Nitrogen (N)
nonmetalGas
प्रमाणित अणुभार
14.007 u [१४.००६४३, १४.००७२८]इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
2s2.2p3द्रवणांक
-210 °Cउत्कलनांक
-195.79 °Cघनता
1.2506 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
3.04आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
14.53413 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1772अणुत्रिज्या
65 pmतपशील
Nitrogen is a light nonmetal and the main constituent of Earth’s atmosphere as N₂. Its strong N≡N triple bond makes the element relatively inert at ordinary conditions, yet nitrogen chemistry is exceptionally rich once that bond is broken. It is essential in amino acids, nucleic acids, and many cofactors, and industrial fixation of N₂ underpins modern fertilizer production. Nitrogen commonly forms covalent compounds and spans oxidation states from −3 to +5.
Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78% of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
The name derives from the Latin nitrum and Greek nitron for "native soda" and genes for "forming". Nitrogen was discovered by the Scottish physician and chemist Daniel Rutherford in 1772.
Nitrogen was discovered by the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. It is the fifth most abundant element in the universe and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere, which contains an estimated 4,000 trillion tons of the gas. Nitrogen is obtained from liquefied air through a process known as fractional distillation.
From the Latin word nitrum, Greek Nitron, native soda; and genes, forming. Nitrogen was discovered by chemist and physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. He removed oxygen and carbon dioxide from air and showed that the residual gas would not support combustion or living organisms. At the same time there were other noted scientists working on the problem of nitrogen. These included Scheele, Cavendish, Priestley, and others. They called it "burnt" or" dephlogisticated air," which meant air without oxygen.
Pure nitrogen is normally encountered as N₂, a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Liquid nitrogen is a colorless, very cold fluid that boils at 77 K at one atmosphere. Solid nitrogen is also colorless and exists in several low-temperature phases.
Most industrial nitrogen is used either as N₂ for inerting and blanketing or as fixed nitrogen after conversion to ammonia (NH₃). Gaseous N₂ protects reactive materials, purges pipelines and tanks, and provides controlled atmospheres for food packaging, electronics processing, and metal heat treatment. Liquid nitrogen is widely used as a cryogenic refrigerant for biological storage, laboratory cooling, and rapid freezing. Nitrogen is also a feedstock for nitric acid (HNO₃), fertilizers, explosives, and many polymers and pharmaceuticals.
The largest use of nitrogen is for the production of ammonia (NH3). Large amounts of nitrogen are combined with hydrogen to produce ammonia in a method known as the Haber process. Large amounts of ammonia are then used to create fertilizers, explosives and, through a process known as the Ostwald process, nitric acid (HNO3).
Nitrogen gas is largely inert and is used as a protective shield in the semiconductor industry and during certain types of welding and soldering operations. Oil companies use high pressure nitrogen to help force crude oil to the surface. Liquid nitrogen is an inexpensive cryogenic liquid used for refrigeration, preservation of biological samples and for low temperature scientific experimentation. Jefferson Lab's Frostbite Theater features videos of many basic liquid nitrogen experiments.
Isotopes in Biology
Isotopic fractionation can cause the isotope-amount ratio n(15N)/n(14N) to increase systematically through food chains through assimilation of nitrogen compounds in biomolecules such as proteins. When lower-order organisms are ingested by higher-order organisms, 15N may be selectively retained and 14N may be selectively excreted such that higher-order organisms tend to have higher n(15N)/n(14N) ratios than their food sources. Isotopic fractionation occurs as a result of assimilation, storage, and excretion of proteins and other nitrogen compounds. Biologists can use isotope-amount ratio n(15N)/n(14N) measurements to test hypotheses about predator-prey relations and detect disruptions to trophic structure of ecosystems that might be caused by toxic contaminants, invasive species, or harvesting of organisms. Similar principles are used to detect differences in diets among animals, including humans, both today and in the distant past [79] P. L. Koch, M. L. Fogel, N. Tuross. “Tracing the diets of fossil animals using stable isotopes”, in Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science, K. Lajtha and R. H. Michener (Eds.), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston (1994)., [80] J. P. Montoya. “Nitrogen isotope fractionation in the modern ocean: implications for the sedimentary record”, in Carbon Cycling in the Glacial Ocean: Constraints on the Ocean’s Role in Global Change. NATO ASI Series (Series I: Global Environmental Change), R. Zahn, T. F. Pedersen, M. A. Kaminski, L. Labeyrie (Eds.), vol. 17. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1994)., [81] R. E. M. Hedges, L. M. Reynard. J. Archaeolog. Sci.34, 1240 (2007)..
