Iodine (I)
halogenSolid
ਮਿਆਰੀ ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਭਾਰ
126.90447 uਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜਾ
113.7 °Cਉਬਾਲ ਦਰਜਾ
184.4 °Cਘਣਤਾ
4930 kg/m³ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ
−1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7ਬਿਜਲਈ ਰਿਣਾਤਮਕਤਾ (ਪਾਲਿੰਗ)
2.66ਆਇਨੀਕਰਨ ਊਰਜਾ (ਪਹਿਲੀ)
10.451236 eVਖੋਜ ਦਾ ਸਾਲ
1811ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ
140 pmਵੇਰਵੇ
Iodine is a heavy halogen and the least abundant stable halogen in Earth’s crust. The element occurs naturally as iodide and iodate rather than as free I₂. It is chemically less electronegative and less strongly oxidizing than bromine or chlorine, and it forms a wide range of covalent, ionic, and polyiodide species. Iodine is an essential trace element for vertebrates because thyroid hormones contain iodine atoms.
Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid, volatizing at ordinary temperatures into a blue-violet gas with an irritating odor; it forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form beautiful purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water.
The name derives from the Greek iodes for "violet" because of its violet vapours. Iodine was discovered in seaweed by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811, and named by the French chemist Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac, when he proved it was an element in 1814.
Iodine was discovered by the French chemist Barnard Courtois in 1811. Courtois was extracting sodium and potassium compounds from seaweed ash. Once these compounds were removed, he added sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to further process the ash. He accidentally added too much acid and a violet colored cloud erupted from the mass. The gas condensed on metal objects in the room, creating solid iodine. Today, iodine is chiefly obtained from deposits of sodium iodate (NaIO3) and sodium periodate (NaIO4) in Chile and Bolivia. Trace amounts of iodine are required by the human body. Iodine is part of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls the body's rate of physical and mental development. A lack of iodine can also cause a goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland. Iodine is added to salt (iodized salt) to prevent these diseases.
From the Greek word iodes, violet. Discovered by Courtois in 1811, Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, Chilean saltpeter, nitrate-bearing earth (known as caliche), brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells.
Pure iodine is a dark gray to purple-black crystalline solid at ordinary temperature. It has a metallic-looking luster and a distinctive sharp odor. It sublimes readily to a violet vapor, and the vapor recondenses as shiny crystals on cooler surfaces.
The largest uses of iodine are in compounds rather than in elemental I₂. Iodinated contrast agents are important in X-ray and computed-tomography imaging. Iodine compounds are used in antiseptics, disinfectants, animal feed supplements, and pharmaceuticals. Silver iodide, AgI, has been used in cloud-seeding and photographic materials. Iodine chemistry is also used in polarizing films for liquid-crystal displays and in analytical titrations based on iodine and iodide equilibria.
Iodine is used as a test for starch and turns a deep blue when it comes in contact with it. Potassium iodide (KI) is used to make photographic film and, when mixed with iodine in alcohol, as an antiseptic for external wounds. A radioactive isotope of iodine, iodine-131, is used to treat some diseases of the thyroid gland.
Care should be taken in handling and using iodine. It can burn the skin and damage the eyes and mucous membranes. Pure iodine is poisonous if ingested.
Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Iodides, and thyroxine which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and as a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element.
