Strontium (Sr)
alkaline-earth-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
87.62 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Kr] 5s2द्रवणांक
776.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
1381.85 °Cघनता
2640 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
+1, +2विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
0.95आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
5.694867 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1792अणुत्रिज्या
200 pmतपशील
Strontium is an alkaline earth metal below calcium and above barium in group 2. Natural strontium is stable and occurs mainly as the minerals celestine and strontianite rather than as the free metal. Its chemistry is dominated by the Sr²⁺ ion, which closely resembles Ca²⁺ but is larger and more readily forms insoluble sulfate and carbonate salts. Strontium is best known technologically for red pyrotechnic colors, ferrite magnets, glass additives, and the radioactive isotope ⁹⁰Sr.
Strontium is softer than calcium and decomposes in water more vigorously. It does not absorb nitrogen below 380°C. It should be kept under kerosene to prevent oxidation. Freshly cut strontium has a silvery appearance, but rapidly turns a yellowish color with the formation of the oxide. The finely divided metal ignites spontaneously in air. Volatile strontium salts impart a beautiful crimson color to flames, and these salts are used in pyrotechnics and in the production of flares. Natural strontium is a mixture of four stable isotopes.
The name derives from Strontian, a town in Scotland. The mineral strontianite is found in mines in Strontian. The element was discovered in 1792 by the Scottish chemist and physician Thomas Charles Hope, who observed the brilliant red flame colour of strontium. It was first isolated by the English chemist Humphry Davy in 1808.
Strontium was discovered by Adair Crawford, an Irish chemist, in 1790 while studying the mineral witherite (BaCO3). When he mixed witherite with hydrochloric acid (HCl) he did not get the results he expected. He assumed that his sample of witherite was contaminated with an unknown mineral, a mineral he named strontianite (SrCO3). Strontium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808 through the electrolysis of a mixture of strontium chloride (SrCl2) and mercuric oxide (HgO). Today, strontium is obtained from two of its most common ores, celestite (SrSO4) and strontianite (SrCO3), by treating them with hydrochloric acid, forming strontium chloride. The strontium chloride, usually mixed with potassium chloride (KCl), is then melted and electrolyzed, forming strontium and chlorine gas (Cl2).
Named after Strontian, a town in Scotland. Isolated by Davey by electrolysis in 1808, however, Adair Crawford recognized a new mineral (strontianite) as differing from other barium minerals in 1790.
Pure strontium is a soft, silvery metal when freshly cut, but it rapidly develops a yellowish or gray oxide-nitride surface film in air. It is less dense and less hard than many structural metals and is normally stored under oil or in sealed containers to limit reaction with moisture and oxygen.
Strontium nitrate, Sr(NO₃)₂, and related salts are used to produce intense red colors in fireworks, signal flares, and tracer compositions. Strontium carbonate, SrCO₃, is a feedstock for ceramic glazes, ferrite magnets, and specialty glass. Strontium ferrite materials are common permanent magnets in speakers, motors, and magnetic strips. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios are used in geology, archaeology, and provenance studies. ⁹⁰Sr has been used in radioisotope power sources and industrial gauges, but its use is restricted by radiological hazards.
Most of the strontium produced today is used in the manufacture of color television picture tubes. It is also used to refine zinc and is combined with iron to make magnets.
Two strontium compounds, strontium carbonate (SrCO3) and strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2), burn with a bright, red flame and are used in fireworks and signal flares. Strontium carbonate is also used to make certain kinds of glass and is the base material for making most other strontium compounds.
Strontium-90, a radioactive isotope of strontium, is a common product of nuclear explosions. It has a half-life of about 28.8 years and decays into yttrium-90 through beta decay. Strontium-90 is especially deadly since it has a relatively long half-life, is strongly radioactive and is absorbed by the body, where it accumulates in the skeletal system. The radiation affects the production of new blood cells, which eventually leads to death.
