Oxygen (O)
nonmetalGas
प्रमाणित अणुभार
15.999 u [१५.९९९०३, १५.९९९७७]इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[He] 2s2 2p4द्रवणांक
-218.79 °Cउत्कलनांक
-182.95 °Cघनता
1.429 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
3.44आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
13.618055 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1771अणुत्रिज्या
60 pmतपशील
Oxygen is a reactive nonmetal and chalcogen that occurs mainly as the diatomic gas O₂ and, less commonly, as ozone O₃. It is essential to aerobic respiration and is a major constituent of water, silicate minerals, carbonates, and many biological molecules. Its high electronegativity and ability to form strong bonds make oxidation chemistry central to combustion, corrosion, metabolism, and industrial processing.
The gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The liquid and solid forms are a pale blue color and are strongly paramagnetic.
The name derives from the Greek oxys for "acid" and genes for "forming" because the French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier once thought that oxygen was integral to all acids.
Oxygen was discovered independently by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771, and the English clergyman and chemist Joseph Priestley in 1774. Scheele's Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire was delayed in publication until 1777, so Priestley is credited with the discovery because he published first.
Oxygen had been produced by several chemists prior to its discovery in 1774, but they failed to recognize it as a distinct element. Joseph Priestley and Carl Wilhelm Scheele both independently discovered oxygen, but Priestly is usually given credit for the discovery. They were both able to produce oxygen by heating mercuric oxide (HgO). Priestley called the gas produced in his experiments 'dephlogisticated air' and Scheele called his 'fire air'. The name oxygen was created by Antoine Lavoisier who incorrectly believed that oxygen was necessary to form all acids. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe and makes up nearly 21% of the earth's atmosphere. Oxygen accounts for nearly half of the mass of the earth's crust, two thirds of the mass of the human body and nine tenths of the mass of water. Large amounts of oxygen can be extracted from liquefied air through a process known as fractional distillation. Oxygen can also be produced through the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate (KClO3).
From the Greek word oxys, acid, and genes, forming. The behavior of oxygen and nitrogen as components of air led to the advancement of the phlogiston theory of combustion, which captured the minds of chemists for a century.
Joseph Priestley is generally credited with its discovery, although Scheele also discovered it independently.
Its atomic weight was used as a standard of comparison for each of the other elements until 1961 when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis.
At ordinary temperature and pressure, pure O₂ is a colorless, odorless gas. Liquid oxygen is pale blue and strongly paramagnetic. Solid oxygen is also blue at low temperature and has several pressure- and temperature-dependent phases.
Elemental O₂ is used in steelmaking, nonferrous metal refining, welding and cutting, chemical oxidation, wastewater treatment, pulp bleaching, and medical and emergency breathing systems. Liquid oxygen is a major oxidizer in rocketry. Enriched oxygen improves combustion efficiency in some furnaces. Ozone O₃ is used as a strong oxidant for water treatment, odor control, and selected chemical processes, but it must be generated near the point of use because it decomposes readily.
Oxygen is a highly reactive element and is capable of combining with most other elements. It is required by most living organisms and for most forms of combustion. Impurities in molten pig iron are burned away with streams of high pressure oxygen to produce steel. Oxygen can also be combined with acetylene (C2H2) to produce an extremely hot flame used for welding. Liquid oxygen, when combined with liquid hydrogen, makes an excellent rocket fuel. Ozone (O3) forms a thin, protective layer around the earth that shields the surface from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Oxygen is also a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds.
Plants and animals rely on oxygen for respiration. Hospitals frequently prescribe oxygen for patients with respiratory ailments.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of oxygen possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of oxygen in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.8.1). These variations are useful in investigating the origin of substances and studying environmental, hydrological, and geological processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)..
