Niobium (Nb)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
92.90637 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Kr] 5s1 4d4द्रवणांक
2476.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
4743.85 °Cघनता
8570 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.6आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
6.75885 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1801अणुत्रिज्या
145 pmतपशील
Niobium is a refractory transition metal of group 5, chemically similar to tantalum and commonly occurring with it in oxide minerals. It is valued for its ability to strengthen steel at very small additions and for forming superconducting intermetallic compounds. In most compounds niobium is pentavalent, but lower oxidation states are well established, especially in halides and cluster chemistry.
Niobium is a shiny, white, soft, and ductile metal, and takes on a bluish cast when exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. The metal starts to oxidize in air at 200°C, and when processed at even moderate temperatures must be placed in a protective atmosphere.
The name derives from the Greek mythological character Niobe, who was the daughter of Tantalus, because the elements niobium and tantalum were originally thought to be identical. Niobium was discovered in a black mineral from America called columbite by the British chemist and manufacturer Charles Hatchett in 1801 and he called the element columbium. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston claimed that columbium and tantalum were identical.
Forty years later, the German chemist and pharmacist, Heinrich Rose, determined that they were two different elements in 1846 and gave the name niobium because it was so difficult to distinguish it from tantalum. The name columbium continued to be used in America and niobium in Europe until IUPAC adopted the name niobium in 1949. Niobium was first isolated by the chemist C. W. Blomstrand in 1846.
The story of niobium's discovery is a bit confusing. The first governor of Connecticut, John Winthrop the Younger, discovered a new mineral around 1734. He named the mineral columbite ((Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Ta)2O6) and sent a sample of it to the British Museum in London, England. The columbite sat in the museum's mineral collection for years until it was analyzed by Charles Hatchett in 1801. Hatchett could tell that there was an unknown element in the columbite, but he was not able to isolate it. He named the new element columbium. The fate of columbium took a drastic turn in 1809 when William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist and physicist, compared the minerals columbite and tantalite ((Fe, Mn)(Ta, Nb)2O6) and declared that columbium was actually the element tantalum. This confusion arose because tantalum and niobium are similar metals, are always found together and are very difficult to isolate.
Niobium was rediscovered and renamed by Heinrich Rose in 1844 when he produced two new acids, niobic acid and pelopic acid, from samples of columbite and tantalite. These acids are very similar to each other and it took another twenty-two years and a Swiss chemist named Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac to prove that these were two distinct chemicals produced from two different elements. Metallic niobium was finally isolated by the Swedish chemist Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand in 1864. Today, niobium is primarily obtained from the minerals columbite and pyrochlore ((Ca, Na)2Nb2O6(O, OH, F)).
Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalu. Discovered in 1801 by Hatchett in an ore sent to England. The metal was first prepared in 1864 by Blomstrand, who reduced the chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. The name niobium was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemicstry (IUPAC) in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. Many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by this name. Most metallurgists, leading metal societies, and all but one of the leading U.S. commercial producers, however, still refer to the metal as "columbium."
Pure niobium is a soft, ductile, lustrous gray metal when freshly prepared. It is solid under ordinary conditions and develops a thin protective oxide film in air. The metal has a high melting point and can be worked when sufficiently pure, but interstitial oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen can make it less ductile.
The largest use of niobium is as ferroniobium in high-strength low-alloy steels, where small additions improve strength, toughness, and grain control. Niobium-bearing steels are used in pipelines, structural steel, automotive parts, and some pressure vessels. Niobium-titanium and niobium-tin superconductors are used in magnets for MRI systems, particle accelerators, and research instruments. Niobium is also used in some nickel-base superalloys, welding alloys, corrosion-resistant equipment, and electronic components such as niobium capacitors.
Niobium is used as an alloying agent and for jewelry, but perhaps its most interesting applications are in the field of superconductivity. Superconductive wire can be made from an alloy of niobium and titanium which can then be used to make superconductive magnets. Other alloys of niobium, such as those with tin and aluminum, are superconductive as well. Pure niobium is itself a superconductor when it is cooled below 9.25 K (-442.75°F). Superconductive niobium cavities are at the heart of a machine built at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. This machine, called an electron accelerator, is used by scientists to study the quark structure of matter. The accelerator's 338 niobium cavities are bathed in liquid helium and accelerate electrons to nearly the speed of light.
Niobium is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel. Thousands of pounds of niobium have been used in advanced air frame systems such as were used in the Gemini space program. The element has superconductive properties; superconductive magnets have been made with Nb-Zr wire, which retains its superconductivity in strong magnetic fields. This type of application offers hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Niobium is also commonly used for jewelry.
