Rhenium (Re)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
186.207 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d5द्रवणांक
3185.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
5595.85 °Cघनता
2.08e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.9आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
7.83352 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1925अणुत्रिज्या
135 pmतपशील
Rhenium is a very dense, high-melting transition metal in group 7, chemically related to manganese and technetium but far less abundant in the crust. It is notable for retaining strength at extreme temperature and for forming stable high oxidation states, especially +7. Natural rhenium occurs mainly as a trace substitute in molybdenite rather than as separate ores, making it a by-product metal of copper-molybdenum processing.
The element is silvery white with a metallic luster; its density is exceeded only by that of platinum, iridium, and osmium, and its melting point is exceeded only by that of tungsten and carbon.
The usual commercial form of the element is powder, but it can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This process produces a compact shape in excess of 90 percent of the density of the metal.
Annealed rhenium is very ductile, and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rhenium is used as an additive to tungsten and molybdenum -based alloys to impart useful properties.
The name derives from the Latin rhenus for the Rhine river in Germany. Rhenium was discovered by x-ray spectroscopy in 1925 by German chemists Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg.
Rhenium was discovered by the German chemists Ida Tacke-Noddack, Walter Noddack and Otto Carl Berg in 1925. They detected rhenium spectroscopically in platinum ores and in the minerals columbite ((Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Ta)2O6), gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10) and molybdenite (MoS2). Rhenium is present in these materials only in trace amounts. In 1928, Noddack and Berg were able to extract 1 gram of rhenium from 660 kilograms of molybdenite. Today, rhenium is obtained as a byproduct of refining molybdenum and copper.
Discovery of rhenium is generally attributed to Noddack, Tacke, and Berg, who announced in 1925 they had detected the element in platinum ore and columbite. They also found the element in gadolinite and molybdenite. By working up 660 kg of molybdenite in 1928 they were able to extract 1 g of rhenium.
Pure rhenium is a silvery-white to gray metallic solid with a bright luster when freshly prepared. It is hard, dense, and refractory, with one of the highest melting points among the elements. Powdered rhenium can be darker gray because of surface condition and particle size.
The largest use of rhenium is in nickel-based superalloys for turbine blades and other hot-section components, where small additions improve high-temperature strength and creep resistance. Rhenium is also used with platinum in reforming catalysts for petroleum refining. Tungsten-rhenium and molybdenum-rhenium alloys serve in high-temperature thermocouples, filaments, electrical contacts, and specialized X-ray tube targets. Its radioisotopes ¹⁸⁶Re and ¹⁸⁸Re have been studied and used in limited nuclear-medicine applications.
Rhenium is used in flash lamps for photography and for filaments in mass spectrographs and ion gages, but is most frequently used as an alloying agent in tungsten and molybdenum and as a catalyst for performing certain reactions to a type of hydrocarbon known as an olefin.
It is widely used as filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gauges. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 K.
Rhenium is also used as an electrical contact material because it has good wear resistance and withstands arc corrosion. Thermocouples made of Re-W are used for measuring temperatures up to 2200C, and rhenium wire is used in photoflash lamps for photography.
Rhenium catalysts are exceptionally resistant to poisoning from nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and are used for hydrogenation of fine chemicals.
Isotopes in Geochronology
The rhenium-osmium dating method is of special interest for the dating of rhenium-bearing ores, gold deposits, copper-nickel deposits, and meteorites. This method is based on the beta-decay of 187Re (having a half-life of 41.6×109 years) to 187Os, an example of which appears in Fig. IUPAC.75.1 [515] H. M. Baioumy, L. B. Eglinton, B. Peucker-Ehrenbrink. Chem. Geol.285, 70 (2011)..
