Osmium (Os)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
190.23 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d6द्रवणांक
3032.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
5011.85 °Cघनता
2.25872e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
2.2आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
8.43823 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1803अणुत्रिज्या
130 pmतपशील
Osmium is a very dense, hard, blue-white platinum-group metal. It is chemically noble in compact metallic form but is notable for forming volatile and highly toxic osmium tetroxide. Natural osmium occurs with other platinum-group elements in ultramafic ores and placer deposits, chiefly as alloys and sulfide-bearing mineral assemblages. Its rarity, difficult fabrication, and toxicity of some compounds limit its use despite unusual physical and chemical properties.
The metal is lustrous, bluish white, extremely hard, and brittle even at high temperatures. It has the highest melting point and the lowest vapor pressure of the platinum group. The metal is very difficult to fabricate, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide, which as a powerful oxidizing agent and has a strong smell. The tetroxide is highly toxic, and boils at 130°C.
Density measurements show osmium to be a little more dense than iridium, and osmium is often cited as the heavier element. However, calculations of the density from the space lattice, which may be more reliable than these measurements, give a density of 22.65 for iridium compared to 22.61 for osmium. According to IUPAC, because of this apparent contradiction, no decision has been made as to which is heavier.
The name derives from the Greek osme for "smell" because of the sharp odor of its volatile oxide. Both osmium and iridium were discovered simultaneously in a crude platinum ore by the English chemist Smithson Tennant in 1803.
Osmium and iridium were discovered at the same time by the British chemist Smithson Tennant in 1803. Osmium and iridium were identified in the black residue remaining after dissolving platinum ore with aqua regia, a mixture of 25% nitric acid (HNO3) and 75% hydrochloric acid (HCl). Today, osmium is primarily recovered during the processing of platinum and nickel ores.
Discovered in 1803 by Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia.
Pure osmium is a lustrous bluish white to blue-gray metal. It is extremely dense and hard but also brittle, so it is not readily shaped by ordinary metalworking. Finely divided osmium can oxidize slowly in air to form volatile osmium tetroxide.
Osmium metal has had limited historical use in very hard wear-resistant alloys, including early fountain-pen tips, instrument pivots, and electrical contacts, but most such uses have been replaced by other platinum-group alloys or tungsten materials. Osmium tetroxide, OsO₄, remains important in microscopy as a stain and fixative for unsaturated lipids and biological membranes. Osmium compounds are also used as specialized oxidation catalysts and reagents in organic synthesis, generally on small laboratory or fine-chemical scales.
Metallic osmium is hard, brittle and very difficult to make. Powdered osmium is easier to make but emits osmium tetroxide (OsO4) when it is exposed to the air. Unfortunately, osmium tetroxide smells bad and is very poisonous. Because of these problems, osmium is primarily used to make very hard alloys. Osmium alloys can be found in ball point pen tips, fountain pen tips, record player needles, electrical contacts and other devices where frictional wear must be minimized.
The tetroxide has been used to detect fingerprints and to stain fatty tissue for microscope slides. The metal is almost entirely used to produce very hard alloys with other metals of the platinum group for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, phonograph needles, and electrical contacts.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
The isotope-amount ratio n(187Os)/n(186Os) in rocks can be transferred to fluids, such as magmas, groundwaters, rivers, and oceans. Variations in the inherited n(187Os)/n(186Os) ratios can provide a useful tracer for fluid sources and migration paths, including different layers of the Earth [301] G. Faure. Principles of Isotope Geology, 2nd Edition. p. 608. Wiley, New York (1986)., [504] A. Schersten. Re-Os, Pt-Os and Hf-W Isotopes and Tracing the Core in Mantle Melts, MantlePlumes.org (2014), Feb. 25; http://www.mantleplumes.org/Os-W.html., [516] A. D. Brandon, R. J. Walker. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett.3-4 (232), 211 (2005)., [517] M. Sharma, G. J. Wasserburg, A. W. Hofmann, G. J. Chakrapani. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta63 (23-24), 4005 (1999).. Meteorites and meteorite dust impacting the Earth have different osmium isotopic compositions than terrestrial rocks and sediments. As a result, n(187Os)/n(186Os)-ratio studies provide evidence of continuing extraterrestrial additions to the Earth over geologic time, as well as providing a method for prospecting in the sedimentary record for large meteorite impact events that may have affected life on Earth [518] F. S. Paquay, G. E. Ravizza, T. K. Dalai, B. Peucker-Ehrenbrink. Science320 (5873), 214 (2008)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
Some 187Os is radiogenic as a result of being formed by the beta decay of radioactive 187Re, which has a half-life of 4.16×1010 years. Variations in the isotope-amount ratio n(187Os)/n(186Os) and amount ratio n(187Re)/n(186Os) are used for geochronology; for example, variations in these ratios have been used to determine the ages of the Earth, Moon, and meteorites [301] G. Faure. Principles of Isotope Geology, 2nd Edition. p. 608. Wiley, New York (1986).. Kirk et al. [519] J. Kirk, J. Ruiz, J. Chesley, J. Walshe, G. England. Science297, 1856 (2002). measured rhenium-osmium isotopic abundances in gold and pyrites from conglomerates of the Central Rand Group of South Africa (Fig. IUPAC.76.1), which have produced over 48 000 metric tons of gold and have accounted for 40 percent of the world’s total historic production [520] H. E. Frimmel, W. E. L. Minter. Soc. Econ. Geol. Spec. Publ.9, 17 (2002).. The gold and rounded pyrites from the conglomerates yield an age of ~3.0×109 years. Kirk et al. find that this age is much older than that of the conglomerate, and they conclude that the gold is detrital (material wearing away by weathering or erosion) and was not deposited by later hydrothermal fluids.