Artificially enriched 15N tracers are used to study movement and transformation of nitrogen in biological and environmental systems, such as the uptake and loss of nitrogen fertilizers by crops (Fig. IUPAC.7.1). A common experiment involves introducing an isotopically labeled compound into the environment and then analyzing various samples taken from the environment for the presence of the enriched isotope to determine where the labeled compound moved and whether it transformed into other compounds (Fig. IUPAC.7.2). Artificially enriched 15N is used to study uptake and dispersal of nitrogen in feed supplies used in food production industries such as aquaculture [82] M. A. Burford, N. P. Preston, P. M. Glibert, W. C. Dennison. Aquaculture206, 199 (2002)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
The stable isotopes of nitrogen are subject to isotopic fractionation by physical, chemical, and biological processes. Variations in the isotope-amount ratio n(15N)/n(14N) are substantial (Fig. IUPAC.7.3) and commonly are used to study Earth-system processes, especially those related to biology because nitrogen is a major nutrient for growth [84] Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science: 2nd Edition, ed. R. Michener and K. Lajtha, p. 566, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Malden, MA (2007).. For example, isotope fractionation occurs when dissolved solutes, such as nitrate (NO3 -), are transformed to more reduced compounds (i.e. nitrogen gas) because nitrate with higher 14N abundances tends to be more readily broken down. This leaves the residual unreacted nitrate with a higher n(15N)/n(14N) ratio than the initial ratio prior to reaction. Changes in the isotopic composition of biologically reactive compounds can be used to detect such reactions in aquatic environments, which are important mechanisms for removing reactive contaminants like nitrate [85] J. Granger, D. M. Sigman, M. F. Lehmann, P. D. Tortell. Limnol. Oceanogr.53, 2533 (2008)., [86] A. Mariotti, A. Landreau, B. Simon. Limnol. Oceanogr.52, 1869 (1988)..
Variations in the isotope-amount ratio n(15N)/n(14N) are used to determine sources of nitrogen contamination in the atmosphere, oceans, groundwater, and rivers, where the isotopic composition of a contaminant molecule preserves evidence of the nitrogen sources and processes involved in its creation. An example is nitrate derived from artificial fertilizer, manure, power-plant emissions, or natural sources [87] T. H. E. Heaton. Chem. Geol.59, 87 (1986)., [88] C. Kendall, R. Aravena. “Nitrate isotopes in groundwater systems”, in Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology, P. G. Cook and A. L. Herczeg (Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston (2000)., [89] B. Mayer, E. W. Boyer, C. Goodale, N. A. Jaworski, N. Van Breemen, R. W. Howarth, S. P. Seitzinger, G. Billen, K. Lajtha, K. J. Nadelhoffer, D. Van Dam, L. J. Hetling, M. Nosal, K. Paustian. Biogeochemistry57 & 58, 171 (2002)..
Artificially enriched 15N tracers have been used to determine rates of movement and natural remediation of nitrogen-bearing contaminants in aquifers and rivers [83] J. K. Böhlke, R. C. Antweiler, J. W. Harvey, A. E. Laursen, L. K. Smith, R. L. Smith, M. A. Voytek. Biogeochemistry93, 117 (2009)., [90] R. L. Smith, J. K. Böhlke, S. P. Garabedian, K. M. Revesz, T. Yoshinari. Water Resour. Res.40, 1 (2004)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Stable hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen isotopic compositions are used to determine the origin of pseudoephedrine from seized methyl-amphetamine made from the pseudoephedrine (drug used as a nasal decongestant or as a stimulant) [91] H. Salouros, G. J. Sutton, J. Howes, D. B. Hibbert, M. Collins. Anal. Chem.85, 9400 (2013)..
