Zirconium (Zr)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
91.224 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Kr] 5s2 4d2द्रवणांक
1854.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
4408.85 °Cघनता
6520 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
+1, +2, +3, +4विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.33आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
6.634126 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1789अणुत्रिज्या
155 pmतपशील
Zirconium is a lustrous transition metal in group 4, chemically close to hafnium and titanium. It occurs mainly in zircon and related heavy minerals, almost always with hafnium as a companion. The metal is valued for its very low thermal-neutron absorption and its stable, adherent oxide film, which give it a central role in nuclear reactor materials and in corrosion-resistant alloys.
Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Zircaloy(R) is an important alloy developed specifically for nuclear applications. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents. Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35°K.
The name derives from the Arabic zargun for "gold-like". It was discovered in zirconia by the German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth in 1789. Zirconium was first isolated by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824 in an impure state, and finally by the chemists D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger in a pure state in 1914.
Zirconium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral jargon (ZrSiO4) in 1789. Zirconium was isolated by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1824 and finally prepared in a pure form in 1914. Obtaining pure zirconium is very difficult because it is chemically similar to hafnium, an element which is always found mixed with deposits of zirconium. Today, most zirconium is obtained from the minerals zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2) through a process known as the Kroll Process.
From the Persian zargun, gold like. Zircon, the primary gemstone of zirconium, is also known as jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure. This mineral, or its variations, is mentioned in biblical writings. The mineral was not known to contain a new element until Klaproth, in 1789, analyzed a jargon from Ceylon and identified the new element, which Werner named zircon (silex circonius), and which Klaproth called Zirkonertz (zirconia). The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small decomposition process they developed.
Pure zirconium is a silvery-gray, ductile metal when clean and massive. Finely divided zirconium can appear dark and is much more reactive than bulk metal. At ordinary temperatures the surface is protected by a thin layer of zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂.
The dominant high-value use of zirconium metal is in cladding and structural components for water-cooled nuclear fuel, where hafnium must be removed because it absorbs neutrons strongly. Zirconium alloys are also used in chemical-processing equipment exposed to corrosive media. Zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂, is used in refractories, ceramics, oxygen sensors, thermal-barrier coatings, and dental ceramics. Zirconium compounds serve in pigments, catalysts, tanning, and specialty glass formulations.
Zirconium is a corrosion resistant metal that is used in high performance pumps and valves. Since it also does not easily absorb neutrons, zirconium is widely used in nuclear reactors. The nuclear power industry uses nearly 90% of the zirconium produced each year, which must be nearly free of hafnium. Zirconium is also used as an alloying agent in steel, to make some types of surgical equipment and as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes.
Zircon (ZrSiO4) is a zirconium compound that can take many different forms, the most popular of which is a clear, transparent gemstone that can be cut to look like diamond and is frequently used in jewelry. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) can withstand very high temperatures and is used to make crucibles and to line the walls of high temperature furnaces. Zirconium carbonate (3ZrO2·CO2·H2O) is used in lotions to treat poison ivy.
It is used extensively by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets, which offer hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Its use as a refractory material accounts for a large share of all zirconium consumed.
Isotopes in Industry
Zirconium enriched in 90Zr has been proposed for the cladding (covering) of reactor fuel elements (Fig. IUPAC.40.1) because it has a lower neutron absorption cross section than natural abundances of zirconium and is well suited for coverage of metal parts without absorbing neutrons [307] M. D. DeHart, H. Zhang, E. Shaber, M. A. Jessee. “A study of fast reactor fuel transmutation in a candidate dispersion fuel design”, in 11th Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation..
Zirconium chemistry is dominated by the +4 oxidation state, reflecting the stability of Zr⁴⁺ in oxides and salts. Zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂, is a refractory ceramic with monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic forms; stabilized zirconias contain added oxides to retain high-temperature structures. Zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, is an important volatile precursor for metal production and organozirconium chemistry. Zircon, ZrSiO₄, is the principal mineral source. Lower oxidation states are known but are less common and often require special conditions.
See more information at the Zirconium compound page.
