Rubidium (Rb)
alkali-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
85.4678 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Kr] 5s1द्रवणांक
39.31 °Cउत्कलनांक
687.85 °Cघनता
1530 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−1, +1विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
0.82आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
4.177128 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1861अणुत्रिज्या
235 pmतपशील
Rubidium is a soft alkali metal of group 1, chemically close to potassium and cesium. Natural rubidium is a mixture dominated by stable ⁸⁵Rb with radioactive ⁸⁷Rb, whose very long half-life makes it important in geochronology. The element is not mined as a principal metal; it is obtained from minerals and brines where it substitutes for potassium. Its low ionization energy and convenient atomic transitions make rubidium useful in precision physics.
Rubidium can be liquid at room temperature. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group and is the second most electropositive and alkaline element. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. As with other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury and it alloys with gold, cesium, sodium, and potassium. It colors a flame yellowish violet. Rubidium metal can be prepared by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium, and by a number of other methods. It must be kept under a dry mineral oil or in a vacuum or inert atmosphere.
The name derives from the Latin rubidus for "deepest red" because of the two deep red lines in its spectra. Rubidium was discovered in the mineral lepidolite by the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the German physicist Gustav-Robert Kirchoff in 1861. Bunsen isolated rubidium in 1863.
Rubidium was discovered by the German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 while analyzing samples of the mineral lepidolite (KLi2Al(Al, Si)3O10(F, OH)2) with a device called a spectroscope. The sample produced a set of deep red spectral lines they had never seen before. Bunsen was eventually able to isolate samples of rubidium metal. Today, most rubidium is obtained as a byproduct of refining lithium.
From the Latin word rubidus, deepest red. Discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchoff in the mineral lepidolite by use of the spectroscope.
Pure rubidium is a very soft, silvery-white metal that quickly tarnishes in air. It melts just above ordinary room temperature and can be cut easily when protected from moisture and oxygen. Samples are kept under inert gas, vacuum, or dry mineral oil.
Rubidium has specialized rather than bulk uses. Rubidium vapor cells are used in atomic clocks, frequency standards, magnetometers, and some laser-cooling experiments, often using ⁸⁷Rb because its hyperfine transition is convenient. Rubidium compounds have been used in photocathodes, research electronics, and laboratory studies of ion transport. ⁸⁷Rb to ⁸⁷Sr decay underlies rubidium–strontium dating of minerals and rocks. There is no large structural or metallurgical use for the metal.
Rubidium is used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes. It is also used in the manufacture of photocells and in special glasses. Since it is easily ionized, it might be used as a propellant in ion engines on spacecraft. Recent discoveries of large deposits of rubidium suggest that its usefulness will increase as its properties become better understood.
Rubidium forms a large number of compounds, although none of them has any significant commercial application. Some of the common rubidium compounds are: rubidium chloride (RbCl), rubidium monoxide (Rb2O) and rubidium copper sulfate Rb2SO4·CuSO4·6H20). A compound of rubidium, silver and iodine, RbAg4I5, has interesting electrical characteristics and might be useful in thin film batteries.
Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it has been considered for use in "ion engines" for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose. It is also proposed for use as a working fluid for vapor turbines and for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field. These conduct electricity and act like an amature of a generator thereby generating an electric current. Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component. It has been used in making special glasses. RbAg4I5 is important, as it has the highest room conductivity of any known ionic crystal. At 20°C its conductivity is about the same as dilute sulfuric acid. This suggests use in thin film batteries and other applications.
Isotopes in Biology
Due to biological similarities between rubidium and potassium, the radionuclide 86Rb (with a half-life of 18.7 days) is used as a tracer in biological or medical investigations for applications where the half-life of the radioactive-tracer 42K (half-life of 0.5 day) is too short [110] AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students. Chemistry Tutorial: Summary of Radioactive Particles, Isotopes, Properties and Uses, AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ausetute.com.au/nuclesum.html.. 86Rb (with a half-life of 18.7 days) has been used measure the metabolism in small vertebrates (Fig. IUPAC.37.1), such as dunnarts (furry, narrow-footed marsupials about the size of a mouse) [291] S. Tomlinson, S. K. Maloney, P. C. Withers, C. C. Voigt, A. P. Cruz-Neto. Methods Ecol. Evol.4, 619 (2013).. The advantage of this technique over the standard doubly labelled water method, using water enriched in 2H and 18O, include lower equipment requirements, lower technical expertise, and longer time spans over which measurements can be made. This technique could be very useful for measuring the metabolism of amphibians and insects.
Isotopes in Geochronology
87Rb (with a half-life of 4.97×1010 years) is a long-lived radioisotope that is transformed into 87Sr by emission of a beta-minus particle (an electron) and an antineutrino. From the abundance of 87Sr and the Rb/Sr amount ratio in a rock, its age of crystallization can be calculated. Rb/Sr dating is one of the most widely employed techniques for dating geological samples [292] M. A. Geyh, H. Schleicher. Absolute Age Determination: Physical and Chemical Dating Methods and Their Application, p. 503, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1990)..
