Molybdenum (Mo)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
95.95 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Kr] 5s1 4d5द्रवणांक
2622.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
4638.85 °Cघनता
1.02e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
2.16आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
7.09243 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1778अणुत्रिज्या
145 pmतपशील
Molybdenum is a hard refractory transition metal of group 6. It is notable for its high melting point, useful alloying behavior, and rich redox chemistry. In nature it occurs mainly as molybdenite, and industrially it is important in steels, superalloys, catalysts, and lubricating sulfide materials. In biology, molybdenum is an essential trace element because several enzymes use molybdenum cofactors for oxygen-atom transfer and related redox reactions.
The metal is silvery white, very hard, but is softer and more ductile than tungsten. It has a high elastic modulus, and only tungsten and tantalum, of the more readily available metals, have higher melting points. It is a valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardenability and toughness of quenched and tempered steels. It also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures.
The name derives from the Greek molybdos for "lead". The ancients used the term "lead" for any black mineral that leaves a mark on paper. Molybdenum was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1778. It was first isolated by the Swedish chemist Peter-Jacob Hjelm in 1781.
Molybdenum was discovered by Carl Welhelm Scheele, a Swedish chemist, in 1778 in a mineral known as molybdenite (MoS2) which had been confused as a lead compound. Molybdenum was isolated by Peter Jacob Hjelm in 1781. Today, most molybdenum is obtained from molybdenite, wulfenite (PbMoO4) and powellite (CaMoO4). These ores typically occur in conjunction with ores of tin and tungsten. Molybdenum is also obtained as a byproduct of mining and processing tungsten and copper.
From the Greek word molybdo, lead. Before Scheele recognized molybdenite as a distinct ore of a new element in 1778, it was confused with graphite and lead ore. The metal was prepared in impure form in 1782 by Hjelm. Molybdenum does not occur natively, but is obtained principally from molybdenite. Wulfenite, and Powellite are also minor commercial ores.
Pure molybdenum is a silvery gray metal with a bright metallic luster when freshly prepared. It is solid under ordinary conditions, dense, and mechanically strong at elevated temperature. Massive metal is much less reactive than fine powder, which has a larger surface area and oxidizes more readily.
Molybdenum is used chiefly as an alloying element in steels and cast irons, where it improves hardenability, high-temperature strength, creep resistance, and resistance to some forms of corrosion. Molybdenum metal and alloys are used in high-temperature furnace parts, electrical contacts, glass-melting electrodes, and sputtering targets. Molybdenum disulfide, MoS₂, is a solid lubricant. Molybdenum compounds are also used in petroleum refining catalysts, pigments, corrosion inhibitors, and as sources for producing the medical isotope technetium-99m from molybdenum-99.
Molybdenum has a high melting point and is used to make the electrodes of electrically heated glass furnaces. Some electrical filaments are also made from molybdenum. The metal is used to make some missile and aircraft parts and is used in the nuclear power industry. Molybdenum is also used as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum.
Molybdenum is primarily used as an alloying agent in steel. When added to steel in concentrations between 0.25% and 8%, molybdenum forms ultra-high strength steels that can withstand pressures up to 300,000 pounds per square inch. Molybdenum also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures. When alloyed with nickel, molybdenum forms heat and corrosion resistant materials used in the chemical industry.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), one of molybdenum's compounds, is used as a high temperature lubricant. Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), another molybdenum compound, is used to adhere enamels to metals. Other molybdenum compounds include: molybdic acid (H2MoO4), molybdenum hexafluoride (MoF6) and molybdenum phosphide (MoP2).
It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the "Hastelloys(R)" which are heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions. Molybdenum oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces and forehearths. The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts. Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum. It has found applications as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications. Molybdenum is an essential trace element in plant nutrition; some lands are barren for lack of this element in the soil. Molybdenum sulfide is useful as a lubricant, especially at high temperatures where oils would decompose. Almost all ultra-high strength steels with minimum yield points up to 300,000 psi (lb/in.2) contain molybdenum in amounts from 0.25 to 8%. Biologically, molybdenum as a trace element is necessary for nitrogen fixation and other metabolic processes.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molybdenites display a variation in isotopic composition (Fig. IUPAC.42.1) [316] A. J. Pietruszka, R. J. Walker, P. A. Candela. Chem. Geol.225, 121 (2006).. The isotopic composition of molybdenum in ocean sediments depends on oxygen levels in the ocean. When oxygen levels are high, the lighter isotopes of molybdenum are scavenged by iron and manganese oxides into sediments. However, when oxygen levels are low, the mechanism for molybdenum removal becomes more efficient and more of the heavier isotopes of molybdenum are found in iron and manganese oxides. Thus, the molybdenum isotopic composition of these sediments can be used as a proxy for oxygen levels in the paleo oceans (history of the oceans in the geological past) to gain insights into mechanisms that may have been responsible for mass-extinction events in the Earth’s history [317] B. C. Proemse, S. E. Grasby, M. E. Wieser, B. Mayer, B. Beauchamp. Geology41, 967 (2013)..
