Tungsten (W)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
183.84 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4द्रवणांक
3421.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
5554.85 °Cघनता
1.93e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
2.36आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
7.86403 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1781अणुत्रिज्या
135 pmतपशील
Tungsten is a dense, refractory transition metal in group 6. It has the highest melting point of any element and retains strength at temperatures where most engineering metals soften. Chemically it is best known for stable high oxidation states, especially +6, and for forming hard carbides and complex oxoanions. Natural tungsten occurs mainly in tungstate minerals rather than as the native metal.
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Very pure tungsten can be cut with a hacksaw, forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. The impure metal is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. The metal oxidizes in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The thermal expansion is about the same as borosilicate glass, which makes the metal useful for glass-to-metal seals.
The name derives from the Swedish tungsten for "heavy stone". The symbol W derives from the German wolfram, which was found with tin and interfered with the smelting of tin. It was said to eat up tin like a wolf eats up sheep. The element was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1781. Tungsten metal was first isolated by the Spanish chemists Fausto Elhuyar and his brother Juan José in 1783.
Tungsten was discovered by Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar, Spanish chemists and brothers, in 1783 in samples of the mineral wolframite ((Fe, Mn)WO4). Today, tungsten is primarily obtained from wolframite and scheelite (CaWO4) using the same basic method developed by José and Elhuyar. Tungsten ores are crushed, cleaned and treated with alkalis to form tungsten trioxide (WO3). Tungsten trioxide is then heated with carbon or hydrogen gas (H2), forming tungsten metal and carbon dioxide (CO2) or tungsten metal and water vapor (H2O).
From Swedish, tung sten meanig heavy stone. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now known as wolframite and concluded it must contain a new substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tungsten (a name first applied about 1758 to a mineral now known as scheelite). Scheele and Berman suggested the possibility of obtaining a new metal by reducing this acid. The de Elhuyar brothers found acid in wolframite in 1783 that was identical to the acid of tungsten (tungstic acid) of Scheele, and in that year they succeeded in obtaining the element by reduction of this acid with charcoal. Tungsten occurs in wolframite, scheelite, huebnertie, and ferberite. Important deposits of tungsten occur in California, Colorado, South Korea, Bolivia, Russia, and Portugal. China is reported to have about 75% of the world's tungsten resources. Natural tungsten contains five stable isotopes. Twenty one other unstable isotopes are recognized. The metal is obtained commercially be reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon.
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to silvery-white metal with a metallic luster. It is hard and brittle when impure or cold-worked, but sufficiently pure tungsten can be drawn into wire after suitable processing. The metal is solid under ordinary conditions and has an exceptionally high density.
Tungsten metal is used where very high temperature strength, low vapor pressure, and resistance to arc erosion are needed. Important uses include filaments and electrodes in specialized lamps and vacuum devices, contacts, heating elements, and parts for high-temperature furnaces. Tungsten carbide is central to cutting tools, mining bits, dies, and wear-resistant components. Heavy tungsten alloys are used for counterweights, radiation shielding, vibration damping, and some kinetic-energy applications.
Pure tungsten is a light gray or whitish metal that is soft enough to be cut with a hacksaw and ductile enough to be drawn into wire or extruded into various shapes. If contaminated with other materials, tungsten becomes brittle and difficult to work with. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metallic elements and is used to make filaments for incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent light bulbs and television tubes. Tungsten expands at nearly the same rate as borosilicate glass and is used to make metal to glass seals. Tungsten is also used as a target for X-ray production, as heating elements in electric furnaces and for parts of spacecraft and missiles which must withstand high temperatures.
Tungsten is alloyed with steel to form tough metals that are stable at high temperatures. Tungsten-steel alloys are used to make such things as high speed cutting tools and rocket engine nozzles.
Tungsten carbide (WC) is an extremely hard tungsten compound. It is used in the tips of drill bits, high speed cutting tools and in mining machinery. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a dry lubricant that can be used to temperatures as high as 500°C. Tungsten forms compounds with calcium and magnesium that have phosphorescent properties and are used in fluorescent light bulbs.
Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for metal evaporation work; for electrical contact points for automobile distributors; X-ray targets; windings and heating elements for electrical furnaces; and for numerous spacecraft and high-temperature applications. High-speed tool steels, Hastelloy(R), Stellite(R), and many other alloys contain tungsten. Tungsten carbide is of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries. Calcium and magnesium tungstates are widely used in fluorescent lighting; other salts of tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tungsten disulfide is a dry, high-temperature lubricant, stable to 500C. Tungsten bronzes and other tungsten compounds are used in paints.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
182W is the stable product of the decay of 182Hf, which has a half-life of 8.9×106 years. Although 182Hf was present at the dawn of the Solar System, this isotope has long since decayed. During the formation of the planets, including Earth, the elements hafnium and tungsten were partitioned into silicate minerals (rock forming minerals with silicon-oxygen bonds that constitute more than 90 percent of the Earth’s crust) and metal phases, respectively. The measurement of excessive amounts of 182W, arising from the decay of 182Hf that accumulated in silicate minerals, has been used to estimate the time that elapsed between the formation of the Solar System and accretion of the planets (Fig. IUPAC.74.1) [512] E. B. Norman, D. N. Schramm. Nature304, 515 (1983)., [513] C. Vockenhuber, F. Oberli, M. Bichler, I. Ahmad, G. Quitté, M. Meier, A. N. Halliday, D. C. Lee, W. Kutschera, P. Steier, R. J. Gehrke, R. G. Helmer. Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 172501-1 (2004)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
Tungsten-rhenium generators use 188W, which is produced from 186W, via the following double neutron capture reaction 186W (n, γ) 187W (n, γ) 188W.
Tungsten chemistry is dominated by oxidation states from 0 to +6, with +6 the most common in air-stable compounds. Tungsten(VI) oxide, WO₃, is an important oxide used in pigments, electrochromic devices, and as a precursor to metal powder. Tungstates contain the tungstate ion, WO₄²⁻, and include calcium tungstate, CaWO₄, and sodium tungstate, Na₂WO₄. Tungsten hexafluoride, WF₆, is a volatile +6 compound used in chemical vapor deposition. Tungsten carbide, WC, is a hard interstitial compound rather than a typical salt.
See more information at the Tungsten compound page.
Massive tungsten metal has low acute toxicity and is not easily absorbed, but fine powders can present dust, fire, or explosion hazards under some conditions. Soluble tungstate salts are more biologically available and should not be treated as harmless. Tungsten carbide tools may contain cobalt or nickel binders that add important occupational hazards. Tungsten is not radioactive as a natural element in practical terms, though artificial radioisotopes require isotope-specific controls.
Tungsten enters the environment mainly through weathering of tungstate minerals and through mining, milling, metalworking, and disposal of hard-metal products. In oxidizing waters it commonly forms tungstate species, which can be more mobile than many heavy-metal ions. Its biological role is limited but real in some microorganisms, where tungsten enzymes are known. Environmental behavior depends strongly on pH, redox conditions, and adsorption to iron or manganese oxides.
Tungsten is produced chiefly from scheelite and wolframite concentrates. Ore is converted to ammonium paratungstate and then to tungsten oxide or tungsten metal powder, with powder metallurgy used for many products because of the metal’s very high melting point. Supply is strategically important because deposits and refining capacity are geographically concentrated. Demand is led by cemented carbides, followed by alloy, mill-product, and chemical uses. Recycling of carbide scrap and heavy alloys is significant because tungsten is valuable and often recoverable from industrial products.
Occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4].
Tungsten is a rare heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are made mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar events, rather than by ordinary stellar fusion. In planets it is lithophile under oxidizing conditions but can partition into metal under reducing conditions. Hafnium-tungsten isotope systematics are used to study early Solar System chronology and core formation.
- The symbol W comes from wolfram, a name still reflected in wolframite ores.
- Tungsten wire was crucial to long-lived incandescent lamps after ductile wire production became practical.
- Tungsten has an unusually low vapor pressure at very high temperature.
- Cemented tungsten carbide is usually a composite with a metallic binder, not pure WC alone.
- The isotope ¹⁸²W is important in hafnium-tungsten geochronology.