Isotopes in Medicine
82Rb (with a half-life of 75 s) acts similarly to potassium and is used for imaging of the heart to better assess heart muscle function as a radioactive analog to potassium [293] J. vom Dahl, O. Muzik, E. R. Wolfe, C. Allman, G. Hutchins, M. Schwaiger. Circulation93, 238 (1996)., [294] K. L. Gould, K. Yoshida, M. J. Hess, M. Haynie, N. Mullani, R. W. Smalling. J. Nucl. Med.32, 1 (1991).. 82Rb is being considered as an alternative to highly-enriched uranium for producing medically important radioisotopes [293] J. vom Dahl, O. Muzik, E. R. Wolfe, C. Allman, G. Hutchins, M. Schwaiger. Circulation93, 238 (1996)..
Rubidium almost always forms the +1 oxidation state as Rb⁺. Its common salts resemble those of potassium and cesium, including rubidium chloride (RbCl), rubidium bromide (RbBr), rubidium nitrate (RbNO₃), and rubidium carbonate (Rb₂CO₃). The oxide chemistry is sensitive to oxygen conditions; rubidium can form rubidium oxide (Rb₂O), rubidium peroxide (Rb₂O₂), and rubidium superoxide (RbO₂). Rubidium hydroxide (RbOH) is a strong, highly caustic base. Complex salts and alum-type compounds are known, but lower oxidation states are not normal chemistry for the element.
See more information at the Rubidium compound page.
Metallic rubidium is highly reactive and can ignite or explode on contact with water because hydrogen gas, H₂, and rubidium hydroxide (RbOH) are produced with heat. It also reacts rapidly with air and should be handled only under dry inert conditions. Soluble rubidium salts can affect biological ion balance because Rb⁺ partly mimics K⁺, though rubidium is not an essential nutrient. Natural ⁸⁷Rb is weakly radioactive, but its specific activity is low compared with many regulated radionuclides.
Rubidium occurs dispersed in the crust, chiefly substituting for potassium in feldspars, micas, and evaporite or brine systems. It is mobile as Rb⁺ in water but is also adsorbed or fixed by clays and potassium-bearing minerals. Plants can take up rubidium because of its similarity to potassium, yet it has no established essential biological function. Environmental releases are normally small and associated with mineral processing, laboratory use, or weathering.
Rubidium supply is small and specialized. It is usually recovered as a by-product from lithium and cesium-bearing minerals such as lepidolite and pollucite, or from selected brines, rather than from ores mined solely for rubidium. Production involves separation from abundant potassium and chemically similar cesium, which limits availability and keeps costs high for high-purity material. Demand is driven mainly by atomic-clock, research, and specialty chemical markets. Recycling is limited, though sealed vapor-cell devices contain only small amounts.
The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from the brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba.
Rubidium is a trace element in the cosmos. Its isotopes are made mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars, with contributions from both slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a moderately incompatible lithophile element and follows potassium during rock differentiation. The ⁸⁷Rb–⁸⁷Sr system is widely used to study the ages and source histories of terrestrial and meteoritic materials.
- Rubidium was discovered spectroscopically from deep red emission lines, which inspired its name.
- A sealed rubidium vapor cell can serve as the frequency reference in a compact atomic clock.
- Natural rubidium contains enough ⁸⁷Rb for geologic dating despite its very long half-life.
- Rubidium metal may be liquid in a warm room because its melting point is only about 39 °C.