Massive zirconium metal has low acute toxicity and is usually limited in hazard by dust generation and processing conditions. Finely divided powder, turnings, and some dry residues are combustible and can ignite in air. Zirconium compounds vary in irritation and corrosivity; zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, reacts with moisture to release hydrogen chloride, HCl. Nuclear-grade zirconium is not inherently radioactive, but service in reactors can activate or contaminate materials.
Zirconium is a lithophile element and is held mainly in resistant minerals, especially zircon, rather than in soluble aqueous forms. Its compounds are generally not very mobile under ordinary surface conditions because zirconium(IV) hydrolyzes strongly and forms insoluble oxides and hydroxides. Weathering releases zircon grains to sediments and heavy-mineral sands, where they can persist for very long periods.
Commercial zirconium starts with mining of zircon-bearing heavy-mineral sands, often associated with titanium minerals such as ilmenite and rutile. For nuclear applications, zirconium must be separated from chemically similar hafnium, an expensive step that creates distinct nuclear-grade and hafnium-bearing markets. Metal is commonly produced through conversion to zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, followed by reduction. Demand is driven by nuclear fuel fabrication, ceramics, foundry sands, refractories, and specialty chemicals. Recycling is important for clean metal scrap, while ceramic and mineral uses are less readily recovered.
Zirconium is produced from the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4). It is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks.
Zirconium is produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and by related heavy-element nucleosynthesis before incorporation into later generations of planets and meteorites. It is not among the most abundant cosmic elements, but it is readily detected in stellar spectra. In planetary materials it behaves as a refractory lithophile element and concentrates in silicate minerals rather than metallic cores.
- Zirconium and hafnium are so chemically similar that their separation became a major technical problem for reactor use.
- Ancient zircon grains preserve some of the oldest known records of Earth's crust.
- Zirconium dioxide can be made tough for ceramics by stabilizing high-temperature crystal forms.
- Bulk zirconium resists many acids, but hydrofluoric acid attacks its protective oxide film.
- The name zirconium comes from zircon, not from the modern synthetic gemstone cubic zirconia.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 155 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 175 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 186 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 145 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 6520 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0141 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 1854.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 4408.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 22.7 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.278 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 25.36 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- षट्कोणी निकट-संकुलित सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.33 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.32
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.426 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 6.634126 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 13.130045 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 23.17008 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 34.418478 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 80.348277 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- +1, +2, +3, +4 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 4 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Kr] 5s2 4d2
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.17515676 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 5.938747 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 6.311862 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 6.311862 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 6.322226 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 40 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 50 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 37 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 3 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Zr-90
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1789
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 165 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 3 × 10−5 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 323 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-67-7 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 3F2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Zr
- InChI की
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Zr: 4d² 5s²[Kr] 4d² 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d² 5s²अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 90 स्थिर | ८९.९०४६९७७ ± ०.०००००२ | 51.4500% | स्थिर |
| 91 स्थिर | ९०.९०५६३९६ ± ०.०००००२ | 11.2200% | स्थिर |
| 92 स्थिर | ९१.९०५०३४७ ± ०.०००००२ | 17.1500% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (1854.85 °C) 1829.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
40 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zr I | 0 | 459 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr II | +1 | 207 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr III | +2 | 490 | 490 | 490 |
| Zr IV | +3 | 76 | 0 | 76 |
| Zr V | +4 | 104 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr VI | +5 | 427 | 427 | 427 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Zr I | 0 | 262 |
| Zr II | +1 | 136 |
| Zr III | +2 | 140 |
| Zr IV | +3 | 35 |
| Zr V | +4 | 102 |
| Zr VI | +5 | 97 |
| Zr VII | +6 | 2 |
| Zr VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Zr IX | +8 | 2 |
| Zr X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 59 pm |
| +4 | 5 | उपलब्ध नाही | 66 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 72 pm |
| +4 | 7 | उपलब्ध नाही | 78 pm |
| +4 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 84 pm |
| +4 | 9 | उपलब्ध नाही | 89 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (3)