Nitrogen forms many important compounds because it can make single, double, and triple bonds and adopt several oxidation states. Ammonia (NH₃) contains nitrogen in the −3 state and is both a base and a major industrial intermediate. Nitric acid (HNO₃), nitrate salts containing NO₃⁻, and nitrite salts containing NO₂⁻ are central to fertilizer, oxidation, and environmental chemistry. Nitrogen oxides such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are chemically and atmospherically significant. Organic amines, amides, nitriles, azo compounds, and heterocycles form a large part of biological and synthetic chemistry.
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) are formed by the decomposition of organic matter with compounds of these metals present. In certain dry areas of the world these saltpeters are found in quantity and are used as fertilizers. Other inorganic nitrogen compounds are nitric acid (HNO3), ammonia (NH3), the oxides (NO, NO2, N2O4, N2O), cyanides (CN-), etc.
The nitrogen cycle is one of the most important processes in nature for living organisms. Although nitrogen gas is relatively inert, bacteria in the soil are capable of “fixing” the nitrogen into a usable form (as a fertilizer) for plants. In other words, Nature has provided a method to produce nitrogen for plants to grow. Animals eat the plant material where the nitrogen has been incorporated into their system, primarily as protein. The cycle is completed when other bacteria convert the waste nitrogen compounds back to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen is crucial to life, as it is a component of all proteins.
See more information at the Nitrogen compound page.
N₂ is not toxic, but it is a serious asphyxiant because it can displace oxygen without warning by odor or irritation. Liquid nitrogen can cause severe cold burns and can rapidly generate large volumes of gas in confined spaces. Some nitrogen compounds are hazardous for unrelated reasons: ammonia (NH₃) is corrosive and irritating, nitric acid (HNO₃) is strongly corrosive and oxidizing, and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is a toxic inhalation hazard. Nitrate and nitrite exposure is regulated in drinking water and food contexts.
Atmospheric N₂ is a large reservoir, but most organisms cannot use it directly. Fixed nitrogen enters ecosystems through biological nitrogen fixation, lightning, industrial processes, and deposition from combustion-related nitrogen oxides. Microbial nitrification, denitrification, and anammox reactions return nitrogen among ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, and N₂. Excess reactive nitrogen can drive eutrophication, soil acidification, and formation of air pollutants, while nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas.
Nitrogen gas is produced chiefly by cryogenic distillation of air, with pressure-swing adsorption and membrane separation used where lower purity or smaller-scale supply is sufficient. The largest economic value lies not in elemental N₂ itself but in nitrogen fixation, especially the Haber-Bosch synthesis of ammonia (NH₃) from N₂ and hydrogen. Fertilizer demand dominates fixed-nitrogen markets, followed by chemicals such as nitric acid (HNO₃) and urea (CO(NH₂)₂). Supply depends strongly on energy cost and hydrogen source; recycling occurs indirectly through manure management, wastewater treatment, and recovery or reuse of nitrogen-containing process streams.
Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78.1% of the Earth’s air, by volume. The atmosphere of Mars, by comparison, is only 2.6% nitrogen. From an exhaustible source in our atmosphere, nitrogen gas can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. Nitrogen is found in all living systems as part of the makeup of biological compounds.
Nitrogen is a common light element made mainly through stellar nucleosynthesis in the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle and later stellar processing. In the Solar System it is concentrated in volatile reservoirs, including planetary atmospheres, ices, and organic material. Titan’s dense atmosphere is mostly N₂, and nitrogen-bearing ices and organics occur in comets and outer Solar System bodies.
- The strength of the N₂ triple bond is why air is chemically stable despite abundant oxygen.
- Liquid nitrogen expands greatly on warming, making sealed containers dangerous.
- Most nitrogen atoms in human tissue have passed through microbial or industrial fixation.
- Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is chemically distinct from the toxic brown gas nitrogen dioxide (NO₂).