Isotopes in Medicine
186Re (with a half-life of 89 h) is a beta-emitting radioisotope that is used for cancer treatment, in particular for pain relief in bone cancer and in rheumatoid arthritis (see radiosynovectomy). It is produced from the stable isotope 185Re via the 185Re (n, γ) 186Re reaction [188] S. J. Adelstein, F. J. Manning. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, pp. 20–25, National Academy Press, Washington DC (1995).. 186Re is also used for radiolabeling of cancer therapeutic agents [188] S. J. Adelstein, F. J. Manning. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, pp. 20–25, National Academy Press, Washington DC (1995).. 188Re (with a half-life of 17 h) is used to irradiate coronary arteries with beta particles during insertion of an angioplasty balloon (a tiny balloon that is inserted into an artery and inflated to flatten plaque build-up and improve blood flow) and in palliative therapy, particularly for bone metastases. The beta irradiation can decrease scar tissue formation after the overstretching of arteries by angioplasty.
Rhenium chemistry spans oxidation states from negative values in carbonyl complexes to +7 in oxo compounds, with +4, +5, and +7 especially important. Perrhenic acid, HReO₄, and perrhenate salts containing ReO₄⁻ resemble perchlorates in charge and geometry but are less oxidizing under many conditions. Rhenium(VII) oxide, Re₂O₇, is the volatile anhydride of perrhenic acid. Rhenium disulfide, ReS₂, is a layered dichalcogenide with lower symmetry than many related sulfides. Dirhenium decacarbonyl, Re₂(CO)₁₀, is a common starting material in organorhenium chemistry.
See more information at the Rhenium compound page.
Massive rhenium metal is generally of low chemical reactivity, but dusts and fine powders present inhalation and fire-control concerns typical of refractory metals. Soluble perrhenate compounds can be absorbed and should be handled as toxicologically insufficiently characterized heavy-metal salts. Radioactive rhenium isotopes pose isotope-specific radiation hazards; their risk depends on half-life, emissions, chemical form, and administered or handled activity.
Rhenium is a trace element with no known essential biological role. In rocks it is commonly associated with sulfide minerals, especially molybdenite, and can be mobilized during weathering as the soluble perrhenate ion, ReO₄⁻. Seawater contains very low concentrations of dissolved rhenium, and marine sediments can record rhenium enrichment under reducing conditions. Industrial releases are mainly linked to mining, smelting, and catalyst handling.
Rhenium is obtained almost entirely as a by-product, principally from molybdenite concentrates generated in porphyry copper-molybdenum mining. During roasting, volatile rhenium oxides are captured from flue dusts and converted to ammonium perrhenate, NH₄ReO₄, or to metal powder. Supply is constrained because production depends on the output and processing choices of other metals rather than on primary rhenium mines. Demand is concentrated in aerospace superalloys and platinum-rhenium catalysts, so recycling from spent catalysts and high-value alloy scrap is important. Substitution is limited in some turbine applications, but alloy design can reduce rhenium content when supply or cost pressures are high.
Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in a distinct mineral species. It is, however, widely spread throughout the earth's crust to the extent of about 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium in the U.S. today is obtained from molybdenum roaster-flue dusts obtained from copper-sulfide ores mined in the vicinity of Miami, Arizona and elsewhere in Arizona and in Utah.
Some molybdenum contains from 0.002% to 0.2% rhenium. More than 150,000 troy ounces of rhenium are now being produced yearly in the United States. The total estimated Free World reserve of rhenium metal is 3500 tons. Rhenium metal is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhentate with hydrogen at elevated temperatures.
Rhenium is cosmically rare. Its stable and very long-lived isotopes are produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, followed by dispersal into interstellar material. In planetary bodies it behaves as a siderophile and chalcophile trace element, so it partitions into metal and sulfide phases rather than forming abundant silicate minerals.
- Rhenium was one of the last stable elements to be discovered.
- Natural rhenium is dominated by ¹⁸⁷Re, which is radioactive with an extremely long half-life.
- The ¹⁸⁷Re-¹⁸⁷Os decay system is used for dating some sulfide ores and meteorites.