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
131I (with a half-life of about 8 days) and 129I are both fission products; 129I is a long-lived fission product with a half-life of 1.7×107 years that can be helpful in the detection of the movement of radiation after a radioactive event, such as occurred at the Japanese reactors at Fukushima. In nuclear reactors and weapons tests, uranium and plutonium undergo fission processes in which one of the fission products is the long-lived isotope 129I. This isotope has been used as a groundwater tracer to determine evidence of nuclear fission, and it can also be tracked in rainwater as evidence of a fission event in the air (weapons explosion; Fig. IUPAC.53.1) [390] D. Elmore, H. E. Gove, R. Ferraro, L. R. Kilius, H. W. Lee, K. H. Chang, R. P. Beukens, A. E. Litherland, C. J. Russo, K. H. Purser, M. T. Murrell, R. C. Finkel. Nature286, 138 (1980)., [391] G. Snyder, U. Fehn. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B223, 579 (2004)., [392] G. Snyder, A. Aldahan, G. Possnert. Geochem. Geophys.11, Q04010 (2010)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
Natural cosmogenic 129I enters groundwater and other terrestrial environments from the atmosphere and then decays to 129Xe. The isotope-amount ratio n(129I)/n(127I) can be used as a clock to estimate time since cosmogenic 129I entered the system. The amount of product 129Xe in such cases is too small to measure; however, excess quantities of 129Xe can be found in meteorites and other very old samples that contained extinct primordial 129I. Younger water bodies also can be differentiated from older water bodies by determining the amount of anthropogenic 129I released since the 1960s from sources such as nuclear bomb tests [393] P. H. Santschi, J. E. Moran, S. Oktay, E. Hoehn, P. Sharma. “129Iodine: a new tracer for surface water/groundwater interaction”, in International Symposium on Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development and Management., [394] G. M. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, Z. Q. Zhou, L. R. Kilius. J. Marine Syst.6, 561 (1995)..
Isotopes in Medicine
125I, which has a half-life of about 59 days, is used encapsulated in radiotherapy to target and treat sites of cancerous tumors [395] V. R. Narra, R. W. Howell, R. S. Harapanhalli, K. S. Sastry, D. V. Rao. J. Nucl. Med.33, 2196 (1992).. 120gI (with a half-life of 1.36 h), where the “g” indicates ground state, and 124I (with a half-life of 100 h) are radioactive isotopes that emit positrons and they are used in quantitative, diagnostic imaging of the body using positron emission tomography (PET) [383] A. Hohn, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1493 (1998)., [384] H. Herzog, S. M. Qaim, L. Tellmann, S. Spellerberg, D. Kruecker, H. H. Coenen. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging33, 1249 (2006)., [385] A. Hohn, B. Scholten, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim, Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 93 (1998)., [387] M. L. Firouzbakht, D. J. Schlyer, R. D. Finn, G. Laguzzi, A. P. Wolf. Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B79, 909 (1993)., [388] H. Herzog, L. Tellman, S. M. Qaim, S. Spellerberg, A. Schmid, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.56, 673 (2002)., [389] F. T. Lee, C. Hall, A. Rigopoulos, J. Zweit, K. Pathmaraj, G. J. O’Keefe, F. E. Smyth, S. Welt, L. J. Old, A. M. Scott. J. Nucl. Med.42, 764 (2001).. 123I and 131I (with half-lives of 0.55 day and 8 days, respectively) are used with single-photon emission computed spectroscopy (SPECT) for basic three-dimensional imaging [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008)., [395] V. R. Narra, R. W. Howell, R. S. Harapanhalli, K. S. Sastry, D. V. Rao. J. Nucl. Med.33, 2196 (1992).. Radioactive iodine isotopes are produced from radioactive tellurium isotope.
Iodine commonly shows oxidation states −1, 0, +1, +3, +5, and +7. Hydrogen iodide, HI, and iodide salts contain I⁻ and are readily oxidized compared with chloride and bromide analogues. Iodine forms interhalogens such as iodine monochloride, ICl, and iodine pentafluoride, IF₅. Important oxoacids and salts include iodic acid, HIO₃, iodates, and periodates derived from periodic acid, HIO₄ or H₅IO₆. Polyiodides such as triiodide, I₃⁻, give the intense starch-iodine color reaction.
See more information at the Iodine compound page.
Elemental iodine is irritating to skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract, and its vapor can be harmful in poorly ventilated spaces. Concentrated iodide, iodate, or iodine preparations can disturb thyroid function, while trace intake is biologically necessary. Radioisotopes require isotope-specific control; iodine-131 is a beta and gamma emitter that concentrates in the thyroid and is a significant nuclear-medicine and contamination hazard.
Care should be taken in handling and using iodine, as contact with the skin can cause lesions; iodine vapor is intensely irritating to the eyes and mucus membranes. The maximum allowable concentration of iodine in air should not exceed 1 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour).