Isotopes in Industry
Depleted 95Mo has been used in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Tennessee, USA). The use of U-10Mo fuel elements (90 percent uranium, 10 percent molybdenum) would allow the conversion from high-enrichment uranium (HEU) fuel, 92 percent, to low-enrichment uranium (LEU) fuel, below 20 percent, for nuclear non-proliferation purposes [319] S. Mirzadeh, F. F. Knapp Jr., E. D. Collins. 5774782, Filed..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
95Mo is used to produce medical radioisotope 97Ru via the 95Mo (4He, 2n) 97Ru reaction. The isotope 99Mo is commercially produced by the fission of 235U and is the parent radionuclide of 99mTc, which is the most widely used radiopharmaceutical in the world. The much longer half-life of 99Mo (about 66 h) enables the radionuclide to be transported more easily than the short-lived (6 h half-life) 99mTc. The n(99Mo)/n(99mTc) amount-ratio generator was originally developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (Fig. IUPAC.42.2) in the early 1960s and is now a patented system [320] U. Abram, R. Alberto. J. Braz. Chem. Soc.17, 1486 (2006)..
Molybdenum chemistry is dominated by oxidation states from 0 to +6, with +4, +5, and +6 especially common. Molybdenum trioxide, MoO₃, and molybdates such as sodium molybdate, Na₂MoO₄, contain Mo(VI) and are important industrial and laboratory materials. Molybdenum disulfide, MoS₂, has a layered structure and is both a mineral and a useful solid lubricant. The element also forms halides such as molybdenum pentachloride, MoCl₅, organometallic carbonyls such as molybdenum hexacarbonyl, Mo(CO)₆, and many cluster compounds with metal-metal bonding.
See more information at the Molybdenum compound page.
Massive molybdenum metal is not highly hazardous in normal handling, but dusts and fumes can irritate the respiratory tract and may present combustible-dust risks under some conditions. Soluble molybdates can be toxic at elevated exposure, and excessive intake interferes with copper metabolism in animals. Molybdenum-99 is radioactive and must be handled with isotope-specific controls. Strong oxidizing or volatile molybdenum compounds require compound-specific precautions.
Molybdenum is a trace element in rocks, soils, waters, and living organisms. Weathering releases molybdate species, which are relatively mobile under neutral to alkaline oxidizing conditions and less mobile where adsorption or sulfide formation is favored. It is an essential micronutrient for plants and microorganisms, especially in nitrogen metabolism, but high soil molybdenum can contribute to copper deficiency in grazing animals.
Commercial molybdenum is obtained mainly from molybdenite concentrates, either from primary molybdenum mines or as a by-product of copper porphyry operations. Roasting converts molybdenite to molybdenum trioxide, MoO₃, which can be purified, reduced to metal, or converted to ferro-molybdenum for steelmaking. Demand is closely tied to alloy steel, stainless steel, energy, chemical processing, and catalyst markets. Recycling occurs from alloy scrap and spent catalysts, although recovery depends on grade, contamination, and processing economics.
Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate.
Molybdenum is a moderately rare heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are produced by several nucleosynthetic processes, including slow and rapid neutron capture, with some proton-rich isotopes associated with rarer p-process pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a refractory and siderophile to chalcophile element, so its distribution records metal-silicate separation and sulfide chemistry.
- Molybdenum has seven naturally occurring stable isotopes.
- The name comes from an old term for lead-like minerals, because molybdenite was once confused with graphite and lead ore
- Molybdenum disulfide keeps lubricating in vacuum better than many oils.
- Molybdenum enzymes are essential for nitrate reduction in many plants.
- Ferro-molybdenum is often the practical form added to steel melts.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 145 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 154 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 209 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 130 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 1.02 × 104 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0094 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 2622.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 4638.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.251 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 24.06 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पिंडकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.16 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.47
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.744 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 7.09243 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 16.160056 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 27.130093 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 40.330139 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 54.417187 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 6 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Kr] 5s1 4d5
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.29020055 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 5.088874 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 6.819713 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 6.819713 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 6.82987 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 42 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 54 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 39 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 4 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Mo-96
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1778
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 1.2 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 0.01 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 315 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7439-98-7 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 7S3
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mo
- InChI की
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Mo: 4d⁵ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁵ 5s¹अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 94 स्थिर | ९३.९०५०८४९ ± ०.००००००४८ | 9.1500% | स्थिर |
| 95 स्थिर | ९४.९०५८३८७७ ± ०.००००००४७ | 15.8400% | स्थिर |
| 96 स्थिर | ९५.९०४६७६१२ ± ०.००००००४७ | 16.6700% | स्थिर |
| 97 स्थिर | ९६.९०६०१८१२ ± ०.००००००४९ | 9.6000% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (2622.85 °C) 2597.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
42 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mo I | 0 | 818 | 721 | 808 |
| Mo II | +1 | 209 | 0 | 0 |
| Mo III | +2 | 62 | 0 | 0 |
| Mo IV | +3 | 29 | 0 | 0 |
| Mo V | +4 | 966 | 923 | 929 |
| Mo VI | +5 | 245 | 245 | 245 |
| Mo VII | +6 | 413 | 0 | 413 |
| Mo VIII | +7 | 109 | 0 | 109 |
| Mo IX | +8 | 231 | 0 | 231 |
| Mo X | +9 | 120 | 0 | 120 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Mo I | 0 | 428 |
| Mo II | +1 | 249 |
| Mo III | +2 | 120 |
| Mo IV | +3 | 81 |
| Mo V | +4 | 258 |
| Mo VI | +5 | 113 |
| Mo VII | +6 | 96 |
| Mo VIII | +7 | 77 |
| Mo IX | +8 | 93 |
| Mo X | +9 | 48 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 69 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 65 pm |
| +5 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 46 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 61 pm |
| +6 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 41 pm |
| +6 | 5 | उपलब्ध नाही | 50 pm |
| +6 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 59 pm |