- Rhenium has a higher boiling point than any other element under standard tabulations.
- Perrhenate, ReO₄⁻, is often used as a nonradioactive chemical analogue for pertechnetate, TcO₄⁻.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 135 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 151 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 217 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 128 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 2.08 × 104 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.00885 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 3185.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 5595.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 48 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.137 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 25.48 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- षट्कोणी निकट-संकुलित सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.9 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.6
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.15 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 7.83352 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 16.600057 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 27.000093 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 39.100135 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 51.900179 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 7 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d5
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.34927709 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 7.358657 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 8.032337 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 8.032337 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 8.021972 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 75 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 110 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 41 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 1 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Re-185
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1925
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 7e-4 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 4 × 10−6 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 276 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-15-5 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 6S5/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Re
- InChI की
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Re: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁵ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁵ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁵ 6s²अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 185 स्थिर | १८४.९५२९५४५ ± ०.०००००१३ | 37.4000% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (3185.85 °C) 3160.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
75 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Re I | 0 | 432 | 0 | 0 |
| Re II | +1 | 56 | 0 | 0 |
| Re III | +2 | 1381 | 1381 | 1381 |
| Re IV | +3 | 982 | 982 | 982 |
| Re V | +4 | 401 | 401 | 401 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Re I | 0 | 291 |
| Re II | +1 | 140 |
| Re III | +2 | 232 |
| Re IV | +3 | 162 |
| Re V | +4 | 80 |
| Re VI | +5 | 2 |
| Re VII | +6 | 2 |
| Re VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Re IX | +8 | 2 |
| Re X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 63 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +6 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 55.00000000000001 pm |
| +7 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 38 pm |
| +7 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 53 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (1)
Natural rhenium is a mixture of two stable isotopes. Twenty six other unstable isotopes are recognized.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 185 स्थिर | १८४.९५२९५४५ ± ०.०००००१३ | 37.4000% ± 0.0200% | स्थिर | stable |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 131 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 119 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 110 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 249 pm
- UFF
- 295.4 pm
- MM3
- 237 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 249 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 137 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 57
- Pettifor
- 59
- Glawe
- 58
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 62 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 3 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 663 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 8.85 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 6
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 51
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 6
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 52
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 68
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 68
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 3458.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 5863.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (14)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.4522 |
| 2 | p | 4.438 |
| 2 | s | 19.5902 |
| 3 | d | 13.5453 |
| 3 | p | 21.5655 |
| 3 | s | 22.3515 |
| 4 | d | 36.9456 |
| 4 | f | 39.0752 |
| 4 | p | 34.6268 |
| 4 | s | 33.6436 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (5)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | VI | 77 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 72 | estimated, | |
| 6 | VI | 69 | estimated, | |
| 7 | IV | 52 | ||
| 7 | VI | 67 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (54)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 159 | p | — |
| 159 | A | — |
| 160 | p | 89% |
| 160 | A | 11% |
| 161 | p | 100% |
| 161 | A | — |
| 162 | A | 94% |
| 162 | B+ | — |
| 163 | B+ | — |
| 163 | A | 32% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (516)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.8209 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.91145 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.0065 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.10629 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.21103 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.28753 |
| 11.0106 | — | 2.3602 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.43518 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.51255 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.59237 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
7×10-4 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4×10-6 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in a distinct mineral species. It is, however, widely spread throughout the earth's crust to the extent of about 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium in the U.S. today is obtained from molybdenum roaster-flue dusts obtained from copper-sulfide ores mined in the vicinity of Miami, Arizona and elsewhere in Arizona and in Utah.
Some molybdenum contains from 0.002% to 0.2% rhenium. More than 150,000 troy ounces of rhenium are now being produced yearly in the United States. The total estimated Free World reserve of rhenium metal is 3500 tons. Rhenium metal is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhentate with hydrogen at elevated temperatures.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Rhenium https://periodic.lanl.gov/75.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Rhenium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.