Iodine is mobile in the environment because iodide, iodate, organoiodine compounds, and volatile iodine species interconvert in seawater, soils, sediments, and the atmosphere. The oceans are the main surface reservoir, and marine biological activity contributes to atmospheric iodine compounds. In soils, retention depends strongly on organic matter, redox conditions, and mineral surfaces. Iodine availability influences deficiency risk in inland food chains.
Commercial iodine is recovered mainly from iodine-rich underground brines and from caliche nitrate deposits, where iodate minerals occur with nitrate salts. Production is geographically concentrated, making supply sensitive to brine chemistry, mining practice, and co-product economics. Demand is driven by medical imaging agents, pharmaceuticals, nutrition, and industrial chemicals. Recycling occurs in some iodinated process streams and contrast-agent manufacture, but dispersed uses are difficult to recover.
Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known.
Iodine is a relatively rare element in cosmic material. Its single stable isotope, ¹²⁷I, is produced by neutron-capture processes in previous generations of stars. In the Solar System it is depleted in many rocky materials because iodine is moderately volatile and easily redistributed into fluids or gases. The extinct radionuclide ¹²⁹I is used in cosmochemistry to study early Solar System timing.
- Iodine was discovered from seaweed ash during saltpeter production in the early nineteenth century.
- Starch forms a deep blue complex with polyiodide, not with isolated iodide ion.
- Most naturally occurring iodine is the single stable isotope ¹²⁷I.
- Iodine sublimes noticeably at room temperature, although it also has an ordinary liquid phase above its melting point.
- Iodized salt usually contains iodide or iodate salts, not elemental iodine.
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- ਮੋਲਰ ਆਇਤਨ
- 0.0257 L/mol
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- ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜਾ
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- 2.359
- ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਬੰਧੁਤਾ
- 3.059 eV
- ਆਇਨੀਕਰਨ ਊਰਜਾ (ਪਹਿਲੀ)
- 10.451236 eV ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਆਇਨੀਕਰਨ ਊਰਜਾ (ਪਹਿਲੀ) ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
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- −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
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- ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p5
ਤਾਪਗਤੀਕੀ
- ਤਿਹਰਾ ਬਿੰਦੂ (ਤਾਪਮਾਨ)
- 113.6 °C
- ਤਿਹਰਾ ਬਿੰਦੂ (ਦਬਾਅ)
- 1.211e+4 Pa
- ਕ੍ਰਾਂਤਿਕ ਬਿੰਦੂ (ਤਾਪਮਾਨ)
- 546 °C
- ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਾ ਤਾਪ
- 0.16085402 eV ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਾ ਤਾਪ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
- ਵਾਸ਼ਪੀਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਤਾਪ
- 0.21661398 eV ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਵਾਸ਼ਪੀਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਤਾਪ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
- ਉਰਧਪਾਤਨ ਦਾ ਤਾਪ
- 0.64714722 eV
- ਪਰਮਾਣੂਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਤਾਪ
- 1.566047 eV
- ਪਰਮਾਣੂਕਰਨ ਐਂਥੈਲਪੀ
- 1.106462 eV
ਨਾਭਿਕੀ