Isotopes in Biology
95Nb (with a half-life of 35 days) and 95Nb-oxalates have been used to study the absorption, retention and distribution of niobium in the body [309] F. R. Mraz, G. R. Eisele. Radiat. Res.72, 533 (1977)., [310] F. Paquet, P. Houpert, M. Verry, G. Grillon, J. D. Harrison, H. Métivier. Radiat. Prot. Dosim.79, 191 (1998)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Nuclear physicists are trying to study the generation of new isotopes and their elements in stars (astrophysical nucleosynthesis) via the rapid neutron capture process (r-process). Physicists at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Facility (RIBF) of the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Wako, Japan, have begun creating and studying highly neutron-rich isotopes that are thought to only be produced by the r-process. The data for many neutron-rich isotopes is incomplete, and the RIKEN team is filling in key missing information that is needed to simulate the r-process (including information on the half-lives of the neutron-rich isotopes). So far, the half-lives of 38 neutron-rich isotopes have been measured from krypton to technetium, including 111Nb and 112Nb. When the missing information has been obtained, physicists will have a better understanding of the r-process and how elements are created [311] RIKEN Research. The Importance of Fundamental Measurements, RIKEN Research (2017), Feb. 26; http://www.riken.jp/en/research/rikenresearch/highlights/6600/., [312] S. Nishimura, Z. Li, H. Watanabe, K. Yoshinaga, T. Sumikama, T. Tachibana, K. Yamaguchi, M. Kurata-Nishimura, G. Lorusso, Y. Miyashita, A. Odahara, H. Baba, J. S. Berryman, N. Blasi, A. Bracco, F. Camera, J. Chiba, P. Doornenbal, S. Go, T. Hashimoto, S. Hayakawa, C. Hinke, E. Ideguchi, T. Isobe, Y. Ito, D. G. Jenkins, Y. Kawada, N. Kobayashi, Y. Kondo, R. Krücken, S. Kubono, T. Nakano, H. J. Ong, S. Ota, Z. Podolyák, H. Sakurai, H. Scheit, K. Steiger, D. Steppenbeck, K. Sugimoto, S. Takano, A. Takashima, K. Tajiri, T. Teranishi, Y. Wakabayashi, P. M. Walker, O. Wieland, H. Yamaguchi. Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 052502 (2011)..
Isotopes in Medicine
95Nb and 95mNb (with a half-life of 3.6 days) have been used in tumor research and tumor imaging studies (Fig. IUPAC.41.1) [313] A. Ando, I. Ando. J. Radiat. Res.31, 97 (1990)., [314] A. Ando, I. Ando. Acta Radiol. Suppl.374, 65 (1990)., [315] V. Radchenko, P. Bouziotis, G. Loudos, S. Xanthopoulos, H. Hauser, M. Esienhut, B. Ponsard, F. Roesch. J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm.56, S69 (2013).. The m in the superscript of 95mNb indicates a metastable state of the isotope.
Niobium chemistry is dominated by the +5 oxidation state. Niobium pentoxide, Nb₂O₅, is the most important oxide and a common intermediate in extraction and materials processing. Niobium pentachloride, NbCl₅, is a volatile Lewis-acidic halide used in synthesis and as a precursor to other niobium compounds. Lower halides such as niobium tetrachloride, NbCl₄, and cluster compounds contain Nb–Nb bonding. Carbides and nitrides, including niobium carbide, NbC, and niobium nitride, NbN, are hard refractory materials; NbN can be superconducting depending on composition and structure.
See more information at the Niobium compound page.
Compact niobium metal is generally of low chemical toxicity, but fine powder can burn and presents a dust exposure hazard. Machining dusts, fumes from welding, and soluble or reactive niobium compounds should be handled as industrial particulates or corrosive chemicals according to their form. Natural niobium consists essentially of stable ⁹³Nb, while radioactive niobium isotopes are mainly research or activation products and have isotope-specific radiological hazards.
Niobium occurs at low concentrations in the crust, chiefly in resistant oxide minerals such as pyrochlore and columbite rather than as native metal. It is not known to have an essential biological role. Under surface conditions niobium is relatively immobile because pentavalent niobium forms insoluble oxides and strongly sorbs to mineral surfaces. Mining and processing residues are the main localized environmental concern.
Niobium is produced mainly from pyrochlore concentrates, commonly converted to ferroniobium for direct steelmaking use. Separation from tantalum can be important in ores where both elements occur, but the dominant niobium supply is tied to large carbonatite-hosted deposits. Demand is strongly linked to steel production and infrastructure. Recycling occurs indirectly through niobium-bearing steel scrap and specialty alloy scrap, although dilute additions make full element-specific recovery difficult. Substitution is possible in some steels with vanadium, titanium, or molybdenum, but performance and processing trade-offs limit direct replacement.
The element is found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, parochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of parochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Nigeria, Zaire, and in Russia.
Niobium is a trace cosmic element produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars. It is less abundant than neighboring lighter transition metals and is not a major rock-forming element in planetary materials. In meteorites and terrestrial rocks it behaves as a refractory lithophile element and tends to remain with oxide and silicate phases rather than metallic iron.
- Niobium was long known as columbium, and that name persisted in parts of industry for many years.
