Moscovium (Mc)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
Nguyên tử khối chuẩn
[289]Cấu hình electron
[Rn] 7s2 7p3 5f14 6d10 (Dự đoán)Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
396,85 °CNhiệt độ sôi
1126,85 °CKhối lượng riêng
1,35e+4 kg/m³Trạng thái oxi hóa
+1, +3Độ âm điện (Pauling)
Không cóNăng lượng ion hóa (lần 1)
Không cóNăm phát hiện
2004Bán kính nguyên tử
187 pmChi tiết
Moscovium is a synthetic transactinide element in group 15, below bismuth. It has been made only atom by atom in heavy-ion fusion experiments, and all confirmed isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived. Its chemistry has not been directly characterized in bulk; relativistic calculations predict a very heavy p-block metal with chemistry differing from lighter pnictogens, probably favoring the +1 and +3 oxidation states more than a stable +5 state.
Moscovium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. The name moscovium and the symbol Mc, are the accepted ones for element 115. The name is in recognition of the Moscow region and honors the ancient Russian land that is home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JIRN), where the discovery experiments were conducted using the Dubna gas filled recoil separator in combination with the heavy ion accelerator capabilities of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions.
48Ca and 243Am were bombarded together in a cyclotron during a series of experiments from 14 July to 10 August 2003 (Fig. IUPAC.115.1). In February 2004, the results from these experiments were released in a report that stated “ununpentium” had been synthesized. This initial name means “115” in the IUPAC systematic naming scheme, which combines Latin and Greek names to produce un-un-pentium for 115. Moscovium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
On February 2, 2004, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, announced the creation of moscovium. In experiments performed between July 14, 2003 and August 10, 2003, atoms of americium-243 were bombarded with ions of calcium-48 using a device called a cyclotron. This produced one atom of moscovium-287 and three atoms of moscovium-288. All four atoms quickly decayed into other elements. Moscovium's most stable isotope, moscovium-289, has a half-life of about 220 milliseconds. It decays into nihonium-285 through alpha decay.
On Novemer 28th, 2016, element 115 was named Moscovium with the symbol Mc. Moscovium is the Moscow region of Russia, which is home to much of Russia’s superheavy element research. Muscovium was discovered by together by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russia), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA), Vanderbilt University (USA) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (USA).
No macroscopic sample of moscovium has ever been prepared, so its appearance is unknown. Calculations usually treat it as a dense metallic solid under ordinary conditions, but color, texture, melting point, and other bulk properties remain predicted rather than observed.
Moscovium has no practical commercial, industrial, medical, or consumer use. Its only use is in nuclear research, where individual atoms and their decay chains test models of superheavy-element stability, nuclear shell effects, and alpha-decay systematics. Moscovium isotopes are also important as links in decay chains leading to other superheavy nuclides, including nihonium produced by alpha decay of moscovium.
Since only a few atoms of moscovium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No confirmed compound of moscovium has been isolated or chemically characterized. Predictions place it in the pnictogen family but with strong relativistic effects that may make its valence behavior unlike that of nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. The +1 oxidation state is expected to be comparatively important, and +3 may also be accessible; +5 is predicted to be less stable. Hypothetical species such as moscovium(I) chloride, McCl, and moscovium(III) chloride, McCl₃, are discussed in theoretical chemistry only.
See more information at the Moscovium compound page.
The safety hazards of moscovium are dominated by radioactivity, not conventional chemical toxicity. Known isotopes decay mainly by alpha emission and spontaneous fission pathways within very short times, with isotope-specific half-lives. Quantities produced are far below macroscopic handling amounts, but any experiment requires heavy-element radiochemistry controls, shielding appropriate to decay products, and contamination prevention.
Moscovium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no environmental cycle. Atoms produced in laboratories decay rapidly to daughter nuclides, so persistence as moscovium in air, water, soil, or organisms is not expected. Any environmental relevance would be limited to controlled accelerator facilities and the management of radioactive targets, residues, and decay products.
Moscovium has no commodity market, no industrial supply chain, and no recoverable stock. It is produced only in specialized accelerator experiments by bombarding rare actinide targets with heavy ions, for example using americium targets and calcium beams. The limiting factors are accelerator time, target preparation, nuclear reaction cross sections, detector capability, and radiological controls, not ordinary mining, refining, demand, or substitution economics.
Made by bombarding americium-243 with calcium-48.
Moscovium is not expected to have a lasting natural cosmic abundance. Any atoms formed in energetic nucleosynthesis or high-energy particle events would decay quickly compared with astronomical timescales. It has not been identified in stars, meteorites, planets, or interstellar material; its significance is mainly as a laboratory probe of the superheavy region near predicted nuclear shell stabilization.