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- ਨਿਊਟ੍ਰਾਨ
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- ਸਥਿਰ ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ
- 1 ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਥਿਰ ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
- ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਸਥਿਰ ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ
- I-127
- ਖੋਜ ਦਾ ਸਾਲ
- 1811
ਪ੍ਰਚੁਰਤਾ
- ਪ੍ਰਚੁਰਤਾ (ਧਰਤੀ ਦੀ ਛਾਲ)
- 0.45 mg/kg ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਚੁਰਤਾ (ਧਰਤੀ ਦੀ ਛਾਲ) ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
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- 0.06 mg/L ਸਾਰੇ ਤੱਤਾਂ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਚੁਰਤਾ (ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ) ਦੀ ਤੁਲਨਾ ਕਰੋ →
ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟਲ ਬਣਤਰ
- ਜਾਲਕ ਸਥਿਰਾਂਕ a
- 772 pm
ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨਿਕ ਬਣਤਰ
- ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਖੋਲ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ
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- ਟਰਮ ਪ੍ਰਤੀਕ
- 2P°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/I
- InChI ਕੁੰਜੀ
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ ਮਾਪਿਆ
I: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਮਾਡਲ
ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਨਿਊਟ੍ਰਾਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਗਿਣਤੀ, ਪੁੰਜ ਅਤੇ ਸਥਿਰਤਾ ਬਦਲਦੇ ਹਨ — ਉਦਾਸੀਨ ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਦਾ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਾਨ ਵਿਨਿਆਸ ਨਹੀਂ।
ਸੰਕੇਤਕ ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਮਾਡਲ, ਪੈਮਾਨੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਨਹੀਂ।
ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਪਛਾਣ-ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ
ਨਿਕਾਸ / ਅਵਸ਼ੋਸ਼ਣ ਸਪੈਕਟ੍ਰਮ
ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਵੰਡ
| ਪੁੰਜ ਸੰਖਿਆ | ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਪੁੰਜ (u) | ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਪ੍ਰਚੁਰਤਾ | ਅਰਧ-ਆਯੂ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 127 ਸਥਿਰ | 126.9044719 ± 0.0000039 | 100.0000% | ਸਥਿਰ |
ਫੇਜ਼ / ਅਵਸਥਾ
ਕਾਰਨ: ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜੇ (113.7 °C) ਤੋਂ 88.7 °C ਘੱਟ
ਸੰਕੇਤਕ, ਪੈਮਾਨੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਨਹੀਂ
ਅਵਸਥਾ ਪਰਿਵਰਤਨ ਬਿੰਦੂ
ਸੰਕ੍ਰਮਣ ਊਰਜਾਵਾਂ
ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜੇ 'ਤੇ 1 mol ਨੂੰ ਪਿਘਲਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਲੋੜੀਂਦੀ ਊਰਜਾ
ਉਬਾਲ ਦਰਜੇ 'ਤੇ 1 mol ਦੇ ਵਾਸ਼ਪੀਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਲੋੜੀਂਦੀ ਊਰਜਾ
ਉਰਧਪਾਤਨ ਦਰਜੇ 'ਤੇ 1 mol ਦੇ ਉਰਧਪਾਤਨ ਲਈ ਲੋੜੀਂਦੀ ਊਰਜਾ
ਘਣਤਾ
ਮਿਆਰੀ ਹਾਲਤਾਂ 'ਤੇ
ਮਿਆਰੀ ਹਾਲਤਾਂ 'ਤੇ
ਉੱਨਤ
ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਸਪੈਕਟ੍ਰਮ
53 ਵਿੱਚੋਂ 10 ਦਿਖਾਏ ਜਾ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ। ਆਇਨ ਦੇ ਆਵੇਸ਼ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਕ੍ਰਮਬੱਧ (ਵਧਦੇ ਕ੍ਰਮ ਵਿੱਚ)।
ਉਪਲਬਧ ਸਪੈਕਟ੍ਰਮੀ ਰੇਖਾਵਾਂ ?
| ਆਇਨ | ਆਵੇਸ਼ | ਕੁੱਲ ਰੇਖਾਵਾਂ | ਸੰਕ੍ਰਮਣ ਸੰਭਾਵਨਾਵਾਂ | ਪੱਧਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਮਾਂਕਨ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I I | 0 | 1432 | 417 | 1432 |
| I II | +1 | 126 | 0 | 122 |
| I III | +2 | 76 | 0 | 0 |
| I IV | +3 | 47 | 0 | 0 |
| I V | +4 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
ਉਪਲਬਧ ਊਰਜਾ ਪੱਧਰ ?
