry chlorine is less corrosive to many metals than moist chlorine.
- Common table salt contains chlorine as chloride, not as elemental Cl₂.
- Perchlorate salts can persist in arid soils and interfere with iodide uptake.
- Chlorine is liquefied commercially for storage and transport under pressure.
Hình ảnh
Tính chất
Vật lý
- Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm)
- 100 pm So sánh Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị
- 102 pm So sánh Bán kính cộng hóa trị của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Bán kính van der Waals
- 175 pm So sánh Bán kính van der Waals của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Khối lượng riêng
- 3,214 kg/m³ So sánh Khối lượng riêng của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Thể tích mol
- 0,0187 L/mol
- Pha ở STP
- Khí So sánh Pha ở STP của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
- -101,5 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ nóng chảy của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ sôi
- -34,04 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ sôi của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Độ dẫn nhiệt
- 0,009 W/(m·K) So sánh Độ dẫn nhiệt của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt dung riêng
- 0,479 J/(g·K) So sánh Nhiệt dung riêng của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt dung mol
- 33,949 J/(mol·K) So sánh Nhiệt dung mol của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Cấu trúc tinh thể
- Trực thoi So sánh Cấu trúc tinh thể của tất cả nguyên tố →
Hóa học
- Độ âm điện (Pauling)
- 3,16 So sánh Độ âm điện (Pauling) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Độ âm điện (Allen)
- 2,869
- Ái lực electron
- 3,6127 eV
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 1)
- 12,967633 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 1) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 2)
- 23,813722 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 2) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 3)
- 39,800137 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 3) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 4)
- 53,240183 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 4) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 5)
- 67,680233 eV So sánh Năng lượng ion hóa (lần 5) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Trạng thái oxi hóa
- −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 So sánh Trạng thái oxi hóa của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Electron hóa trị
- 7 So sánh Electron hóa trị của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Cấu hình electron
- [Ne] 3s2 3p5
Nhiệt động lực học
- Điểm tới hạn (nhiệt độ)
- 143,9 °C
- Điểm tới hạn (áp suất)
- 7,991e+6 Pa
- Nhiệt nóng chảy
- 0,0664352 eV So sánh Nhiệt nóng chảy của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt hóa hơi
- 0,21153547 eV So sánh Nhiệt hóa hơi của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt nguyên tử hóa
- 1,261129 eV
- Enthalpy nguyên tử hóa
- 1,257211 eV
Hạt nhân
- Proton
- 17 So sánh Proton của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Neutron
- 18 So sánh Neutron của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Các đồng vị đã biết
- 25 So sánh Các đồng vị đã biết của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Đồng vị bền
- 2 So sánh Đồng vị bền của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Đồng vị bền nhất
- Cl-35
- Năm phát hiện
- 1774
Độ phổ biến
- Độ phổ biến (vỏ Trái Đất)
- 145 mg/kg So sánh Độ phổ biến (vỏ Trái Đất) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Độ phổ biến (đại dương)
- 1,94 × 104 mg/L So sánh Độ phổ biến (đại dương) của tất cả nguyên tố →
Cấu trúc tinh thể
- Hằng số mạng a
- 624 pm
Cấu trúc electron
- Số electron trong mỗi lớp
- 2, 8, 7 So sánh Số electron trong mỗi lớp của tất cả nguyên tố →
Mã định danh
- Số CAS
- 7782-50-5 So sánh Số CAS của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Ký hiệu số hạng
- 2P°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cl
- Khóa InChI
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cấu hình electron Đo đạc
Cl: 3s² 3p⁵[Ne] 3s² 3p⁵1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵Mô hình nguyên tử
Các đồng vị khác nhau về số neutron, khối lượng và độ bền — không khác nhau về cấu hình electron của nguyên tử trung hòa.
Mô hình nguyên tử minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ.
Dấu vân tay nguyên tử
Phổ phát xạ / hấp thụ
Phân bố đồng vị
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã |
|---|---|---|---|
| 35 Bền | 34,968852682 ± 0,000000037 | 75,7600% | Bền |
| 37 Bền | 36,965902602 ± 0,000000055 | 24,2400% | Bền |
Pha / Trạng thái
Lý do: cao hơn nhiệt độ sôi (-34,04 °C) một lượng 59,0 °C
Sơ đồ minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ
Điểm chuyển pha
Năng lượng chuyển pha
Năng lượng cần để làm nóng chảy 1 mol tại nhiệt độ nóng chảy
Năng lượng cần để hóa hơi 1 mol tại nhiệt độ sôi
Khối lượng riêng
Ở điều kiện chuẩn
Ước tính theo phương trình khí lý tưởng tại T hiện tại
Nâng cao
Phổ nguyên tử
Đang hiển thị 10 trên 17. Sắp xếp theo điện tích ion (tăng dần).
