Flerovium (Fl)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
Nguyên tử khối chuẩn
[289]Cấu hình electron
[Rn] 7s2 7p2 5f14 6d10 (Dự đoán)Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
Không cóNhiệt độ sôi
-63,15 °CKhối lượng riêng
9928 kg/m³Trạng thái oxi hóa
0, +1, +2, +4, +6Độ âm điện (Pauling)
Không cóNăng lượng ion hóa (lần 1)
Không cóNăm phát hiện
1998Bán kính nguyên tử
180 pmChi tiết
Flerovium is a synthetic superheavy element in group 14, below lead. It has been made only atom by atom in heavy-ion fusion reactions, and all confirmed isotopes are radioactive and short-lived. Its chemistry is dominated by strong relativistic effects, so it is not expected to behave as a simple heavier analogue of lead. Experimental chemical information is sparse, but it points to unusually weak metallic bonding and high volatility for a group 14 element.
Flerovium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Flerovium was named for the Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JIRN). In 1999, a collaboration of scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia (Figs. 4.114.1 and 4.114.2) and the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in the USA synthesized flerovium. They used nuclear reaction experiments to eventually produce 287Fl by cross-bombardments of 48Ca with both (even-A) 242Pu and (odd-A) 245Cm. The intermediate nuclide 283Cn was observed with known decay characteristics that established the synthesis of flerovium [668], [669]. Flerovium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
Flerovium was first produced by scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia in 1998. They bombarded atoms of plutonium with ions of calcium. This produced a single atom of flerovium-289, an isotope with a half-life of about 21 seconds. Flerovium's most stable isotope, flerovium-289, has a half-life of about 0.97 seconds. It decays into copernicium-285 through alpha decay.
Flerovium is radioactive and has the symbol Fl and the atomic number 114. The element is named after Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov, who founded the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was first discovered in 1999.
Element 114 has a 30-second half-life, which is much longer than element 112's. This is evidence of the "island of stability" that was predicted to occur around element 114 (where the combination of protons and neutrons would combine to make a stable structure).
A beam containing 48Ca was aimed into a244Pu target to make this atom.
The name Flerovium was adopted by IUPAC on May 31, 2012.
No macroscopic sample of flerovium has ever been prepared, so its appearance is not known. Calculations generally predict a dense metal, possibly with comparatively low cohesive energy, but color, texture, and ordinary bulk properties remain unobserved.
Flerovium has no practical use outside basic scientific research. Individual atoms are produced to study nuclear stability, decay chains, and the chemistry of superheavy elements near the predicted island of stability. Its isotopes are too short-lived and too difficult to make for use in materials, medicine, industry, or routine analytical standards. Reported applications are experimental targets, detectors, and chemical-separation studies rather than uses of stored flerovium material.
Since only a few atoms of flerovium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
Flerovium chemistry has been probed only with single atoms, mainly by observing adsorption behavior after production and decay. It is placed in group 14, but relativistic stabilization of the 7p₁/₂ electrons is expected to make the +2 state more accessible and the +4 state less robust than in lighter congeners such as lead. Specific compounds have not been isolated in weighable amounts. Theoretical studies consider species such as flerovium dioxide, FlO₂, and flerovium tetrachloride, FlCl₄, but their stability and structures are predictions rather than established preparative chemistry.
See more information at the Flerovium compound page.
The direct radiological hazard of flerovium is isotope-specific, but any produced atom decays rapidly by alpha emission or spontaneous fission through radioactive daughter nuclides. Macroscopic handling hazards are not characterized because no bulk material exists. In practice, safety concerns belong to accelerator operations, intense ion beams, radioactive targets, recoil products, and contaminated experimental hardware rather than to stored flerovium compounds.
Flerovium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no known environmental cycle. Atoms made in laboratories decay long before they could disperse as a persistent environmental contaminant. Any environmental relevance is tied to small amounts of target materials and activation products from nuclear research facilities, not to flerovium itself as a mobile or bioavailable element.
Flerovium has no commodity market, industrial supply chain, or recoverable stock. It is produced only in specialized accelerator experiments, commonly by bombarding actinide targets with heavy ions and identifying a few atoms through their decay sequences. The limiting costs are accelerator time, target preparation, radiochemical and detector infrastructure, and the rarity of successful fusion-evaporation events. There is no recycling economy for flerovium, because produced atoms decay before collection as material.
Made by bombarding plutonium-244 with calcium-48.
Flerovium is not known as a naturally occurring cosmic or planetary element. Superheavy nuclei may be formed transiently in extreme neutron-rich events, but isotopes of flerovium with known or expected half-lives would not survive over geological or cosmic timescales. Its significance is mainly as a laboratory probe of nuclear shell effects in very heavy atoms.
- Flerovium was named for the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna.
- Only single atoms have been used in chemical experiments on flerovium.