- The stable isotope ⁹³Nb makes natural niobium nearly monoisotopic.
- Niobium microalloying can change steel properties at additions well below one percent.
- Niobium and tantalum are difficult to separate because their ionic sizes and chemistry are very similar.
- The superconducting compound niobium-tin is Nb₃Sn.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 145 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 164 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 207 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 134 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 8570 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0108 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 2476.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 4743.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 53.7 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.265 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 24.6 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पिंडकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.6 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.41
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.893 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 6.75885 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 14.320049 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 25.040086 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 37.611129 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 50.572974 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 5 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Kr] 5s1 4d4
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.27776338 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 7.151371 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 7.617764 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 7.617764 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 7.597036 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 41 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 52 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 38 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 1 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Nb-93
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1801
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 20 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 1 × 10−5 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 330 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-03-1 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 6D1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Nb
- InChI की
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Nb: 4d⁴ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁴ 5s¹अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 93 स्थिर | ९२.९०६३७३ ± ०.०००००२ | 100.0000% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (2476.85 °C) 2451.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
41 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nb I | 0 | 509 | 0 | 0 |
| Nb II | +1 | 150 | 0 | 0 |
| Nb III | +2 | 108 | 0 | 0 |
| Nb IV | +3 | 819 | 819 | 819 |
| Nb V | +4 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Nb I | 0 | 395 |
| Nb II | +1 | 354 |
| Nb III | +2 | 189 |
| Nb IV | +3 | 183 |
| Nb V | +4 | 31 |
| Nb VI | +5 | 105 |
| Nb VII | +6 | 32 |
| Nb VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Nb IX | +8 | 2 |
| Nb X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 72 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 68 pm |
| +4 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 79 pm |
| +5 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 48 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 64 pm |
| +5 | 7 | उपलब्ध नाही | 69 pm |
| +5 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 74 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (1)
Eighteen isotopes of niobium are known. The metal can be isolated from tantalum, and prepared in several ways.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 93 स्थिर | ९२.९०६३७३ ± ०.०००००२ | 100.0000% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.5416 nm | 5000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3P → 4d.6p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 382.5694 nm | 200000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1F* → 4d.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 382.5875 nm | 250000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 383.106 nm | 15000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3D → 4d.6p 1D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 385.2874 nm | 60000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 385.5325 nm | 10000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1P* → 4d.6d 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 386.9546 nm | 8000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 1P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 387.5455 nm | 100000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3G → 4d.6p 1D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 388.2203 nm | 60000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1P* → 4d.6d 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 389.8028 nm | 100000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3S → 4d.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 390.0115 nm | 25000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 391.6922 nm | 8000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 392.1878 nm | 5000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 1P → 4d.6p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.057 nm | 25000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.3315 nm | 20000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 398.5759 nm | 5000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4d.6p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 400.1839 nm | 4000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 403.2233 nm | 40000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 404.998 nm | 10000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 405.2616 nm | 15000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 1P → 4d.6p 1D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 406.3412 nm | 200000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 406.4694 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1P* → 4d.6d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 409.6529 nm | 7000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 459.6 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | ID 841 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 147 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 125 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 116 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 215 pm
- Alvarez
- 256 pm
- UFF
- 316.5 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 251 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 146 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 48
- Pettifor
- 52
- Glawe
- 53
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 98 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 8 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1140 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 10.87 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 4
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 98
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 8
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 97
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 48
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 48
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 2750.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 5014.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (10)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.8577 |
| 2 | p | 4.0178 |
| 2 | s | 10.8748 |
| 3 | d | 14.753 |
| 3 | p | 16.3844 |
| 3 | s | 15.8285 |
| 4 | d | 29.7624 |
| 4 | p | 26.9156 |
| 4 | s | 25.7172 |
| 5 | s | 35.079 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (7)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 86 | ||
| 4 | VI | 82 | from r^3 vs V plots, estimated, | |
| 4 | VIII | 93 | ||
| 5 | IV | 62 | calculated, | |
| 5 | VI | 78 | ||
| 5 | VII | 83 | calculated, | |
| 5 | VIII | 88 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (67)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 79 | p | — |
| 79 | B+ | — |
| 79 | B+p | — |
| 80 | p | — |
| 80 | B+ | — |
| 80 | B+p | — |
| 81 | p | — |
| 81 | B+ | — |
| 81 | B+p | — |
| 82 | B+ | 100% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (757)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | — | 0.09113 |
| 0.5079 | — | 0.09258 |
| 0.516 | — | 0.09406 |
| 0.5242 | — | 0.09557 |
| 0.5325 | — | 0.0971 |
| 0.5409 | — | 0.09865 |
| 0.5495 | — | 0.10023 |
| 0.5582 | — | 0.10161 |
| 0.5671 | — | 0.103 |
| 0.5761 | — | 0.10441 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-5 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The element is found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, parochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of parochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Nigeria, Zaire, and in Russia.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Niobium https://periodic.lanl.gov/41.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Niobium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.