In addition to the medical imaging application described in the image caption above, strontium has found use in producing ferrite magnets and in refining zinc. Strontium titanate is an interesting optical material as it has an extremely high refractive index and an optical dispersion greater than that of diamond. It has been used as a gemstone, but is very soft. It does not occur naturally.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Stable isotopic fractionation of strontium is small because the relative differences between the masses of strontium stable isotopes are small (mass numbers are 86, 87, and 88 for the most abundant stable isotopes). Also, strontium is not subject to reduction-oxidation reactions in normal terrestrial environments, which would cause isotopic fractionation to be more evident. Nevertheless, current studies are exploring potential applications of stable strontium isotopic fractionation; for example, it has been used as a proxy for temperature during coral growth and for insights into the diets of ancient populations [295] A. Rüggeberg, J. Fietzke, V. Liebetrau, A. Eisenhauer, W. C. Dullo, A. Freiwald. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.269, 570 (2008)., [296] K. J. Knudson, H. M. Williams, J. E. Buikstra, P. D. Tomczak, G. W. Gordon, A. D. Anbar. J. Archaeolog. Sci.37, 2352 (2010)..
The relative abundance of natural radiogenic 87Sr in seawater is related to the relative rates of processes that add or remove strontium in the ocean (seafloor spreading, mid-ocean-ridge hydrothermal activity, and continental weathering). Over geologic time, these processes have fluctuated and the isotope-amount ratio n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) has changed systematically. By measuring the n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratio in marine fossils of known age, it is possible to identify when such environmental changes occurred. Conversely, it is possible to estimate the ages of marine deposits by comparing measured n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratios with the global time chart; this process is known as strontium isotope stratigraphy [297] J. M. McArthur, R. J. Howarth, T. R. Bailey. J. Geol.109, 155 (2001)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
The isotope-amount ratio n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) is highly variable in rocks, minerals, soils, and waters, and it can be transmitted to plants (Fig. IUPAC.38.1), animals, and manufactured materials. Measurements of n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratios are used for forensic applications in food authentication (determining where food came from), archaeology, crime-scene investigation, and human migration [298] B. L. Beard, C. M. Johnson. J. Forensic Sci.45, 1049 (2000)., [299] K. M. Frei, R. Frei. Appl. Geochem.26, 326 (2011)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The 87Rb- 87Sr dating technique utilizes the fact that 87Sr is a product of radioactive 87Rb decay (half-life of 4.97×1010 years) and is a useful tool for determining ages of rocks and minerals spanning the age of the Earth (Fig. IUPAC.38.2) [301] G. Faure. Principles of Isotope Geology, 2nd Edition. p. 608. Wiley, New York (1986)..
Strontium almost always forms compounds in the +2 oxidation state. Strontium oxide, SrO, is a strongly basic oxide that reacts with water to form strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)₂. Strontium carbonate, SrCO₃, and strontium sulfate, SrSO₄, are sparingly soluble and control much of its mineral behavior. Strontium chloride, SrCl₂, and strontium nitrate, Sr(NO₃)₂, are soluble salts used as chemical intermediates. Strontium titanate, SrTiO₃, is a high-refractive-index ceramic and an important substrate material in oxide electronics research.
Strontium is found chiefly as celestite and strontianite. The metal can be prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride mixed with potassium chloride, or is made by reducing strontium oxide with aluminum in a vacuum at a temperature at which strontium distills off. Three allotropic forms of the metal exist, with transition points at 235 and 540°C.
See more information at the Strontium compound page.
Metallic strontium reacts with water and acids to release hydrogen, H₂, and can ignite as filings or powder. Soluble strontium salts have moderate chemical toxicity and can disturb calcium metabolism at high exposure. The main radiological concern is ⁹⁰Sr, a fission product that behaves partly like calcium in the body and irradiates bone and marrow through beta decay. Stable strontium in ordinary environmental concentrations is not highly hazardous.
Strontium is dispersed in rocks, soils, freshwater, and seawater, with higher mobility in soluble forms than barium but less than many alkali metals. It substitutes for calcium in minerals and biological hard tissues because Sr²⁺ and Ca²⁺ have similar charge and chemistry. Weathering releases strontium to waters, while carbonate, sulfate, and adsorption processes remove it. ⁹⁰Sr from nuclear fallout or accidents is environmentally important because it can enter food chains.
Commercial strontium is obtained chiefly from celestine, SrSO₄, which is converted to strontium carbonate, SrCO₃, or other salts before further use. Demand is concentrated in ferrite magnets, pyrotechnics, ceramics, and specialty glass, so the market is smaller and less diversified than for calcium or magnesium. Production of the metal itself is limited because most applications use compounds. Recycling is modest and usually indirect, for example through recovery or reuse of magnet-containing products rather than elemental strontium recovery.