Dữ liệu vạch phổ ?
| Ion | Điện tích | Tổng số vạch | Xác suất chuyển mức | Ký hiệu mức năng lượng |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cl I | 0 | 221 | 99 | 100 |
| Cl II | +1 | 292 | 221 | 221 |
| Cl III | +2 | 192 | 166 | 166 |
| Cl IV | +3 | 73 | 42 | 45 |
| Cl V | +4 | 27 | 6 | 6 |
| Cl VI | +5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Cl VII | +6 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Cl VIII | +7 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Cl IX | +8 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Cl X | +9 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
Dữ liệu mức năng lượng ?
| Ion | Điện tích | Mức năng lượng |
|---|---|---|
| Cl I | 0 | 379 |
| Cl II | +1 | 275 |
| Cl III | +2 | 83 |
| Cl IV | +3 | 41 |
| Cl V | +4 | 29 |
| Cl VI | +5 | 67 |
| Cl VII | +6 | 47 |
| Cl VIII | +7 | 29 |
| Cl IX | +8 | 57 |
| Cl X | +9 | 15 |
Bán kính ion
| Điện tích | Phối trí | Spin | Bán kính |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 6 | Không có | 181 pm |
| +5 | 3 | Không có | 12 pm |
| +7 | 4 | Không có | 8 pm |
| +7 | 6 | Không có | 27 pm |
Hợp chất
Đồng vị (2)
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã | Kiểu phân rã | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 35 Bền | 34,968852682 ± 0,000000037 | 75,7600% ± 0,1000% | Bền | stable | |
| 37 Bền | 36,965902602 ± 0,000000055 | 24,2400% ± 0,1000% | Bền | stable |
Vạch phổ
Đang hiển thị 50 trên 207. Theo mặc định, chỉ hiển thị các vạch phổ có cường độ đã được đo.
| Bước sóng (nm) | Cường độ | Bậc ion hóa | Loại | Chuyển mức | Độ chính xác | Nguồn | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 479.4556 nm | 99000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4s 5S* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 542.3257 nm | 99000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).3d 5D* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 489.6783 nm | 81000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4s 3D* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3F | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 521.7945 nm | 56000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4s 3S* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 3P | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 490.4776 nm | 47000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4s 3D* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3F | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 481.007 nm | 29000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4s 5S* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 491.773 nm | 26000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4s 3D* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3F | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 507.8267 nm | 26000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4s 3D* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3D | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 386.0828 nm | 25000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 522.1362 nm | 23000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4s 3S* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 3P | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 544.3375 nm | 19000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).3d 5D* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 481.948 nm | 16000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4s 5S* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 539.2125 nm | 15000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4s 1D* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 1F | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 478.132 nm | 13000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2P*).4s 3P* → 3s2.3p3.(2P*).4p 3D | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 385.0988 nm | 10000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 499.5473 nm | 10000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).3d 3F* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3D | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 542.3516 nm | 10000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).3d 5D* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 544.4217 nm | 10000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).3d 5D* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 385.1374 nm | 7900 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 725.6618 nm | 7500 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4S* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 545.7037 nm | 5600 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).3d 5D* → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 741.4118 nm | 5000 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 386.099 nm | 4400 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 476.8651 nm | 4300 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2P*).4s 3P* → 3s2.3p3.(2P*).4p 3D | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 384.5639 nm | 3900 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 384.5362 nm | 3100 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 380.5174 nm | 1900 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3D → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4d 3F* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 609.468 nm | 1900 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4s 1D* → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 1P | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 384.5788 nm | 1500 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 391.3866 nm | 1500 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3F → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4d 3F* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 380.9459 nm | 1300 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3D → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4d 3F* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 385.1651 nm | 1200 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 391.6632 nm | 1100 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4p 3F → 3s2.3p3.(2D*).4d 3F* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 386.1378 nm | 1000 | Cl II | emission | 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4p 5P → 3s2.3p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 399.1367 nm | 700 | Cl III | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 401.8351 nm | 600 | Cl III | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 405.893 nm | 600 | Cl III | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 410.4082 nm | 500 | Cl III | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 410.6764 nm | 500 | Cl III | emission | 3s2.3p2.(3P).3d 4P → 3s2.3p2.(3P).4p 4P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 436.3268 nm | 100 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 4D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 436.9498 nm | 100 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 2D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 437.9896 nm | 100 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 4D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 438.9751 nm | 100 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 4D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 443.8488 nm | 100 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 4P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 452.6182 nm | 100 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 2P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 439.0403 nm | 90 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 4D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 440.302 nm | 90 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 4P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 447.5304 nm | 90 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 2D* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 460.0977 nm | 80 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 2P* | Đo đạc | NIST | |
| 466.1208 nm | 80 | Cl I | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5p 2P* | Đo đạc | NIST |
Tính chất mở rộng
Bán kính cộng hóa trị (mở rộng)
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö)
- 99 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö, liên kết đôi)
- 95 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö, liên kết ba)
- 93 pm
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Bragg)
- 105 pm
Bán kính van der Waals
- Bondi
- 175 pm
- Batsanov
- 180 pm
- Alvarez
- 182 pm
- UFF
- 394,7 pm
- MM3
- 207 pm
- Dreiding
- 395,03 pm
- Rowland–Taylor
- 176 pm
Bán kính nguyên tử và kim loại
- Bán kính nguyên tử (Rahm)
- 206 pm
- Bán kính kim loại (C12)
- 91 pm
Các thang đánh số
- Mendeleev
- 107
- Pettifor
- 99
- Glawe
- 101
Các thang độ âm điện
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 9
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 8
Độ phân cực hóa và tán sắc
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực
- 14,6 a.u.