A primary use of stable oxygen isotopes is in isotope hydrology. Although the evolution of the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation begins with the evaporation of water from the oceans, their local and global relationship arises primarily from equilibrium isotopic fractionation of heavier (2H and 18O) and lighter isotopes (1H and 16O) of hydrogen and oxygen during condensation as a tropospheric vapor mass follows a trajectory to higher latitudes and over continents [14] W. Dansgaard. Tellus16, 436 (1964)., [15] I. D. Clark, P. Fritz. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology, p. 328, Lewis Publishers, New York (1997).. As a consequence, the isotopic composition and atomic weight of oxygen in precipitation, rivers, and tap waters varies with elevation, season, and distance from the ocean-continent boundary. Figure 4.8.2 shows the variation in stable oxygen isotopic composition of water from rivers across the United States. These variations in oxygen isotopic composition of environmental water are often combined with hydrogen isotopic compositions and have been used to identify the origin of water and to investigate the interaction between groundwater and surface water (e.g. lakes, streams, and rivers) [16] C. Kendall, T. B. Coplen. Hydrol. Processes.15, 1363 (2011)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Measurements of relative 18O abundances have been used to determine the breeding grounds of many species of migrant songbirds. These species of songbirds only grow their feathers before migration, and they grow them on or close to their breeding grounds. Therefore, the isotopic composition of a bird’s feathers correlates to the isotopic signature of the growing season’s precipitation [19] K. A. Hobson. Oecologia120, 314 (1999)., [20] K. A. Hobson, L. I. Wassenaar. Oecologia.109, 142 (1996)..
Measurements of relative 18O abundances of human hair or nail samples collected at archeological sites have been used to determine the geographic region in which a subject lived based on the oxygen isotopic composition of the water they drank (Fig. IUPAC.8.3). This is possible because hair stores a daily record of oxygen isotopic composition of intake water, which correlates to local meteoric water [92] D. M. O’Brien, M. J. Woller. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.21, 2422 (2007)..
Isotopes in Medicine
16O is used to produce radioactive 13N via the 16O (p, 4He) 13N reaction for imaging in positron emission tomography (PET) and to study blood flow through the heart (myocardial perfusion) [94] International Atomic Energy Agency. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Physical Characteristics and Production Methods, Technical Reports Series No. 468. International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna (2009)., [95] M. Sajjad, R. M. Lambrecht, A. P. Wolf. Radiochim. Acta39, 165 (1986)..
17O has been used as a tracer to study cerebral oxygen utilization [96] T. Arai, S. Nakao, K. Mori, K. Ishimori, I. Morishima, T. Miyazawa, B. Fritz-Zieroth. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.169, 153 (1990).. Variations in stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes are used in energy expenditure studies in animals and humans. The subject is administered a dose of doubly labeled water (water enriched in both 2H and 18O). Measurements of the elimination rates of 2H and 18O in the subject over time through regular sampling of body water (by sampling saliva, urine, or blood) provide information on energy expenditure because the hydrogen isotopic composition of body water is affected primarily by water loss (mainly urination), but the oxygen isotopic composition is affected by both respiration and water loss [97] J. R. Speakman. Theory and Practice, Doubly Labelled Water. Springer Scientific, London (1997)..
Oxygen commonly has oxidation state −2 in oxides and silicates, −1 in peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂, and −1/2 in superoxides such as potassium superoxide KO₂. In water H₂O it forms extensive hydrogen-bonded networks. Oxygen also forms carbon dioxide CO₂, sulfur dioxide SO₂, nitrates, phosphates, carbonates, and many organic functional groups. Positive oxidation states occur only with more electronegative fluorine, as in oxygen difluoride OF₂.
Ozone (O3), a highly active compound, is formed by the action of an electrical discharge or ultraviolet light on oxygen.
Ozone's presence in the atmosphere (amounting to the equivalent of a layer 3 mm thick under ordinary pressures and temperatures) helps prevent harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth's surface. Pollutants in the atmosphere may have a detrimental effect on this ozone layer. Ozone is toxic and exposure should not exceed 0.2 mg/m# (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour work week). Undiluted ozone has a bluish color. Liquid ozone is bluish black and solid ozone is violet-black.
