Livermorium (Lv)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
Nguyên tử khối chuẩn
[293]Cấu hình electron
[Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (Dự đoán)Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
506,85 °CNhiệt độ sôi
861,85 °CKhối lượng riêng
1,29e+4 kg/m³Trạng thái oxi hóa
−2, +2, +4Độ âm điện (Pauling)
Không cóNăng lượng ion hóa (lần 1)
Không cóNăm phát hiện
2000Bán kính nguyên tử
183 pmChi tiết
Livermorium is a synthetic superheavy element in group 16, below polonium. It has only been made atom by atom in nuclear reactions, and all confirmed isotopes are extremely short-lived. Its placement suggests a heavy chalcogen, but relativistic effects are expected to alter its chemistry. No macroscopic sample has existed, so most chemical and physical properties remain predicted rather than measured.
Livermorium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. In 2000, scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia (Fig. IUPAC.116.1) worked with scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at the University of California and other collaborators to synthesize element 116. This element was first given the placeholder name ununhexium; in May of 2012 it was granted the name livermorium, with the symbol Lv. Researchers first studied livermorium as a decay product of oganesson and then synthesized livermorium by bombarding atoms of 248Cm with ions of 48Ca. The initial reaction of 248Cm with 48Ca produced the isotope 292Lv. Researchers were also able to produce livermorium by bombarding 245Cm with 48Ca. There are four known isotopes of livermorium [669], [674]. Livermorium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
On December 6, 2000, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, announced the creation of livermorium. They produced livermorium by bombarding atoms of curium-248 with ions of calcium-48. This produced livermorium-292, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.6 milliseconds (0.0006 seconds), and four free neutrons. Livermorium's most stable isotope, livermorium-293, has a half-life of about 53 milliseconds. It decays into flerovium-289 through alpha decay.
Livermorium is a synthetic element with the symbol Lv and an atomic number of 116.
It was first reported by Russian scientists from Dubna (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research) in 2000. Its former name was ununhexium and the name Livermorium name was adopted by IUPAC on May 31, 2012.
The appearance of livermorium is unknown because no visible or weighable sample has been produced. Predictions generally treat it as a very heavy metallic solid under ordinary conditions, but this has not been experimentally observed.
Livermorium has no practical use outside nuclear and chemical research. Its atoms are produced to study superheavy nuclei, decay chains, nuclear shell effects, and the limits of the periodic table. Any chemical experiments would necessarily be atom-at-a-time studies with rapidly decaying isotopes, not applications using a stored material.
Since only a few atoms of livermorium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No bulk livermorium compounds are known. As a group 16 element, it is expected to show chemistry related to tellurium and polonium, with oxidation states such as +2 and possibly +4 considered plausible. The +6 state, common for lighter chalcogens in compounds such as sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), is predicted to be less stable for livermorium because of strong relativistic effects. Specific compounds such as livermorium dioxide (LvO₂) or livermorium hydride (LvH₂) remain theoretical.
See more information at the Livermorium compound page.
Livermorium presents a radiological hazard in principle, but only minute numbers of atoms have been made. Its known isotopes decay rapidly by alpha emission and spontaneous fission pathways within decay chains. Laboratory risk is governed mainly by accelerator targets, intense beams, recoil separators, and the radioactive daughter products, rather than by chemical exposure to livermorium itself.
Livermorium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no known environmental cycle. Atoms made in laboratories decay too quickly and in too small a number to produce measurable environmental concentrations. Any release would be negligible in chemical terms, with radiological relevance limited to the immediate experimental context and its decay products.
Livermorium has no commodity market, commercial supply, or industrial demand. Production requires heavy-ion accelerators, rare target materials, and specialized detection systems capable of identifying single atoms through their decay chains. The cost is therefore embedded in large-scale nuclear research rather than in the price of a material. There is no recycling or stockpiling of livermorium, because produced atoms decay before any macroscopic inventory could exist.
Made by bombardng curium-248 with calcium-48.
Livermorium is not expected to occur in ordinary cosmic or planetary matter. If formed in extreme nucleosynthetic events, its known isotopes would decay far too quickly to survive to the present. Searches for long-lived superheavy nuclei concern possible islands of stability, but no naturally occurring livermorium isotope has been confirmed.
- Livermorium was named for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
- Confirmed livermorium atoms have been identified through decay chains, not by weighing a sample.
- Its chemistry is expected to be strongly affected by relativistic electron behavior.
- The element lies below polonium but is not simply a heavier ordinary chalcogen.
- Even the longest-lived known livermorium isotopes have half-lives measured on very short experimental timescales.