- Rubidium ions can enter some potassium channels, making rubidium useful as a tracer in physiology research.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 235 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 220 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 303 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 216 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 1530 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0559 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 39.31 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 687.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 58.2 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.363 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 31.06 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पिंडकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 0.82 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 0.706
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.4859 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 4.177128 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 27.289634 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 39.247135 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 52.20018 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 68.440236 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −1, +1 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 1 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Kr] 5s1
उष्मागतिक
- त्रिक बिंदू (तापमान)
- 39.26 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान)
- 1820 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (दाब)
- 1.6e+7 Pa
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.02269783 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 0.71513707 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 0.84987304 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 0.84987304 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 0.8384723 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 37 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 48 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 34 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 1 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Rb-85
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1861
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 90 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 0.12 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 559 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-17-7 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Rb
- InChI की
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Rb: 5s¹[Kr] 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 5s¹अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 85 स्थिर | ८४.९११७८९७३७९ ± ०.००००००००५४ | 72.1700% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (39.31 °C) 14.3 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रगत
अणुवर्णपट
37 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rb I | 0 | 213 | 40 | 213 |
| Rb II | +1 | 699 | 49 | 602 |
| Rb III | +2 | 232 | 0 | 230 |
| Rb IV | +3 | 573 | 0 | 573 |
| Rb V | +4 | 34 | 13 | 34 |
| Rb VI | +5 | 34 | 32 | 34 |
| Rb VII | +6 | 26 | 10 | 26 |
| Rb VIII | +7 | 34 | 26 | 34 |
| Rb IX | +8 | 40 | 17 | 40 |
| Rb X | +9 | 64 | 29 | 64 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Rb I | 0 | 240 |
| Rb II | +1 | 166 |
| Rb III | +2 | 92 |
| Rb IV | +3 | 131 |
| Rb V | +4 | 21 |
| Rb VI | +5 | 20 |
| Rb VII | +6 | 21 |
| Rb VIII | +7 | 25 |
| Rb IX | +8 | 37 |
| Rb X | +9 | 41 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 152 pm |
| +1 | 7 | उपलब्ध नाही | 156 pm |
| +1 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 161 pm |
| +1 | 9 | उपलब्ध नाही | 163 pm |
| +1 | 10 | उपलब्ध नाही | 166 pm |
| +1 | 11 | उपलब्ध नाही | 169 pm |
| +1 | 12 | उपलब्ध नाही | 172 pm |
| +1 | 14 | उपलब्ध नाही | 183 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (1)
Twenty four isotopes of rubidium are known. Naturally occurring rubidium is made of two isotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb. Rubidium-87 is present to the extent of 27.85% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 x 1010 years. Ordinary rubidium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic film in about 30 to 60 days. Rubidium forms four oxides: Rb2O, Rb2O2, Rb2O3, Rb2O4.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 85 स्थिर | ८४.९११७८९७३७९ ± ०.००००००००५४ | 72.1700% ± 0.0200% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
202 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 424.439 nm | 90000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 477.5954 nm | 30000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 394.051 nm | 25000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 457.1765 nm | 20000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 427.3141 nm | 15000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 464.8557 nm | 10000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 515.2081 nm | 10000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 645.833 nm | 10000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 552.2776 nm | 5000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 656.0799 nm | 5000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3F* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 419.3079 nm | 3500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 453.0333 nm | 3000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[1/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 380.1896 nm | 2500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[1/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 437.7123 nm | 2500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 402.9485 nm | 1700 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 429.3971 nm | 1500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 382.66591 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 420.18053 nm | 1000 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5s 2S → 4p6.6p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 434.6961 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 446.9475 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).6s 2[1/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 473.0454 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[1/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 475.5304 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 655.5619 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 451.90262 nm | 700 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 1P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 392.22011 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 421.5539 nm | 500 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5s 2S → 4p6.6p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 426.6584 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 465.9284 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 551.2542 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3F* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 386.07454 nm | 450 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 454.0732 nm | 400 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 444.00924 nm | 300 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 1P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 516.4575 nm | 300 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 626.94 nm | 300 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6g 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 390.7292 nm | 250 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 542.244 nm | 250 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 1P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 527.0514 nm | 200 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 573.9645 nm | 200 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[7/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 613.5268 nm | 200 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 383.78512 nm | 175 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 740.8171 nm | 150 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.7s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 550.0635 nm | 100 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 627.5697 nm | 100 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6g 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 451.9884 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6f 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 459.989 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6f 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 543.1528 nm | 75 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.8d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 589.308 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[7/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 607.0751 nm | 75 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.8s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 614.0319 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3F* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 572.4125 nm | 60 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 210 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 202 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 225 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Truhlar
- 303 pm
- Batsanov
- 290 pm
- Alvarez
- 321 pm
- UFF
- 411.4 pm
- MM3
- 325 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 240 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 248 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 4
- Pettifor
- 9
- Glawe
- 9
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 2
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 2
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 1
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 319.8 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.3 a.u.
- C₆
- 4769 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 4660 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 56.07 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 0
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 312.45 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 961.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 2093.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (दाब) | 16 MPa |
| त्रिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 312.41 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (9)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.7922 |
| 2 | p | 3.9612 |
| 2 | s | 9.8432 |
| 3 | d | 15.3208 |
| 3 | p | 15.6967 |
| 3 | s | 15.1573 |
| 4 | p | 26.1192 |
| 4 | s | 24.612 |
| 5 | s | 32.0155 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (8)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | VI | 166 | ||
| 1 | VII | 170 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 175 | ||
| 1 | IX | 177 | estimated, | |
| 1 | X | 180 | ||
| 1 | XI | 183 | ||
| 1 | XII | 186 | ||
| 1 | XIV | 197 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (61)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 71 | p | — |
| 72 | p | — |
| 73 | B+ | — |
| 73 | p | 100% |
| 74 | B+ | 100% |
| 74 | B+p | — |
| 75 | B+ | 100% |
| 76 | B+ | 100% |
| 76 | B+A | 3.8% |
| 77 | B+ | 100% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (508)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.06968 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.07104 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.07253 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.07441 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.07635 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.07833 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.08037 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.083 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.08599 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.0891 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
9.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Rubidium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele037.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.2×10-1 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Rubidium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele037.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from the brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Rubidium https://periodic.lanl.gov/37.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Rubidium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.