Oxygen, which is very reactive, is a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds and combines with most elements.
See more information at the Oxygen compound page.
O₂ is not flammable, but oxygen enrichment greatly increases the speed and severity of fires and can cause materials that normally burn slowly to ignite violently. Liquid oxygen can cause severe cold burns and can make porous materials dangerously oxygen-rich. Ozone O₃ is toxic by inhalation and irritates the respiratory tract. High partial pressures of oxygen can be harmful, especially in diving, hyperbaric, and intensive-care settings.
Oxygen cycles through photosynthesis, respiration, weathering, combustion, and exchange between the atmosphere and oceans. Most atmospheric O₂ is maintained by oxygenic photosynthesis, while much of Earth’s oxygen inventory is locked in rocks as oxides, silicates, and carbonates. Dissolved oxygen controls the habitability of waters for many organisms and is depleted by decay of organic matter and some pollution events.
Industrial oxygen is produced mainly by cryogenic fractional distillation of air where large volumes and high purity are required. Pressure-swing adsorption and membrane systems supply smaller or on-site needs at lower purities. Demand is tied to steel, chemicals, refining, healthcare, water treatment, and aerospace. Because air is the feedstock, cost is dominated by energy, plant scale, purity, transport, and storage rather than geological scarcity. Oxygen itself is not recycled as a commodity, although efficient process design reduces consumption.
Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, the process once thought to give the sun and stars their energy. Oxygen under excited conditions is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the Aurora Borealis.
A gaseous element, oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume and is obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth's crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen.
In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst.
Oxygen is one of the most abundant elements in the universe and is made chiefly by helium and carbon burning in massive stars, then dispersed by stellar winds and supernovae. It is common in planets, dust, ices, and rocky minerals. In the Solar System it is a major component of water ice, silicate rock, carbon dioxide ice or gas, and many metal oxides.
- Liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be visibly held between magnet poles.
- Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs much biologically damaging ultraviolet radiation.
- Most oxygen atoms on Earth are in minerals, not in the atmosphere.
- The name oxygen originally reflected the mistaken idea that it was required to make all acids.
- Singlet oxygen is an electronically excited form important in photochemistry and some biological damage.
- Hemoglobin binds O₂ reversibly through iron centers rather than by oxidizing iron completely.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 60 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 66 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 152 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 1.429 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.014 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- वायू सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- -218.79 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- -182.95 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 0.027 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.918 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 29.378 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 3.44 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 3.61
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 1.4611 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 13.618055 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 35.121241 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 54.935729 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 77.413766 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 113.899392 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 6 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [He] 2s2 2p4
उष्मागतिक
- त्रिक बिंदू (तापमान)
- -218.7916 °C
- त्रिक बिंदू (दाब)
- 146.3 Pa
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान)
- -118.569 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (दाब)
- 5.043e+6 Pa
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.00460175 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 0.07068456 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 2.582474 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 2.583085 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 8 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 8 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 18 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 3 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- O-16
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1771
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 4.61e+5 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 8.57 × 105 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 683 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 6 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7782-44-7 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 3P2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/O
- InChI की
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
O: 2s² 2p⁴[He] 2s² 2p⁴1s² 2s² 2p⁴अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16 स्थिर | १५.९९४९१४६१९५७ ± ०.०००००००००१७ | 99.7570% | स्थिर |
| 17 स्थिर | १६.९९९१३१७५६५ ± ०.०००००००००६९ | 0.0380% | स्थिर |
| 18 स्थिर | १७.९९९१५९६१२८६ ± ०.०००००००००७६ | 0.2050% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: उत्कलनांकापेक्षा (-182.95 °C) 207.9 °C अधिक
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
सध्याच्या T येथे आदर्श वायू नियमाने अंदाजित
प्रगत
अणुवर्णपट
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O I | 0 | 910 | 854 | 907 |
| O II | +1 | 1630 | 876 | 1630 |
| O III | +2 | 1005 | 974 | 974 |
| O IV | +3 | 1525 | 1521 | 1523 |
| O V | +4 | 391 | 385 | 385 |
| O VI | +5 | 157 | 126 | 157 |
| O VII | +6 | 189 | 188 | 189 |
| O VIII | +7 | 137 | 137 | 137 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| O I | 0 | 614 |
| O II | +1 | 287 |
| O III | +2 | 188 |
| O IV | +3 | 219 |
| O V | +4 | 172 |
| O VI | +5 | 148 |
| O VII | +6 | 149 |
| O VIII | +7 | 149 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | 2 | उपलब्ध नाही | 135 pm |
| -2 | 3 | उपलब्ध नाही | 136 pm |
| -2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 138 pm |
| -2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 140 pm |
| -2 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 142 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (3)