- Tungsten compounds can form polyoxometalates with large, cage-like anions.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 135 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 162 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 210 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 130 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 1.93 × 104 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.00953 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 3421.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 5554.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 173 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.132 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 24.27 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पिंडकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.36 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.47
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.815 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 7.86403 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 16.370056 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 26.000089 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 38.200131 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 51.600178 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 6 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.36482355 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 8.360885 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 8.803441 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 8.803441 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 8.820024 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 74 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 110 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 41 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 0 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- W-184
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1781
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 1.25 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 1 × 10−4 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 316 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-33-7 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 5D0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/W
- InChI की
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
W: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
स्थिर समस्थानिके नाहीत.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 183 किरणोत्सारी | १८२.९५०२२२७५ ± ०.००००००९ | 14.3100% | 670 Ey |
| 161 किरणोत्सारी | १६०.९६७२ ± ०.०००२१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 409 ms |
| 157 किरणोत्सारी | १५६.९७८८४ ± ०.०००४३ | उपलब्ध नाही | 275 ms |
| 177 किरणोत्सारी | १७६.९४६६४३ ± ०.००००३ | उपलब्ध नाही | 132.4 मिनिटे |
| 181 किरणोत्सारी | १८०.९४८१९७८ ± ०.०००००५१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 120.956 दिवस |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (3421.85 °C) 3396.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
74 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| W I | 0 | 7049 | 522 | 5852 |
| W II | +1 | 2838 | 211 | 2838 |
| W III | +2 | 2644 | 37 | 2644 |
| W IV | +3 | 791 | 0 | 791 |
| W V | +4 | 193 | 0 | 193 |
| W VI | +5 | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| W VII | +6 | 397 | 0 | 397 |
| W VIII | +7 | 193 | 187 | 193 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| W I | 0 | 509 |
| W II | +1 | 264 |
| W III | +2 | 236 |
| W IV | +3 | 106 |
| W V | +4 | 60 |
| W VI | +5 | 15 |
| W VII | +6 | 113 |
| W VIII | +7 | 103 |
| W IX | +8 | 3 |
| W X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 66 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 62 pm |
| +6 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 42 pm |
| +6 | 5 | उपलब्ध नाही | 51 pm |
| +6 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 60 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (5)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 183 किरणोत्सारी | १८२.९५०२२२७५ ± ०.००००००९ | 14.3100% ± 0.0400% | 670 Ey | IS =14.31±0.4%α ? | |
| 161 किरणोत्सारी | १६०.९६७२ ± ०.०००२१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 409 ms | α =73±0.3%β+ =27±0.3% | |
| 157 किरणोत्सारी | १५६.९७८८४ ± ०.०००४३ | उपलब्ध नाही | 275 ms | β+ =100%α =0% | |
| 177 किरणोत्सारी | १७६.९४६६४३ ± ०.००००३ | उपलब्ध नाही | 132.4 मिनिटे | β+ =100% | |
| 181 किरणोत्सारी | १८०.९४८१९७८ ± ०.०००००५१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 120.956 दिवस | ε =100% |
वर्णरेषा
2460 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 400.8749 nm | 1000 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 429.4605 nm | 800 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 386.7982 nm | 600 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 407.4357 nm | 600 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 381.7484 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 484.381 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 505.328 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 384.6213 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 525.9338 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 551.4684 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 383.5052 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 388.1394 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 522.4661 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 524.2973 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3G → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 424.4367 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 426.9384 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 430.2103 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 488.6902 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 498.2586 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 380.9234 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 384.749 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 505.4594 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 507.1736 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 523.352 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3P2 → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527.5538 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 549.2315 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 381.0796 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 506.9123 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 525.5401 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4D).6s 5D → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 434.811303 nm | 109 | W II | emission | 5d4.(5D).6s 4D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 381.0385 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 401.5216 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 404.56 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 410.2701 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 424.1444 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3D → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 427.4553 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 525.4544 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3D → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 526.3195 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4D).6s 5D → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 526.9315 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 543.5042 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 395.105951 nm | 91 | W II | emission | 5d4.(5D).6s 4D → 5d3.(4F).6s.(5F).6p 6G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 406.9948 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 413.7464 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 421.9375 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 425.9363 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 468.0513 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 498.6924 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3H → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 526.8545 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 547.7798 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3P2 → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 667.838 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 137 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 120 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 115 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 257 pm
- UFF
- 309.6 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 253 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 139 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 53
- Pettifor
- 56
- Glawe
- 57
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 68 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 15 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 757 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 9.55 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 6
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 84
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 10
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 61
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 24
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 3687.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 5828.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (14)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.4343 |
| 2 | p | 4.4258 |
| 2 | s | 19.3302 |
| 3 | d | 13.5476 |
| 3 | p | 21.3824 |
| 3 | s | 22.13 |
| 4 | d | 36.8268 |
| 4 | f | 39.2892 |
| 4 | p | 34.4516 |
| 4 | s | 33.4412 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (5)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | VI | 80 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 76 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | IV | 56 | ||
| 6 | V | 65 | ||
| 6 | VI | 74 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (54)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 157 | B+ | 100% |
| 157 | A | 0% |
| 158 | A | 100% |
| 159 | A | 100% |
| 159 | B+ | — |
| 160 | A | 87% |
| 160 | B+ | — |
| 161 | A | 73% |
| 161 | B+ | 27% |
| 162 | B+ | — |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (541)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.92551 |
| 10.1617 | — | 2.00949 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.09714 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.18428 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.26758 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.35405 |
| 11.0105 | — | 2.44381 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.537 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.63375 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.73418 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.25 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Tungsten https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-4 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Tungsten https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tungsten.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.