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực (độ không đảm bảo)
- 0,1 a.u.
- C₆
- 94,6 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 97,1 Ha·Bohr6
Ái lực hóa học
- Ái lực proton
- 513,6 kJ/mol
- Độ bazơ pha khí
- 490,1 kJ/mol
Rủi ro nguồn cung và kinh tế
- Mức độ tập trung sản xuất
- 24
- Rủi ro nguồn cung tương đối
- 4
- Ổn định chính trị (quốc gia sản xuất lớn nhất)
- 24
Chuyển pha và các dạng thù hình
| Nhiệt độ nóng chảy | 171,65 K |
| Nhiệt độ sôi | 239,11 K |
| Điểm tới hạn (nhiệt độ) | 417,05 K |
| Điểm tới hạn (áp suất) | 7,99 MPa |
Phân loại trạng thái oxi hóa
Dữ liệu tham khảo chuyên sâu
Hằng số chắn (5)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,4761 |
| 2 | p | 4,0068 |
| 2 | s | 5,5696 |
| 3 | p | 10,8839 |
| 3 | s | 9,9317 |
Chi tiết bán kính tinh thể (4)
| Điện tích | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Nguồn gốc |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | VI | 167 | Pauling's (1960) crystal radius, | |
| 5 | IIIPY | 26 | ||
| 7 | IV | 22 | ||
| 7 | VI | 41 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, |
Các kiểu phân rã đồng vị (45)
| Đồng vị | Chế độ | Cường độ |
|---|---|---|
| 28 | p | 100% |
| 29 | p | 100% |
| 30 | p | 100% |
| 31 | B+ | 100% |
| 31 | B+p | 2,4% |
| 32 | B+ | 100% |
| 32 | B+A | 0,1% |
| 32 | B+p | 0% |
| 33 | B+ | 100% |
| 34 | B+ | 100% |
Hệ số tán xạ tia X (504)
| Năng lượng (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1,46938 |
| 10,1617 | — | 1,6922 |
| 10,3261 | — | 1,9488 |
| 10,4931 | — | 2,24432 |
| 10,6628 | — | 2,51303 |
| 10,8353 | — | 2,73153 |
| 11,0106 | — | 2,95549 |
| 11,1886 | — | 3,19416 |
| 11,3696 | — | 3,48881 |
| 11,5535 | — | 3,87618 |
Dữ liệu bổ sung
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.45×102 milligrams per kilogram
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [5] Chlorine https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele017.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.94×104 milligrams per liter
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [5] Chlorine https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele017.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
In nature it is found in the combined state only, chiefly with sodium as common salt (NaCl), carnallite, and sylvite.
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [6] Chlorine https://periodic.lanl.gov/17.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
Analyses of chlorine isotopes and other environmental tracers can help to identify whether an environmental contaminant is of anthropogenic origin or naturally occurring. For example, perchlorate (ClO4 -) can be of anthropogenic origin and is also found naturally. Perchlorate is a widespread groundwater contaminant that can interfere with hormone production in the thyroid gland by displacing iodide. Both the stable chlorine isotope-amount ratio n(37Cl)/n(35Cl) and the mole fraction of 36Cl, n(36Cl)/n(Cl), can provide useful information about origins of perchlorate in the environment (Fig. IUPAC.17.2). Such information may be important for legal reasons and for remediation of contaminated areas [152] M. A. Stewart, A. J. Spivack. Rev. Mineral. Geochem.55, 231 (2004)., [153] J. K. Böhlke, N. C. Sturchio, B. Gu, J. Horita, G. M. Brown, W. A. Jackson, J. R. Batista, P. B. Hatzinger. Anal. Chem.77, 7838 (2005)..
Tài liệu tham khảo (4)
- [152] M. A. Stewart, A. J. Spivack. Rev. Mineral. Geochem.55, 231 (2004).
- [153] J. K. Böhlke, N. C. Sturchio, B. Gu, J. Horita, G. M. Brown, W. A. Jackson, J. R. Batista, P. B. Hatzinger. Anal. Chem.77, 7838 (2005).
- [154] J. K. Böhlke, P. Hatzinger, N. C. Sturchio, B. Gu, I. J. Abbene, S. J. Mroczkowski. Environ. Sci. Technol.43, 5619 (2009).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
Tài liệu tham khảo
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Chlorine.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.