Oxygen has nine isotopes. Natural oxygen is a mixture of three isotopes.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 स्थिर | १५.९९४९१४६१९५७ ± ०.०००००००००१७ | 99.7570% ± 0.0160% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 17 स्थिर | १६.९९९१३१७५६५ ± ०.०००००००००६९ | 0.0380% ± 0.0010% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 18 स्थिर | १७.९९९१५९६१२८६ ± ०.०००००००००७६ | 0.2050% ± 0.0140% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
1013 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 615.8187 nm | 490 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 615.6778 nm | 450 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 700.223 nm | 450 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 725.4448 nm | 450 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 3S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 615.5971 nm | 400 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 645.5977 nm | 400 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 5S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 725.4154 nm | 400 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 3S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 645.4444 nm | 360 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 5S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 700.1922 nm | 360 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4d 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 645.3602 nm | 320 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 5S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 725.4531 nm | 320 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5s 3S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 715.6701 nm | 210 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3s 1D* → 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3p 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 396.1573 nm | 200 | O III | emission | 2s2.2p.(2P*).3p 1D → 2s2.2p.(2P*).3d 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 533.0741 nm | 190 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5d 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 604.6438 nm | 190 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 3S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.72949 nm | 185 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3s 5S* → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 5P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.74813 nm | 160 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3s 5S* → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 5P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 532.9681 nm | 160 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).5d 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 604.6233 nm | 160 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 3S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.75862 nm | 140 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3s 5S* → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 5P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 543.6862 nm | 135 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 5S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 559.789 nm | 130 | O V | emission | 1s2.2s.3p 3P* → 1s2.2s.3d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 650.024 nm | 130 | O V | emission | 1s2.2p.(2P*<3/2>).3p 3D → 1s2.2p.(2P*<3/2>).3d 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 382.34136 nm | 120 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(2D*).3s 3D* → 2s2.2p3.(2P*).3p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 557.7339 nm | 120 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p4 1D → 2s2.2p4 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 543.5775 nm | 110 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 5S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 559.2252 nm | 110 | O III | emission | 2s2.2p.(2P*).3s 1P* → 2s2.2p.(2P*).3p 1P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 604.6495 nm | 110 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 3S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 395.46067 nm | 100 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(2P*).3s 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 412.396 nm | 100 | O V | emission | 1s2.2p.(2P*<3/2>).3s 3P* → 1s2.2p.(2P*<3/2>).3p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 436.8258 nm | 100 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3s 3S* → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 543.5178 nm | 90 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).3p 5P → 2s2.2p3.(4S*).6s 5S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 423.3274 nm | 80 | O I | emission | 2s2.2p3.(4S*).4p 3P → 2s2.2p3.(2D*<3/2>).3d 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 441.4899 nm | 27 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 672.1388 nm | 26 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 441.6975 nm | 25 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 397.3256 nm | 24 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 407.58617 nm | 24 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 464.91347 nm | 24 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 664.1031 nm | 24 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 2P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 407.21525 nm | 23 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 434.9426 nm | 23 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 411.92165 nm | 22 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4P* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 459.0974 nm | 22 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(1D).3s 2D → 2s2.2p2.(1D).3p 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 464.18103 nm | 22 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 689.5102 nm | 22 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4F → 2s2.2p2.(3P).4p 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 406.98819 nm | 21 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 4F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 435.126 nm | 21 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(1D).3s 2D → 2s2.2p2.(1D).3p 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 466.16324 nm | 21 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 470.5346 nm | 21 | O II | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 2D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3d 2F | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 63 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 57 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 53 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 65 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Bondi
- 152 pm
- Batsanov
- 155 pm
- Alvarez
- 150 pm
- UFF
- 350 pm
- MM3
- 182 pm
- Dreiding
- 340.46 pm
- Rowland–Taylor
- 158 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 171 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 99
- Pettifor
- 101
- Glawe
- 97
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 8
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 6
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 5.3 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.2 a.u.