- Nitrogen can form catenated compounds, but N–N single bonds are usually much weaker than the N≡N bond in N₂.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 65 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 71 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 155 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 1.2506 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0173 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- वायू सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- -210 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- -195.79 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 0.026 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 1.04 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 29.124 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- षट्कोणी निकट-संकुलित सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 3.04 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 3.066
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- -0.07 eV (नकारात्मक मूल्य — अणूने अतिरिक्त इलेक्ट्रॉन बांधण्याचा अंदाज नाही)
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 14.53413 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 29.601352 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 47.445463 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 77.473767 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 97.890437 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 5 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- 2s2.2p3
उष्मागतिक
- त्रिक बिंदू (तापमान)
- -209.999 °C
- त्रिक बिंदू (दाब)
- 1.252e+4 Pa
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान)
- -146.958 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (दाब)
- 3.3958e+6 Pa
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.00373115 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 0.05762554 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 4.899 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 4.896512 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 7 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 7 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 16 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 2 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- N-14
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1772
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 19 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 0.5 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 403.9 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 5 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7727-37-9 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/N
- InChI की
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
N: 2s² 2p³[He] 2s² 2p³1s² 2s² 2p³अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14 स्थिर | १४.००३०७४००४४३ ± ०.०००००००००२ | 99.6360% | स्थिर |
| 15 स्थिर | १५.०००१०८८९८८८ ± ०.०००००००००६४ | 0.3640% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: उत्कलनांकापेक्षा (-195.79 °C) 220.8 °C अधिक
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
सध्याच्या T येथे आदर्श वायू नियमाने अंदाजित
प्रगत
अणुवर्णपट
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N I | 0 | 1309 | 1287 | 1287 |
| N II | +1 | 809 | 786 | 786 |
| N III | +2 | 1378 | 1359 | 1359 |
| N IV | +3 | 536 | 531 | 531 |
| N V | +4 | 442 | 402 | 433 |
| N VI | +5 | 91 | 90 | 91 |
| N VII | +6 | 137 | 137 | 137 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| N I | 0 | 381 |
| N II | +1 | 197 |
| N III | +2 | 347 |
| N IV | +3 | 292 |
| N V | +4 | 151 |
| N VI | +5 | 148 |
| N VII | +6 | 149 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| -3 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 146 pm |
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 16 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 13 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (2)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 स्थिर | १४.००३०७४००४४३ ± ०.०००००००००२ | 99.6360% ± 0.0200% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 15 स्थिर | १५.०००१०८८९८८८ ± ०.०००००००००६४ | 0.3640% ± 0.0200% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
731 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 399.4997 nm | 1000 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 1P* → 2s2.2p.3p 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 746.8312 nm | 900 | N I | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 463.0539 nm | 870 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 500.515 nm | 870 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3D → 2s2.2p.3d 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 567.956 nm | 870 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 744.2298 nm | 785 | N I | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 648.205 nm | 750 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 1P* → 2s2.2p.3p 1P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 661.056 nm | 750 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 1D → 2s2.2p.3d 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 575.2499 nm | 700 | N I | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4P* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).5d 4D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 742.3641 nm | 685 | N I | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3s 4P → 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4S* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 444.703 nm | 650 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 1P → 2s2.2p.3d 1D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 500.1474 nm | 650 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3D → 2s2.2p.3d 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 566.663 nm | 650 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 594.165 nm | 650 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3P → 2s2.2p.3d 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 460.1478 nm | 550 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 464.3086 nm | 550 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 500.7328 nm | 550 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3S → 2s2.2p.3d 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 504.5099 nm | 550 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 567.602 nm | 550 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 593.178 nm | 550 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3P → 2s2.2p.3d 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 395.5851 nm | 450 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 460.7153 nm | 450 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 462.1393 nm | 450 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 480.3287 nm | 450 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3D → 2s2.2p.3d 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 499.436 nm | 450 | N II | emission | 2s.2p2.(4P).3s 5P → 2s.2p2.