Nickel (Ni)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
58.6934 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Ar] 4s2 3d8द्रवणांक
1454.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
2912.85 °Cघनता
8912 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.91आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
7.639878 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1751अणुत्रिज्या
135 pmतपशील
Nickel is a silvery transition metal of group 10, valued for corrosion resistance, strength at high temperature, and its ability to form useful alloys. It is ferromagnetic near room temperature and commonly occurs in the +2 oxidation state, although several other states are known in coordination chemistry. Natural nickel is mostly found in sulfide and laterite ores, and it is a key metal for stainless steels, superalloys, plating, catalysts, and rechargeable batteries.
Nickel is silvery white and takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals and is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms.
The name derives from the German Nickel for "deceptive little spirit" because miners called mineral niccolite (NiAs) by the name Kupfernickel (false copper) because it resembled copper ores in appearance, but no copper was found in the ore. It was discovered by the Swedish metallurgist Axel-Frederik Cronstedt in 1751.
Nickel was discovered by the Swedish chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in the mineral niccolite (NiAs) in 1751. Today, most nickel is obtained from the mineral pentlandite (NiS·2FeS). Most of the world's supply of nickel is mined in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada. It is believed that this large deposit of nickel ore is a result of an ancient meteor impact.
From the German word Nickel (Satan), and from kupfernickel, Old Nick's copper. Cronstedt discovered nickel in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite).
Pure nickel is a lustrous, silvery-white metal with a faint golden tinge. It is hard, ductile, and malleable, and it can take a high polish. Compact nickel resists attack by air and water under ordinary conditions because a thin protective surface film forms.
The largest use of nickel is in alloys, especially stainless steels, where it improves toughness, corrosion resistance, and formability. Nickel-base superalloys are used in turbine blades and other high-temperature parts. The metal is also used for electroplating, coinage alloys, catalysts such as Raney nickel, and electrical contacts. Nickel compounds and nickel metal are important in batteries, including nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and many lithium-ion cathode chemistries.
Nickel is a hard, corrosion resistant metal. It can be electroplated onto other metals to form a protective coating. Finely divided nickel is used as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Adding nickel to glass gives it a green color. A single kilogram of nickel can be drawn into 300 kilometers of wire. Nickel is also used to manufacture some types of coins and batteries.
Nickel is alloyed with other metals to improve their strength and resistance to corrosion. Nickel is alloyed with steel to make armor plate, vaults and machine parts. It is alloyed with copper to make pipes that are used in desalination plants. Very powerful permanent magnets, known as Alnico magnets, can be made from an alloy of aluminum, nickel, cobalt and iron.
It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys such as Invar(R), Monel(R), Inconel(R), and the Hastelloys(R). Tubing made of copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water.
Nickel, used extensively to make coins and nickel steel for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults, and is also a component in Nichrome(R), Permalloy(R), and constantan.
Nickel gives glass a greenish color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals, and finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in the Edison(R) storage battery.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of nickel possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of nickel in terrestrial silicate rocks (Fig. IUPAC.28.1) [228] B. Gueguen, O. Rouxel, E. Ponzevera, A. Bekker, Y. Fouquet. Geostand. Geoanal. Res.37, 297 (2013)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
Anomalies in 60Ni abundance caused by decay of now extinct 60Fe have been used to study the early history of our Solar System (see section 4.26.2). 59Ni is a cosmogenic radionuclide with a half-life of 7.6×104 years. Decay of 59Ni has been used to assess the terrestrial age of meteorites and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and sediment [230] G. F. Herzog, C. Schnabel, S. Xue, J. Masarik, R. G. Cresswell, M. L. D. Tada. Meteorit. Planet. Sci.33, A66 (1998)..
Isotopes in Industry
63Ni (with a half-life of 99 years) is produced from stable 62Ni and is a beta-emitting radionuclide that serves as an electron source together with 55Fe in electron-capture detectors. Electron-capture detectors are used as thickness gauges or as detectors for organic analytes in gas chromatography (Fig. IUPAC.28.2) [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html.. 63Ni is also used to ionize substances in ion mobility spectrometry–the basis of the instrument used in airports to screen passengers for drugs and bombs [231] J. R. Verkouteren, J. L. Staymates. Forensic Sci. Int.206, 190 (2011).. 63Ni is also used as a fluorescence-inducing source in elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and in miniaturized long-lived nuclear batteries [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html.. Until the mid-1980s, nuclear batteries were used in pacemakers, but then they were replaced by long-lasting lithium batteries [232] B. Ulmen, P. D. Desai, S. Moghaddam, G. H. Miley, R. I. Masel. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.282, 601 (2009)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
61Ni is used as a radiation target for production of the radioactive isotope 61Cu (with a half-life of 3.3 h), which emits positrons for positron emission tomography (PET) applications using the 61Ni (p, n) 61Cu reaction. 64Ni is used as a radiation target for production of 64Cu (with a half-life of 12.7 h), which is used in radioimmunotherapy by attaching it to an antibody for delivery of cytotoxic radiation (toxic to living cells) to a target cell via the 64Ni (p, n) 64Cu reaction [235] National Research Council. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, p. 38, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (1995).. 60Ni is used for the production of 57Co (with a half-life of 0.75 year), which is used as a reference source for gamma cameras that are used in nuclear medicinevia the 60Ni (p, 4He) 57Co reaction [235] National Research Council. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, p. 38, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (1995)..