Found in minerals celestite and strontianite.
Strontium is a trace element in the cosmos, produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar events. It is much less abundant than lighter rock-forming elements but is detectable in stellar spectra. In the solar system it follows calcium and other lithophile elements into silicate minerals, while only minute amounts occur in metallic phases or volatile reservoirs.
- The element is named after Strontian, a village in Scotland where strontianite was identified.
- Strontium salts give a cleaner crimson flame than many mixtures based on lithium or calcium.
- Strontium titanate was once used as a diamond simulant before harder simulants became common.
- Natural ⁸⁷Sr partly derives from the decay of ⁸⁷Rb, making Sr isotope ratios useful as geological clocks.
- Celestine is named for its pale blue color, although strontium compounds themselves are often white.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 200 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 195 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 249 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 191 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 2640 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0337 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 776.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 1381.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.306 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 26.79 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पृष्ठकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 0.95 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 0.963
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.052 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 5.694867 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 11.030314 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 42.883678 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 56.280194 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 70.700243 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- +1, +2 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Kr] 5s2
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.08602373 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 1.421983 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 1.703892 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 1.703892 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 1.699746 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 38 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 50 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 35 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 4 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Sr-88
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1792
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 370 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 7.9 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 608 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 8, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-24-6 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sr
- InChI की
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Sr: 5s²[Kr] 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 5s²अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 84 स्थिर | ८३.९१३४१९१ ± ०.०००००१३ | 0.5600% | स्थिर |
| 86 स्थिर | ८५.९०९२६०६ ± ०.०००००१२ | 9.8600% | स्थिर |
| 87 स्थिर | ८६.९०८८७७५ ± ०.०००००१२ | 7.0000% | स्थिर |
| 88 स्थिर | ८७.९०५६१२५ ± ०.०००००१२ | 82.5800% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (776.85 °C) 751.9 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
38 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sr I | 0 | 361 | 86 | 361 |
| Sr II | +1 | 135 | 33 | 135 |
| Sr III | +2 | 613 | 0 | 613 |
| Sr IV | +3 | 1183 | 0 | 1183 |
| Sr V | +4 | 625 | 0 | 625 |
| Sr VI | +5 | 57 | 14 | 57 |
| Sr VII | +6 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Sr VIII | +7 | 26 | 24 | 26 |
| Sr IX | +8 | 46 | 28 | 46 |
| Sr X | +9 | 54 | 51 | 54 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Sr I | 0 | 380 |
| Sr II | +1 | 72 |
| Sr III | +2 | 150 |
| Sr IV | +3 | 255 |
| Sr V | +4 | 144 |
| Sr VI | +5 | 22 |
| Sr VII | +6 | 20 |
| Sr VIII | +7 | 21 |
| Sr IX | +8 | 31 |
| Sr X | +9 | 47 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 118 pm |
| +2 | 7 | उपलब्ध नाही | 121 pm |
| +2 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 126 pm |
| +2 | 9 | उपलब्ध नाही | 131 pm |
| +2 | 10 | उपलब्ध नाही | 136 pm |
| +2 | 12 | उपलब्ध नाही | 144 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (4)
Sixteen other unstable isotopes are known to exist. Of greatest importance is 90Sr with a half-life of 29 years. It is a product of nuclear fallout and presents a health problem. This isotope is one of the best long-lived high-energy beta emitters known, and is used in SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxilliary Power) devices. These devices hold promise for use in space vehicles, remote weather stations, navigational buoys, etc., and where a lightweight, long-lived, nuclear-electric power source is needed.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 84 स्थिर | ८३.९१३४१९१ ± ०.०००००१३ | 0.5600% ± 0.0100% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 86 स्थिर | ८५.९०९२६०६ ± ०.०००००१२ | 9.8600% ± 0.0100% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 87 स्थिर | ८६.९०८८७७५ ± ०.०००००१२ | 7.0000% ± 0.0100% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 88 स्थिर | ८७.९०५६१२५ ± ०.०००००१२ | 82.5800% ± 0.0100% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
500 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 707.0072 nm | 14000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.6s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 687.83128 nm | 12000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.6s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 679.10198 nm | 7000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.6s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 525.68986 nm | 3400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 640.8463 nm | 3100 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 483.20425 nm | 2900 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.5d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 548.08638 nm | 2700 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 496.2263 nm | 2500 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.5d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 481.18799 nm | 2300 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5p2 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 689.25894 nm | 2300 | Sr I | emission | 5s2 1S → 5s.5p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 650.3992 nm | 2100 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 523.85479 nm | 2000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 550.4181 nm | 2000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 496.5585 nm | 1900 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.7d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 516.5486 nm | 1800 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.8s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 478.43198 nm | 1700 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5p2 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 552.1768 nm | 