(4P).3p 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 501.0621 nm | 450 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 549.5655 nm | 450 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3P → 2s2.2p.3d 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 568.621 nm | 450 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 571.077 nm | 450 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 391.9001 nm | 360 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 1P → 2s2.2p.3d 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 461.3868 nm | 360 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 500.2703 nm | 360 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 501.6381 nm | 360 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3D → 2s2.2p.3d 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 502.5659 nm | 360 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3D → 2s2.2p.3d 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 592.781 nm | 360 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3P → 2s2.2p.3d 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 637.962 nm | 360 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 3P* → 2s2.2p.3p 1P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 648.2699 nm | 360 | N I | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).4d 4F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 460.374 nm | 350 | N V | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.3p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 648.4808 nm | 325 | N I | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).4d 4F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 648.3753 nm | 300 | N I | emission | 2s2.2p2.(3P).3p 4D* → 2s2.2p2.(3P).4d 4F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 383.8374 nm | 285 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3P → 2s2.2p.4s 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 422.7736 nm | 285 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 1D → 2s2.2p.4s 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 478.8138 nm | 285 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3D → 2s2.2p.3d 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 489.5117 nm | 285 | N II | emission | 2s.2p3 1D* → 2s2.2p.3p 1P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 498.7376 nm | 285 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3S → 2s2.2p.3d 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 553.5347 nm | 285 | N II | emission | 2s.2p2.(4P).3s 5P → 2s.2p2.(4P).3p 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 574.73 nm | 285 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3s 1P* → 2s2.2p.3p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 594.024 nm | 285 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3P → 2s2.2p.3d 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 595.239 nm | 285 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3p 3P → 2s2.2p.3d 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 616.775 nm | 285 | N II | emission | 2s2.2p.3d 3F* → 2s2.2p.4p 3D | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 71 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 60 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 54 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 65 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Bondi
- 155 pm
- Batsanov
- 160 pm
- Alvarez
- 166 pm
- UFF
- 366 pm
- MM3
- 193 pm
- Dreiding
- 366.21 pm
- Rowland–Taylor
- 164 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 179 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 53 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 93
- Pettifor
- 100
- Glawe
- 88
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 7
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 7
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 6
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 7.4 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.2 a.u.
- C₆
- 24.2 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 25.7 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक आसक्ती
- प्रोटॉन आसक्ती
- 342.2 kJ/mol
- वायूची क्षारकता
- 318.7 kJ/mol
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 4.1 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 4
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 63.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 77.35 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 126.19 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (दाब) | 3.4 MPa |
| त्रिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 63.15 K |
| त्रिक बिंदू (दाब) | 12.52 kPa |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (3)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3349 |
| 2 | p | 3.166 |
| 2 | s | 3.1526 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (4)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -3 | IV | 132 | ||
| 3 | VI | 30 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 5 | III | 4.4 | ||
| 5 | VI | 27 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (33)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | p | — |
| 11 | p | 100% |
| 12 | B+ | 100% |
| 12 | B+A | 1.9% |
| 13 | B+ | 100% |
| 16 | B- | 100% |
| 16 | B-A | 0% |
| 17 | B- | 100% |
| 17 | B-n | 95.1% |
| 17 | B-A | 0% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (503)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.67785 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.68963 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.70162 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.71382 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.72623 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.73885 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.7517 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.76584 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.78603 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.80674 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.9×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Nitrogen https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele007.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
5×10-1 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Nitrogen https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele007.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78.1% of the Earth’s air, by volume. The atmosphere of Mars, by comparison, is only 2.6% nitrogen. From an exhaustible source in our atmosphere, nitrogen gas can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. Nitrogen is found in all living systems as part of the makeup of biological compounds.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Nitrogen https://periodic.lanl.gov/7.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
Stable hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen isotopic compositions are used to determine the origin of pseudoephedrine from seized methyl-amphetamine made from the pseudoephedrine (drug used as a nasal decongestant or as a stimulant) [91] H. Salouros, G. J. Sutton, J. Howes, D. B. Hibbert, M. Collins. Anal. Chem.85, 9400 (2013)..
संदर्भ (2)
- [91] H. Salouros, G. J. Sutton, J. Howes, D. B. Hibbert, M. Collins. Anal. Chem.85, 9400 (2013).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Nitrogen.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.