Hình ảnh
Tính chất
Vật lý
- Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm)
- 183 pm So sánh Bán kính nguyên tử (thực nghiệm) của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Khối lượng riêng
- 1,29 × 104 kg/m³ So sánh Khối lượng riêng của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Pha ở STP
- Rắn So sánh Pha ở STP của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ nóng chảy
- 506,85 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ nóng chảy của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Nhiệt độ sôi
- 861,85 °C So sánh Nhiệt độ sôi của tất cả nguyên tố →
Hóa học
- Ái lực electron
- 0,7 eV
- Trạng thái oxi hóa
- −2, +2, +4 So sánh Trạng thái oxi hóa của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Electron hóa trị
- 6 So sánh Electron hóa trị của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Cấu hình electron
- [Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (Dự đoán)
Nhiệt động lực học
Không có
Hạt nhân
- Proton
- 116 So sánh Proton của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Neutron
- 177 So sánh Neutron của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Các đồng vị đã biết
- 5 So sánh Các đồng vị đã biết của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Đồng vị bền
- 0 So sánh Đồng vị bền của tất cả nguyên tố →
- Số khối (đồng vị bền nhất)
- 293
- Đồng vị bền nhất
- Lv-293
- Năm phát hiện
- 2000
Độ phổ biến
Không có
Cấu trúc tinh thể
Không có
Cấu trúc electron
- Số electron trong mỗi lớp
- 14, 10, 6 So sánh Số electron trong mỗi lớp của tất cả nguyên tố →
Mã định danh
- Số CAS
- 54100-71-9 So sánh Số CAS của tất cả nguyên tố →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Lv
- Khóa InChI
- ONFASNXETZOODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cấu hình electron Dự đoán
——Không có dữ liệu cấu hình electron cho ion này.
Mô hình nguyên tử
Các đồng vị khác nhau về số neutron, khối lượng và độ bền — không khác nhau về cấu hình electron của nguyên tử trung hòa.
Không có
Mô hình nguyên tử minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ.
Dấu vân tay nguyên tử
Phổ phát xạ / hấp thụ
Phân bố đồng vị
Không có đồng vị bền.
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã |
|---|---|---|---|
| 289 Phóng xạ | 289,19816 ± 0,00057 | Không có | 16 ms |
| 290 Phóng xạ | 290,19864 ± 0,00071 | Không có | 9 ms |
| 291 Phóng xạ | 291,20108 ± 0,00066 | Không có | 26 ms |
| 292 Phóng xạ | 292,20174 ± 0,00091 | Không có | 16 ms |
| 293 Phóng xạ | 293,20449 ± 0,0006 | Không có | 70 ms |
Pha / Trạng thái
Lý do: thấp hơn nhiệt độ nóng chảy (506,85 °C) một lượng 481,9 °C
Sơ đồ minh họa, không theo tỷ lệ
Điểm chuyển pha
Khối lượng riêng
Ở điều kiện chuẩn
Ở điều kiện chuẩn
Không có dữ liệu cấu trúc tinh thể
Đồng vị (5)
| Số khối | Khối lượng nguyên tử (u) | Độ phổ biến tự nhiên | Chu kỳ bán rã | Kiểu phân rã | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 289 Phóng xạ | 289,19816 ± 0,00057 | Không có | 16 ms | α ? | |
| 290 Phóng xạ | 290,19864 ± 0,00071 | Không có | 9 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 291 Phóng xạ | 291,20108 ± 0,00066 | Không có | 26 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 292 Phóng xạ | 292,20174 ± 0,00091 | Không có | 16 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 293 Phóng xạ | 293,20449 ± 0,0006 | Không có | 70 ms | α ≈100%SF ? |
Tính chất mở rộng
Bán kính cộng hóa trị (mở rộng)
- Bán kính cộng hóa trị (Pyykkö)
- 175 pm
Các thang đánh số
- Mendeleev
- 104
Phân loại trạng thái oxi hóa
Dữ liệu tham khảo chuyên sâu
Các kiểu phân rã đồng vị (9)
| Đồng vị | Chế độ | Cường độ |
|---|---|---|
| 289 | A | — |
| 290 | A | 100% |
| 290 | SF | — |
| 291 | A | 100% |
| 291 | SF | — |
| 292 | A | 100% |
| 292 | SF | — |
| 293 | A | 100% |
| 293 | SF | — |
Dữ liệu bổ sung
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [5] Livermorium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele116.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Tài liệu tham khảo (1)
- [5] Livermorium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele116.html
Tài liệu tham khảo
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Livermorium.