| ਆਇਨ | ਆਵੇਸ਼ | ਪੱਧਰ |
|---|---|---|
| I I | 0 | 229 |
| I II | +1 | 315 |
| I III | +2 | 116 |
| I IV | +3 | 61 |
| I V | +4 | 54 |
| I VI | +5 | 40 |
| I VII | +6 | 25 |
| I VIII | +7 | 36 |
| I IX | +8 | 2 |
| I X | +9 | 2 |
ਆਇਨਿਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ
| ਆਵੇਸ਼ | ਉਪਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਨ | ਸਪਿਨ | ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 6 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 220.00000000000003 pm |
| +5 | 3 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 44 pm |
| +5 | 6 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 95 pm |
| +7 | 4 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 42 pm |
| +7 | 6 | ਉਪਲਬਧ ਨਹੀਂ | 53 pm |
ਯੋਗਿਕ
ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ (1)
Thirty isotopes are recognized. Only one stable isotope, 127I is found in nature. The artificial radioisotope 131I, with a half-life of 8 days, has been used in treating the thyroid gland. The most common compounds are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3). Lack of iodine is the cause of goiter.
| ਪੁੰਜ ਸੰਖਿਆ | ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਪੁੰਜ (u) | ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਪ੍ਰਚੁਰਤਾ | ਅਰਧ-ਆਯੂ | ਖ਼ੈ ਦੀ ਵਿਧੀ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 127 ਸਥਿਰ | 126.9044719 ± 0.0000039 | 100.0000% | ਸਥਿਰ | stable |
ਸਪੈਕਟ੍ਰਮੀ ਰੇਖਾਵਾਂ
474 ਵਿੱਚੋਂ 50 ਦਿਖਾਏ ਜਾ ਰਹੇ ਹਨ। ਮੂਲ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਮਾਪੀ ਹੋਈ ਤੀਬਰਤਾ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਸਪੈਕਟ੍ਰਮੀ ਰੇਖਾਵਾਂ ਦਿਖਾਈਆਂ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ।
| ਤਰੰਗ-ਲੰਬਾਈ (nm) | ਤੀਬਰਤਾ | ਆਇਨੀਕਰਨ ਪੜਾਅ | ਕਿਸਮ | ਸੰਕ੍ਰਮਣ | ਸ਼ੁੱਧਤਾ | ਸਰੋਤ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 511.92792 nm | 120000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[1]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 740.20433 nm | 98000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[4] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 661.96418 nm | 88000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[4] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 746.89862 nm | 87000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[4] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 723.78303 nm | 68000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[4]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 714.20318 nm | 53000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[3] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 658.3733 nm | 48000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[4]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 633.78649 nm | 44000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 619.1891 nm | 36000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[4] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 712.20331 nm | 33000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[3] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 514.55362 nm | 26000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).6s 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).7p 2[1]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 741.0472 nm | 25000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[4] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[5]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 656.64687 nm | 23000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[4] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 633.94468 nm | 22000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 722.72727 nm | 22000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[3]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 716.47586 nm | 21000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[3] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 698.6488 nm | 20000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[4] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7f 2[5]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 621.3101 nm | 19000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[4] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 608.24072 nm | 18000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).6p 2[2]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 624.4475 nm | 17000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7f 2[4]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 631.31292 nm | 17000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[0] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 589.39929 nm | 16000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<1>).6p 2[1]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 666.20777 nm | 