- Its group placement does not guarantee lead-like chemistry because relativistic effects are large.
- Gas-phase studies suggest unusually weak interaction with gold surfaces, but the data set is very small.
- Decay-chain identification is central to confirming flerovium production.
Hình ảnh
Tính chất
Vật lý
- Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm)
- 180 pm So sánh Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Khối lượng riêng
- 9928 kg/m³ So sánh Khối lượng riêng của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Pha ở STP
- Khí So sánh Pha ở STP của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ sôi
- -63,15 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ sôi của tất cả nguyên tố →
Hóa học
- Ái lực electron
- -0,5 eV (giá trị âm — nguyên tử không được dự đoán liên kết thêm electron)
- Trạng thái oxi hóa
- 0, +1, +2, +4, +6 So sánh Trạng thái oxi hóa của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Electron hóa trị
- 27 So sánh Electron hóa trị của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Cấu hình electron
- [Rn] 7s2 7p2 5f14 6d10 (Dự đoán)
Nhiệt động lực học
Không có
Hạt nhân
- Proton
- 114 So sánh Proton của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Neutron
- 176 So sánh Neutron của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Các đồng vị đã biết
- 8 So sánh Các đồng vị đã biết của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Đồng vị bền
- 0 So sánh Đồng vị bền của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Số khối (đồng vị bền nhất)
- 289
- Đồng vị bền nhất
- Fl-290
- Năm phát hiện
- 1998
Độ phổ biến
Không có
Cấu trúc tinh thể
Không có
Cấu trúc electron
- Số electron trong mỗi lớp
- 14, 10, 27 So sánh Số electron trong mỗi lớp của tất cả nguyên tố →
Mã định danh
- Số CAS
- 54085-16-4 So sánh Số CAS của tất cả nguyên tố →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Fl
- Khóa InChI
- WIHJCBVMYKIGOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cấu hình electron Dự đoán
——Không có dữ liệu cấu hình electron cho ion này.
Mô hình nguyên tử
Các đồng vị khác nhau về số neutron, khối lượng và độ bền — không khác nhau về cấu hình electron của nguyên tử trung hòa.
Không có
Mô hình nguyên tử minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ.
Dấu vân tay nguyên tử
Phổ phát xạ / hấp thụ
Phân bố đồng vị
Không có đồng vị bền.
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã |
|---|---|---|---|
| 288 Phóng xạ | 288,18757 ± 0,00091 | Không có | 653 ms |
| 287 Phóng xạ | 287,18678 ± 0,00066 | Không có | 510 ms |
| 285 Phóng xạ | 285,18364 ± 0,00047 | Không có | 210 ms |
| 286 Phóng xạ | 286,18423 ± 0,00071 | Không có | 130 ms |
| 290 Phóng xạ | 290,191875 ± 0,000752 | Không có | 80 giây |
Pha / Trạng thái
Lý do: cao hơn nhiệt độ sôi (-63,15 °C) một lượng 88,1 °C
Sơ đồ minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ
Điểm chuyển pha
Khối lượng riêng
Ở điều kiện chuẩn
Ước tính theo phương trình khí lý tưởng tại T hiện tại
Không có dữ liệu cấu trúc tinh thể cho pha rắn
Đồng vị (5)
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã | Kiểu phân rã | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 288 Phóng xạ | 288,18757 ± 0,00091 | Không có | 653 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 287 Phóng xạ | 287,18678 ± 0,00066 | Không có | 510 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 285 Phóng xạ | 285,18364 ± 0,00047 | Không có | 210 ms | α ≈100%SF<20% | |
| 286 Phóng xạ | 286,18423 ± 0,00071 | Không có | 130 ms | α =59±1.1%SF =41±1.1% | |
| 290 Phóng xạ | 290,191875 ± 0,000752 | Không có | 80 giây | α ≈100%SF ?β+<50% |
Tính chất mở rộng
Bán kính cộng hóa trị (mở rộng)
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö)
- 143 pm
Các thang đánh số
- Mendeleev
- 92
Độ phân cực hóa và tán sắc
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực
- 31 a.u.
- Độ phân cực hóa lưỡng cực (độ không đảm bảo)
- 4 a.u.
Dữ liệu tham khảo chuyên sâu
Các kiểu phân rã đồng vị (17)
| Đồng vị | Chế độ | Cường độ |
|---|---|---|
| 284 | SF | 100% |
| 284 | A | — |
| 285 | A | 100% |
| 285 | SF | 20% |
| 286 | A | 59% |
| 286 | SF | 41% |
| 287 | A | 100% |
| 287 | SF | — |
| 288 | A | 100% |
| 288 | SF | — |
Dữ liệu bổ sung
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [5] Flerovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele114.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [5] Flerovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele114.html
Tài liệu tham khảo
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Flerovium.