Naturally occurring zirconium contains five isotopes. Fifteen other isotopes are known to exist. Zircon, ZrSiO4, the principal ore, is pure ZrO2 in crystalline form having a hafnium content of about 1%. Zirconium also occurs in some 30 other recognized mineral species. Zirconium is produced commercially by reduction of chloride with magnesium (the Kroll Process), and by other methods. It is a grayish-white lustrous metal. When finely divided, the metal may ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures. The solid metal is much more difficult to ignite. The inherent toxicity of zirconium compounds is low. Hafnium is invariably found in zirconium ores, and the separation is difficult.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 90 स्थिर | ८९.९०४६९७७ ± ०.०००००२ | 51.4500% ± 0.4000% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 91 स्थिर | ९०.९०५६३९६ ± ०.०००००२ | 11.2200% ± 0.0500% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 92 स्थिर | ९१.९०५०३४७ ± ०.०००००२ | 17.1500% ± 0.0800% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.0196 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 382.4611 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 382.7722 nm | 300 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 382.923 nm | 600 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 383.0087 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 383.7038 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 384.2399 nm | 270 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 390.7626 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 391.0786 nm | 3 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[13/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 391.6928 nm | 100 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 392.0624 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 392.5804 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 392.694 nm | 120 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 393.1478 nm | 100 | Zr III | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 4d.5d 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 396.3178 nm | 500 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 396.5231 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 397.1691 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 397.3984 nm | 220 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 398.854 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 401.632 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 401.6949 nm | 35 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 401.7561 nm | 3 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 401.8142 nm | 140 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 403.2482 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 403.3591 nm | 180 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 403.6779 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 408.0264 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 408.7114 nm | 150 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 412.5432 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 412.6379 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 413.2087 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 413.7442 nm | 500 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 414.6654 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 415.3368 nm | 2 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 416.0827 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 416.5293 nm | 15 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 417.1353 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 417.2872 nm | 300 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 419.3504 nm | 275 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 419.7309 nm | 15 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 419.8266 nm | 3000 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 420.3546 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 423.5695 nm | 275 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 431.7077 nm | 2000 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 434.2686 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[13/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 440.7385 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 456.1637 nm | 50 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 456.922 nm | 1800 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5g 2G → 4p6.6h 2H* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 456.927 nm | 1800 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5g 2G → 4p6.6h 2H* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 460.8973 nm | 60 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 500.71 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | ID 803 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 154 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 127 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 121 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 252 pm
- UFF
- 312.4 pm
- MM3
- 254 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 269 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 160 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 44
- Pettifor
- 49
- Glawe
- 49
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 112 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 13 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1360 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 14 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 3
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 39
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 6
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 40
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 75
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 75
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 2127.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 4679.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (10)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.841 |
| 2 | p | 4.0072 |
| 2 | s | 10.6262 |
| 3 | d | 14.4331 |
| 3 | p | 16.1545 |
| 3 | s | 15.6385 |
| 4 | d | 26.9284 |
| 4 | p | 26.54 |
| 4 | s | 25.0984 |
| 5 | s | 33.5545 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (6)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | IV | 73 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | V | 80 | calculated, | |
| 4 | VI | 86 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VII | 92 | ||
| 4 | VIII | 98 | ||
| 4 | IX | 103 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (56)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 77 | B+ | — |
| 77 | B+p | — |
| 77 | p | — |
| 78 | B+ | — |
| 78 | B+p | — |
| 79 | B+ | 100% |
| 79 | B+p | — |
| 80 | B+ | 100% |
| 81 | B+ | 100% |
| 81 | B+p | 0.1% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (724)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | — | 0.18706 |
| 1.0149 | — | 0.19051 |
| 1.0299 | — | 0.19402 |
| 1.0452 | — | 0.1976 |
| 1.0608 | — | 0.20124 |
| 1.0765 | — | 0.20499 |
| 1.0925 | — | 0.20885 |
| 1.1087 | — | 0.21277 |
| 1.1252 | — | 0.21677 |
| 1.142 | — | 0.22085 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.65×102 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Zirconium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele040.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3×10-5 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Zirconium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele040.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Zirconium is produced from the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4). It is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Zirconium https://periodic.lanl.gov/40.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Zirconium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.