15000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 712.0036 nm | 15000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[1] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 666.10964 nm | 14000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9s 2[2] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 741.64587 nm | 14000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[2]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 595.6854 nm | 13000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[3] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 598.4862 nm | 13000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[2] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 637.16776 nm | 12000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[3] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 486.23094 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[3]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 491.69357 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[2]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 520.41202 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[1]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 629.39502 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<0>).6p 2[1]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 633.0376 nm | 11000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[2] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 523.45653 nm | 10000 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6s 2[2] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7p 2[3]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 533.82 nm | 10000 | I II | emission | 5s2.5p3.(2D*).6s 3D* → 5s2.5p3.(2D*).6p 3F | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 562.569 nm | 10000 | I II | emission | 5s2.5p3.(4S*).6s 3S* → 5s2.5p3.(4S*).6p 3P | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 707.78407 nm | 9700 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).7d 2[1] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 598.4207 nm | 8900 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[3] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 742.00062 nm | 8300 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[4] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[4]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 596.8258 nm | 7900 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).10d 2[4] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 698.97761 nm | 7800 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9s 2[2] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 658.05101 nm | 7600 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[3]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 673.20067 nm | 7600 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6f 2[3]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 595.4372 nm | 6700 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).9d 2[3] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 741.1195 nm | 6700 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[1] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[3]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 656.08006 nm | 6600 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[3]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[2] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 723.49797 nm | 6600 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[4]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 633.35136 nm | 6300 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).6p 2[2]* → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).8d 2[1] | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST | |
| 723.17992 nm | 6200 | I I | emission | 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5d 2[3] → 5s2.5p4.(3P<2>).5f 2[3]* | ਮਾਪਿਆ | NIST |
ਵਿਸਤ੍ਰਿਤ ਗੁਣ
ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਵਿਸਤ੍ਰਿਤ)
- ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਪਿਊਕੋ)
- 133 pm
- ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਪਿਊਕੋ, ਦੋਹਰਾ ਬੰਧਨ)
- 129 pm
- ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਪਿਊਕੋ, ਤਿਹਰਾ ਬੰਧਨ)
- 125 pm
- ਸਹਿ-ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਬ੍ਰੈਗ)
- 140 pm
ਵਾਨ ਡਰ ਵਾਲਜ਼ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ
- Bondi
- 198 pm
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 204 pm
- UFF
- 450 pm
- MM3
- 236 pm
- Dreiding
- 415 pm
- Rowland–Taylor
- 203 pm
ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਅਤੇ ਧਾਤਵੀ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ
- ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (ਰਾਮ)
- 238 pm
- ਧਾਤਵੀ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸ (C12)