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
192Os can be used for the production of the medical radioisotope 195mPt via the 192Os (α, n) 195mPt reaction.
Osmium shows a wide range of oxidation states, from negative states in carbonyl complexes to the high +8 state. Osmium tetroxide, OsO₄, is the best-known compound; it is volatile, strongly oxidizing, and formed by oxidation of osmium metal or lower oxides. Osmium dioxide, OsO₂, is a stable dark oxide with rutile-type structure. Halide chemistry includes osmium tetrachloride, OsCl₄, and chloroosmate complexes such as hexachloroosmate(IV), [OsCl₆]²⁻. Organometallic and carbonyl complexes are important in coordination chemistry but are not bulk materials.
See more information at the Osmium compound page.
Compact osmium metal is relatively inert, but powders and sponges are hazardous because they can produce osmium tetroxide, OsO₄, in air. OsO₄ is highly toxic, volatile, and a strong oxidant; it can damage eyes, skin, and respiratory tissue at very low exposure levels. Osmium compounds should be treated as toxic laboratory chemicals. Natural osmium contains stable isotopes and is not a radiological hazard in ordinary material.
Concentrations in air as low as 107 g/m3 can cause lung congestion, skin damage, or eye damage. Exposure to osmium tetroxide should not exceed 0.0016 mg/m3 (8-hour time weighted average - 40-hour work week).
Osmium is a trace element in the crust and is commonly associated with platinum-group minerals in mafic and ultramafic rocks. It is highly particle-reactive in many natural settings and can be transported in detrital grains or bound to sulfides and organic-rich sediments. The rhenium-osmium isotope system is used to date some ores and sedimentary rocks. Environmental releases are normally very small, but soluble or volatile osmium compounds can be locally significant in laboratories and specialized industry.
Osmium is recovered as a minor by-product of platinum and nickel-copper ore processing rather than mined as a primary product. Separation from other platinum-group metals is technically demanding because of similar chemistry and because volatile osmium tetroxide, OsO₄, must be controlled. Demand is small and specialized, centered on laboratory reagents, catalysts, and limited alloy applications. Recycling occurs mainly through recovery of platinum-group metal residues rather than through a large independent osmium market. Substitution is common where hardness, corrosion resistance, or catalytic behavior can be supplied by iridium, ruthenium, platinum alloys, or non-precious materials.
Osmium occurs in iridosule and in platinum-bearing river sands in the Urals, North America, and South America. It is also found in the nickel-bearing ores of Sudbury, Ontario region along with other platinum metals. While the quantity of platinum metals in these ores is very small, the large tonnages of processed nickel ores make commercial recovery possible.
Osmium is a heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from both rapid and slow neutron-capture pathways depending on isotope. It is rare in the solar system but enriched with other siderophile platinum-group elements in metallic phases. Its isotopic ratios are useful tracers in meteoritic and planetary differentiation studies.
- Osmium is usually cited as the densest naturally occurring element, very close to iridium.
- The name comes from the Greek word for smell, referring to the sharp odor of osmium tetroxide.
- Osmium tetroxide reacts with carbon-carbon double bonds, which underlies its use in staining lipids.
- Some osmiridium alloys occur naturally as hard metallic grains in placer deposits.