- C₆
- 15.6 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 16.7 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक आसक्ती
- प्रोटॉन आसक्ती
- 485.2 kJ/mol
- वायूची क्षारकता
- 459.6 kJ/mol
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 54.36 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 90.19 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 154.58 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (दाब) | 5.04 MPa |
| त्रिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 54.36 K |
| त्रिक बिंदू (दाब) | 0.15 kPa |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (3)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3421 |
| 2 | p | 3.5468 |
| 2 | s | 3.5084 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (5)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | II | 121 | ||
| -2 | III | 122 | ||
| -2 | IV | 124 | ||
| -2 | VI | 126 | ||
| -2 | VIII | 128 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (22)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | 2p | 100% |
| 12 | 2p | 100% |
| 13 | B+ | 100% |
| 13 | B+p | 10.9% |
| 14 | B+ | 100% |
| 15 | B+ | 100% |
| 19 | B- | 100% |
| 20 | B- | 100% |
| 21 | B- | 100% |
| 21 | B-n | — |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (502)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.70328 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.70723 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.70738 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.70753 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.70768 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.70783 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.70798 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.70813 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.70828 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.70843 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
4.61×105 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
8.57×105 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, the process once thought to give the sun and stars their energy. Oxygen under excited conditions is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the Aurora Borealis.
A gaseous element, oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume and is obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth's crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen.
In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Oxygen https://periodic.lanl.gov/8.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
Measurements of relative 18O abundances have been used to determine the breeding grounds of many species of migrant songbirds. These species of songbirds only grow their feathers before migration, and they grow them on or close to their breeding grounds. Therefore, the isotopic composition of a bird’s feathers correlates to the isotopic signature of the growing season’s precipitation [19] K. A. Hobson. Oecologia120, 314 (1999)., [20] K. A. Hobson, L. I. Wassenaar. Oecologia.109, 142 (1996)..
Measurements of relative 18O abundances of human hair or nail samples collected at archeological sites have been used to determine the geographic region in which a subject lived based on the oxygen isotopic composition of the water they drank (Fig. IUPAC.8.3). This is possible because hair stores a daily record of oxygen isotopic composition of intake water, which correlates to local meteoric water [92] D. M. O’Brien, M. J. Woller. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.21, 2422 (2007)..
संदर्भ (7)
- [14] W. Dansgaard. Tellus16, 436 (1964).
- [15] I. D. Clark, P. Fritz. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology, p. 328, Lewis Publishers, New York (1997).
- [19] K. A. Hobson. Oecologia120, 314 (1999).
- [20] K. A. Hobson, L. I. Wassenaar. Oecologia.109, 142 (1996).
- [92] D. M. O’Brien, M. J. Woller. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.21, 2422 (2007).
- [93] I. Fraser, W. Meier-Augenstein, R. M. Kalin. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.20, 1109 (2006).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Oxygen.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.