- 139 pm
ਅੰਕਨ ਪੈਮਾਨੇ
- Mendeleev
- 109
- Pettifor
- 97
- Glawe
- 99
ਬਿਜਲਈ ਰਿਣਾਤਮਕਤਾ ਦੇ ਪੈਮਾਨੇ
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 7
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 6
ਧਰੁਵੀਕਰਨਯੋਗਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਕੀਰਣ
- ਦੋਧਰੁਵੀ ਧਰੁਵੀਕਰਨਯੋਗਤਾ
- 32.9 a.u.
- ਦੋਧਰੁਵੀ ਧਰੁਵੀਕਰਨਯੋਗਤਾ (ਅਨਿਸ਼ਚਿਤਤਾ)
- 1.3 a.u.
- C₆
- 385 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 389 Ha·Bohr6
ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਬੰਧੁਤਾ
- ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ ਬੰਧੁਤਾ
- 608.2 kJ/mol
- ਗੈਸੀ ਖਾਰਕਤਾ
- 583.5 kJ/mol
ਸਪਲਾਈ ਦਾ ਜੋਖਮ ਅਤੇ ਅਰਥਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ
- ਉਤਪਾਦਨ ਦੀ ਕੇਂਦਰਿਤਤਾ
- 60
- ਸਾਪੇਖ ਸਪਲਾਈ ਜੋਖਮ
- 7
- ਭੰਡਾਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਵੰਡ
- 67
- ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਸਥਿਰਤਾ (ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਉਤਪਾਦਕ)
- 68
- ਰਾਜਨੀਤਿਕ ਸਥਿਰਤਾ (ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਭੰਡਾਰ ਵਾਲਾ ਦੇਸ਼)
- 68
ਅਵਸਥਾ ਪਰਿਵਰਤਨ ਅਤੇ ਅਪਰਰੂਪ
| ਪਿਘਲਣ ਦਰਜਾ | 386.85 K |
| ਉਬਾਲ ਦਰਜਾ | 457.55 K |
| ਕ੍ਰਾਂਤਿਕ ਬਿੰਦੂ (ਤਾਪਮਾਨ) | 819.15 K |
| ਤਿਹਰਾ ਬਿੰਦੂ (ਤਾਪਮਾਨ) | 386.75 K |
| ਤਿਹਰਾ ਬਿੰਦੂ (ਦਬਾਅ) | 12.11 kPa |
ਆਕਸੀਕਰਨ ਅਵਸਥਾ ਦੀਆਂ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ
ਉੱਨਤ ਸੰਦਰਭ ਡਾਟਾ
ਪਰਿਰੱਖਣ ਸਥਿਰਾਂਕ (11)
| n | ਔਰਬਿਟਲ | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.0609 |
| 2 | p | 4.1526 |
| 2 | s | 13.933 |
| 3 | d | 14.0993 |
| 3 | p | 18.1586 |
| 3 | s | 18.2126 |
| 4 | d | 32.066 |
| 4 | p | 28.9704 |
| 4 | s | 27.7028 |
| 5 | p | 41.3885 |
ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟਲ ਅਰਧ-ਵਿਆਸਾਂ ਦਾ ਵੇਰਵਾ (5)
| ਆਵੇਸ਼ | CN | ਸਪਿਨ | rcrystal (pm) | ਉਤਪੱਤੀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | VI | 206 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 5 | IIIPY | 58 | ||
| 5 | VI | 109 | ||
| 7 | IV | 56 | ||
| 7 | VI | 67 |
ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ ਖ਼ੈ ਦੀਆਂ ਵਿਧੀਆਂ (82)
| ਸਮਸਥਾਨਿਕ | ਮੋਡ | ਤੀਬਰਤਾ |
|---|---|---|
| 106 | A | — |
| 107 | A | — |
| 108 | A | 99.5% |
| 108 | p | 0.5% |
| 108 | B+ | — |
| 108 | B+p | — |
| 109 | p | 100% |
| 109 | A | 0% |
| 110 | B+ | 83% |
| 110 | A | 17% |
ਐਕਸ-ਰੇ ਖਿੰਡਾਅ ਗੁਣਾਂਕ (508)
| ਊਰਜਾ (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 7.8167 |
| 10.1617 | — | 7.56781 |
| 10.3261 | — | 7.32685 |
| 10.4931 | — | 7.08081 |
| 10.6628 | — | 6.8332 |
| 10.8353 | — | 6.78435 |
| 11.0106 | — | 6.80888 |
| 11.1886 | — | 7.27334 |
| 11.3696 | — | 7.86775 |
| 11.5535 | — | 8.52786 |
ਵਾਧੂ ਡਾਟਾ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
4.5×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
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Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
6×10-2 milligrams per liter
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Sources
Sources of this element.
Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known.
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- [6] Iodine https://periodic.lanl.gov/53.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
131I (with a half-life of about 8 days) and 129I are both fission products; 129I is a long-lived fission product with a half-life of 1.7×107 years that can be helpful in the detection of the movement of radiation after a radioactive event, such as occurred at the Japanese reactors at Fukushima. In nuclear reactors and weapons tests, uranium and plutonium undergo fission processes in which one of the fission products is the long-lived isotope 129I. This isotope has been used as a groundwater tracer to determine evidence of nuclear fission, and it can also be tracked in rainwater as evidence of a fission event in the air (weapons explosion; Fig. IUPAC.53.1) [390] D. Elmore, H. E. Gove, R. Ferraro, L. R. Kilius, H. W. Lee, K. H. Chang, R. P. Beukens, A. E. Litherland, C. J. Russo, K. H. Purser, M. T. Murrell, R. C. Finkel. Nature286, 138 (1980)., [391] G. Snyder, U. Fehn. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B223, 579 (2004)., [392] G. Snyder, A. Aldahan, G. Possnert. Geochem. Geophys.11, Q04010 (2010)..
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- [390] D. Elmore, H. E. Gove, R. Ferraro, L. R. Kilius, H. W. Lee, K. H. Chang, R. P. Beukens, A. E. Litherland, C. J. Russo, K. H. Purser, M. T. Murrell, R. C. Finkel. Nature286, 138 (1980).
- [391] G. Snyder, U. Fehn. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B223, 579 (2004).
- [392] G. Snyder, A. Aldahan, G. Possnert. Geochem. Geophys.11, Q04010 (2010).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
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Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Iodine.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.