| +6 | 7 | उपलब्ध नाही | 73 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (4)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 94 स्थिर | ९३.९०५०८४९ ± ०.००००००४८ | 9.1500% ± 0.0900% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 95 स्थिर | ९४.९०५८३८७७ ± ०.००००००४७ | 15.8400% ± 0.1100% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 96 स्थिर | ९५.९०४६७६१२ ± ०.००००००४७ | 16.6700% ± 0.1500% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 97 स्थिर | ९६.९०६०१८१२ ± ०.००००००४९ | 9.6000% ± 0.1400% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.2548 nm | 290 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 383.9084 nm | 360 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 386 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | ID 915 | emission | 1s.5s 3S → 1s.5p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 393.8911 nm | 1400 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.8336 nm | 50 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 400.9437 nm | 35 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 403.6485 nm | 40 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7f 2F* → 4p6.8g 2G | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 405.4556 nm | 50 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7f 2F* → 4p6.8g 2G | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 406.1547 nm | 210 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 406.2019 nm | 15000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 406.4706 nm | 14 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 406.527 nm | 3500 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 407.1568 nm | 2800 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 407.4773 nm | 3100 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 416.4901 nm | 75 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.6g 2G → 4p6.7f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 418.4284 nm | 60 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.6g 2G → 4p6.7f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 418.6616 nm | 2700 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 422.59 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | ID 896 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 423.2026 nm | 40000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 427.2928 nm | 100 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 433.4926 nm | 840 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 436 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | ID 915 | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 438.442 nm | 2900 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 439.9605 nm | 28 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 446.6307 nm | 79 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 447.4143 nm | 63 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 454.3076 nm | 570 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 462.464 nm | 840 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 463.7675 nm | 41 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 466.0971 nm | 100 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.5f 2F* → 4p6.6d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 468.7277 nm | 22 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 474.6519 nm | 8000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.5f 2F* → 4p6.6d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 504.622 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7g 2G → 4p6.8h 2H* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 504.622 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7g 2G → 4p6.8h 2H* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 524.749 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7h 2H* → 4p6.8i 2I | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 524.749 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7h 2H* → 4p6.8i 2I | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527.675 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7i 2I → 4p6.8k 2K* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527.675 nm | उपलब्ध नाही | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7i 2I → 4p6.8k 2K* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 558.5 nm | 200 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.8d 2D → 4p6.8f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 562 nm | 350 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.8d 2D → 4p6.8f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 587.138 nm | 300 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7d 2D → 4p6.8p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 603.562 nm | 10 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.4f 2F* → 4p6.5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 618.867 nm | 1400 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.4f 2F* → 4p6.5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 633.604 nm | 1000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.4f 2F* → 4p6.5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 138 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 121 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 113 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 245 pm
- UFF
- 305.2 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 244 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 139 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 52
- Pettifor
- 55
- Glawe
- 56
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 87 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 6 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1030 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 9.4 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 6
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 40
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 9
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 43
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 24
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 2895.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 4912.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (10)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.8744 |
| 2 | p | 4.0282 |
| 2 | s | 11.1232 |
| 3 | d | 14.7717 |
| 3 | p | 16.5264 |
| 3 | s | 16.0185 |
| 4 | d | 30.6076 |
| 4 | p | 27.0232 |
| 4 | s | 25.9036 |
| 5 | s | 35.894 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (8)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 83 | estimated, | |
| 4 | VI | 79 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | IV | 60 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 75 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | IV | 55 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | V | 64 | ||
| 6 | VI | 73 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | VII | 87 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (58)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 81 | B+ | — |
| 81 | B+p | — |
| 82 | B+ | — |
| 82 | B+p | — |
| 83 | B+ | 100% |
| 83 | B+p | — |
| 84 | B+ | 100% |
| 84 | B+p | — |
| 85 | B+ | 100% |
| 85 | B+p | 0.1% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (909)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2.2382 |
| 10.1447 | — | 2.20464 |
| 10.3088 | — | 2.17288 |
| 10.4756 | — | 2.14408 |
| 10.645 | — | 2.11566 |
| 10.8172 | — | 2.09307 |
| 10.9921 | — | 2.12057 |
| 11.1699 | — | 2.20711 |
| 11.3506 | — | 2.32651 |
| 11.5342 | — | 2.50051 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.2 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Molybdenum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-2 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Molybdenum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Molybdenum https://periodic.lanl.gov/42.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Molybdenum.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.