1700 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 730.94166 nm | 1700 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 1D → 4d.5p 1D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 472.22769 nm | 1600 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5p2 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 474.19221 nm | 1600 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5p2 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 478.3782 nm | 1500 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.9s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 487.249 nm | 1500 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.5d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 489.198 nm | 1500 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 581.67702 nm | 1500 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 1D → 4d.5p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 468.8546 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.8d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 522.21992 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 522.51079 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 522.92697 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 555.6375 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 634.57265 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 655.0244 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 4d2 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 495.6274 nm | 1300 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 638.64581 nm | 1300 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 485.50448 nm | 1200 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 486.87005 nm | 1200 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 487.60745 nm | 1200 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.5d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 496.7942 nm | 1200 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.5d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 559.8159 nm | 1200 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 1D → 4d.5p 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 458.29879 nm | 1100 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.10s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 486.91724 nm | 1100 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 489.2642 nm | 1100 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 661.72651 nm | 1100 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 403.03772 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.6d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 443.8043 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.7s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 446.32981 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.11s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 453.2375 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.9d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 471.2151 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 1D → 5s.5f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 545.08373 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 548.6135 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 553.4799 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 185 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 157 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 139 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 195 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Truhlar
- 249 pm
- Batsanov
- 255 pm
- Alvarez
- 284 pm
- UFF
- 364.1 pm
- MM3
- 300 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 279 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 215 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 8
- Pettifor
- 15
- Glawe
- 15
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 2
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 197.2 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.2 a.u.
- C₆
- 3175 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 3230 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 33.93 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 1
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 83
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 9
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 100
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 24
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 1050.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 1650.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (9)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.8089 |
| 2 | p | 3.9696 |
| 2 | s | 10.0982 |
| 3 | d | 15.2738 |
| 3 | p | 15.8324 |
| 3 | s | 15.3362 |
| 4 | p | 26.068 |
| 4 | s | 24.5556 |
| 5 | s | 31.9295 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (6)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 132 | ||
| 2 | VII | 135 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 140 | ||
| 2 | IX | 145 | ||
| 2 | X | 150 | calculated, | |
| 2 | XII | 158 | calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (54)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 73 | B+ | 100% |
| 73 | B+p | 63% |
| 74 | B+ | 100% |
| 74 | B+p | — |
| 75 | B+ | 100% |
| 75 | B+p | 5.2% |
| 76 | B+ | 100% |
| 76 | B+p | 3.4% |
| 77 | B+ | 100% |
| 77 | B+p | 0.1% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (508)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.17126 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.1749 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.17861 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.1824 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.18627 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.19061 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.19514 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.19977 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.2045 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.20936 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.70×102 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Strontium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele038.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
7.9 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Strontium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele038.html
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
The isotope-amount ratio n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) is highly variable in rocks, minerals, soils, and waters, and it can be transmitted to plants (Fig. IUPAC.38.1), animals, and manufactured materials. Measurements of n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratios are used for forensic applications in food authentication (determining where food came from), archaeology, crime-scene investigation, and human migration [298] B. L. Beard, C. M. Johnson. J. Forensic Sci.45, 1049 (2000)., [299] K. M. Frei, R. Frei. Appl. Geochem.26, 326 (2011)..
संदर्भ (4)
- [298] B. L. Beard, C. M. Johnson. J. Forensic Sci.45, 1049 (2000).
- [299] K. M. Frei, R. Frei. Appl. Geochem.26, 326 (2011).
- [300] K. Miller, T. B. Coplen, M. Wieser. “Identification of the geographical origin of exotic wood species using 87Sr/86Sr isotope amount ratios”, in Goldschmidt 22nd Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Strontium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.