- The isotope ¹⁸⁷Os is the decay product of long-lived ¹⁸⁷Re.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 130 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 144 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 216 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 126 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 2.25872 × 104 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.00843 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 3032.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 5011.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.13 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 24.7 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- षट्कोणी निकट-संकुलित सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.2 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.65
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 1.1 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 8.43823 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 17.000059 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 25.000086 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 41.000141 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 55.000189 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 8 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d6
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.32854848 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 6.425869 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 8.187801 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 8.187801 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 8.156708 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 76 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 116 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 43 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 0 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Os-192
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1803
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 0.002 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 274 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-04-2 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 5D4
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Os
- InChI की
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Os: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁶ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁶ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁶ 6s²अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
स्थिर समस्थानिके नाहीत.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 167 किरणोत्सारी | १६६.९७१५४९ ± ०.००००७८ | उपलब्ध नाही | 839 ms |
| 161 किरणोत्सारी | १६०.९८९०३ ± ०.०००४३ | उपलब्ध नाही | 640 us |
| 203 किरणोत्सारी | २०२.९९२१९५ ± ०.०००४२९ | उपलब्ध नाही | 300 ms |
| 166 किरणोत्सारी | १६५.९७२६९२ ± ०.००००२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 213 ms |
| 198 किरणोत्सारी | १९७.९७४४१ ± ०.०००२१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 125 सेकंद |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (3032.85 °C) 3007.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
76 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Os I | 0 | 534 | 0 | 0 |
| Os II | +1 | 38 | 0 | 0 |
| Os III | +2 | 1061 | 1061 | 1061 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Os I | 0 | 274 |
| Os II | +1 | 40 |
| Os III | +2 | 201 |
| Os IV | +3 | 2 |
| Os V | +4 | 2 |
| Os VI | +5 | 2 |
| Os VII | +6 | 2 |
| Os VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Os IX | +8 | 2 |
| Os X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 63 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 57.49999999999999 pm |
| +6 | 5 | उपलब्ध नाही | 49 pm |
| +6 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 54.50000000000001 pm |
| +7 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 52.5 pm |
| +8 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 39 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (5)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 167 किरणोत्सारी | १६६.९७१५४९ ± ०.००००७८ | उपलब्ध नाही | 839 ms | α =51±0.4%β+ ? | |
| 161 किरणोत्सारी | १६०.९८९०३ ± ०.०००४३ | उपलब्ध नाही | 640 us | α ≈100% | |
| 203 किरणोत्सारी | २०२.९९२१९५ ± ०.०००४२९ | उपलब्ध नाही | 300 ms | β- ?β-n ? | |
| 166 किरणोत्सारी | १६५.९७२६९२ ± ०.००००२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 213 ms | α =83±0.4%β+ =17±0.4% | |
| 198 किरणोत्सारी | १९७.९७४४१ ± ०.०००२१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 125 सेकंद | β- =100% |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 129 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 116 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 109 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 248 pm
- UFF
- 312 pm
- MM3
- 235 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 244 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 135 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 61
- Pettifor
- 62
- Glawe
- 60
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 57 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 3 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 584 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 8.45 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 6
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 60
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 8
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 95
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 44
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 44
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 3306.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 5281.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (14)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.4701 |
| 2 | p | 4.4502 |
| 2 | s | 19.8502 |
| 3 | d | 13.5253 |
| 3 | p | 21.7483 |
| 3 | s | 22.5727 |
| 4 | d | 37.142 |
| 4 | f | 38.8472 |
| 4 | p | 34.856 |
| 4 | s | 33.9048 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (6)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | VI | 77 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 71.5 | estimated, | |
| 6 | V | 63 | ||
| 6 | VI | 68.5 | estimated, | |
| 7 | VI | 66.5 | estimated, | |
| 8 | IV | 53 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (58)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 161 | A | 100% |
| 162 | A | 100% |
| 163 | A | 100% |
| 163 | B+ | — |
| 164 | A | 96% |
| 164 | B+ | — |
| 165 | A | 90% |
| 165 | B+ | 10% |
| 166 | A | 83% |
| 166 | B+ | 17% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (516)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.88117 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.93789 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.99632 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.05652 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.13032 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.20812 |
| 11.0106 | — | 2.28877 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.37237 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.45796 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.53755 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.5×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Osmium occurs in iridosule and in platinum-bearing river sands in the Urals, North America, and South America. It is also found in the nickel-bearing ores of Sudbury, Ontario region along with other platinum metals. While the quantity of platinum metals in these ores is very small, the large tonnages of processed nickel ores make commercial recovery possible.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Osmium https://periodic.lanl.gov/76.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Osmium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.