- The first published moscovium decay chains were produced using ²⁴³Am targets and ⁴⁸Ca projectiles.
- Its name refers to the Moscow region, recognizing the role of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna.
- Moscovium isotopes can decay to nihonium by alpha emission.
- Only a few atoms are needed to establish a decay chain, but repeated events are required for confident assignment.
- Its periodic-table position suggests group 15 chemistry, yet relativistic effects are expected to be large.
Hình ảnh
Tính chất
Vật lý
- Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm)
- 187 pm So sánh Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Khối lượng riêng
- 1,35 × 104 kg/m³ So sánh Khối lượng riêng của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Pha ở STP
- Rắn So sánh Pha ở STP của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
- 396,85 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ nóng chảy của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ sôi
- 1126,85 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ sôi của tất cả nguyên tố →
Hóa học
- Ái lực electron
- 0,3 eV
- Trạng thái oxi hóa
- +1, +3 So sánh Trạng thái oxi hóa của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Electron hóa trị
- 5 So sánh Electron hóa trị của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Cấu hình electron
- [Rn] 7s2 7p3 5f14 6d10 (Dự đoán)
Nhiệt động lực học
Không có
Hạt nhân
- Proton
- 115 So sánh Proton của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Neutron
- 177 So sánh Neutron của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Các đồng vị đã biết
- 6 So sánh Các đồng vị đã biết của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Đồng vị bền
- 0 So sánh Đồng vị bền của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Số khối (đồng vị bền nhất)
- 289
- Đồng vị bền nhất
- Mc-292
- Năm phát hiện
- 2004
Độ phổ biến
Không có
Cấu trúc tinh thể
Không có
Cấu trúc electron
- Số electron trong mỗi lớp
- 14, 10, 5 So sánh Số electron trong mỗi lớp của tất cả nguyên tố →
Mã định danh
- Số CAS
- 54085-64-2 So sánh Số CAS của tất cả nguyên tố →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mc
- Khóa InChI
- QDXZEHQJHSHEQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cấu hình electron Dự đoán
——Không có dữ liệu cấu hình electron cho ion này.
Mô hình nguyên tử
Các đồng vị khác nhau về số neutron, khối lượng và độ bền — không khác nhau về cấu hình electron của nguyên tử trung hòa.
Không có
Mô hình nguyên tử minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ.
Dấu vân tay nguyên tử
Phổ phát xạ / hấp thụ
Phân bố đồng vị
Không có đồng vị bền.
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã |
|---|---|---|---|
| 290 Phóng xạ | 290,19598 ± 0,00073 | Không có | 840 ms |
| 289 Phóng xạ | 289,19363 ± 0,00089 | Không có | 410 ms |
| 288 Phóng xạ | 288,19274 ± 0,00062 | Không có | 177 ms |
| 287 Phóng xạ | 287,1907 ± 0,00052 | Không có | 60 ms |
| 292 Phóng xạ | 292,200323 ± 0,000751 | Không có | 5 giây |
Pha / Trạng thái
Lý do: thấp hơn nhiệt độ nóng chảy (396,85 °C) một lượng 371,9 °C
Sơ đồ minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ
Điểm chuyển pha
Khối lượng riêng
Ở điều kiện chuẩn
Ở điều kiện chuẩn
Không có dữ liệu cấu trúc tinh thể
Đồng vị (5)
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã | Kiểu phân rã | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 290 Phóng xạ | 290,19598 ± 0,00073 | Không có | 840 ms | α =100% | |
| 289 Phóng xạ | 289,19363 ± 0,00089 | Không có | 410 ms | α =100% | |
| 288 Phóng xạ | 288,19274 ± 0,00062 | Không có | 177 ms | α =100% | |
| 287 Phóng xạ | 287,1907 ± 0,00052 | Không có | 60 ms | α =100% | |
| 292 Phóng xạ | 292,200323 ± 0,000751 | Không có | 5 giây | α ?SF ? |
Tính chất mở rộng
Bán kính cộng hóa trị (mở rộng)
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö)
- 162 pm
Các thang đánh số
- Mendeleev
- 98
Độ phân cực hóa và tán sắc
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực
- 71 a.u.
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực (độ không đảm bảo)
- 20 a.u.
Dữ liệu tham khảo chuyên sâu
Các kiểu phân rã đồng vị (8)
| Đồng vị | Chế độ | Cường độ |
|---|---|---|
| 287 | A | 100% |
| 288 | A | 100% |
| 289 | A | 100% |
| 290 | A | 100% |
| 291 | A | — |
| 291 | SF | — |
| 292 | A | — |
| 292 | SF | — |
Dữ liệu bổ sung
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [5] Moscovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele115.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [5] Moscovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele115.html
Tài liệu tham khảo
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Moscovium.