Nickel chemistry is dominated by Ni²⁺, which forms many salts and coordination complexes. Nickel(II) oxide, NiO, is a green to black solid used in ceramics, catalysts, and battery materials. Nickel(II) sulfate, NiSO₄, is important in electroplating and hydrometallurgy. Nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)₄, is a volatile zerovalent compound central to the Mond refining process and notable for its high toxicity. Nickel also forms sulfides, halides, organonickel complexes, and mixed oxides used as battery cathode precursors.
See more information at the Nickel compound page.
Nickel metal is not highly toxic as a solid, but nickel dusts, fumes, and soluble nickel salts can cause allergic contact dermatitis and respiratory sensitization. Some nickel compounds are classified as carcinogenic, especially with inhalation exposure in refining or processing environments. Nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)₄, is acutely poisonous and readily absorbed by inhalation. Fine nickel powder can be a fire or explosion hazard.
Exposure to nickel metal and soluble compounds (as Ni) should not exceed 0.05 mg/cm3 (8-hour time-weighted average per 40-hour work week). Nickel sulfide fume and dust is recognized as being potentially carcinogenic.
Nickel is naturally present in rocks, soils, waters, and biological systems at low concentrations. Weathering releases Ni²⁺ and nickel-bearing particles, while industrial sources include mining, smelting, fuel combustion, waste disposal, and corrosion of alloys. Its mobility depends strongly on pH, organic matter, sulfide availability, and adsorption to iron and manganese oxides. Nickel is an essential trace nutrient for some microorganisms and plants, but elevated concentrations can be toxic.
Nickel is produced mainly from sulfide ores and lateritic ores. Sulfide concentrates are commonly smelted and refined, while laterites require energy-intensive pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical processing. Demand is strongly tied to stainless steel production and increasingly to battery materials, although cathode chemistry choices can change nickel intensity. Recycling from stainless steel scrap, superalloys, and batteries is economically important. Supply is influenced by ore type, energy cost, refining capacity, environmental controls, and the distribution of suitable deposits.
Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 percent to nearly 20 percent nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces about 30 percent of the world's supply of nickel.
Other deposits are found in New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere.
Nickel is a relatively abundant iron-peak element made in late stellar burning and supernova nucleosynthesis. Radioactive ⁵⁶Ni, produced in explosive events, decays through ⁵⁶Co to ⁵⁶Fe and helps power the light curves of many supernovae. In planets, nickel partitions strongly with iron, so much of Earth’s nickel is thought to reside in the core, while accessible crustal nickel is concentrated by magmatic and weathering processes.
- Nickel was named from a troublesome copper ore that miners associated with a mischievous spirit.
- The kilogram was once defined by an alloy containing 90 percent platinum and 10 percent nickel.
- Nickel is one of the few elements ferromagnetic at ordinary temperatures.
- Raney nickel is a porous catalyst made by leaching aluminium from a nickel-aluminium alloy.
- Many meteorites contain iron-nickel metal rather than nickel as separate mineral grains.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 135 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 124 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 163 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 115 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 8912 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0066 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 1454.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 2912.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 90.9 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.444 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 26.07 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पृष्ठकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.91 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.88
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 1.156 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 7.639878 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 18.168901 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 35.187121 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 54.920189 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 76.060262 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 10 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Ar] 4s2 3d8
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.18116806 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 3.838939 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 4.457688 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 4.457688 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 4.457688 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 28 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 32 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 35 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 4 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Ni-60
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1751
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 84 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 5.6 × 10−4 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 352 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 16, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-02-0 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 3F4
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ni
- InChI की
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Ni: 3d⁸ 4s²[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁸ 4s²अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60 स्थिर | ५९.९३०७८५८८ ± ०.००००००५२ | 26.2230% | स्थिर |
| 61 स्थिर | ६०.९३१०५५५७ ± ०.००००००५२ | 1.1399% | स्थिर |
| 62 स्थिर | ६१.९२८३४५३७ ± ०.००००००५५ | 3.6346% | स्थिर |
| 64 स्थिर | ६३.९२७९६६८२ ± ०.००००००५८ | 0.9255% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (1454.85 °C) 1429.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
28 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ni I | 0 | 576 | 522 | 522 |
| Ni II | +1 | 249 | 208 | 208 |
| Ni III | +2 | 128 | 50 | 50 |
| Ni IV | +3 | 216 | 169 | 169 |
| Ni V | +4 | 1582 | 1566 | 1582 |
| Ni VII | +6 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Ni IX | +8 | 38 | 20 | 38 |
| Ni X | +9 | 41 | 0 | 41 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Ni I | 0 | 288 |
| Ni II | +1 | 719 |
| Ni III | +2 | 345 |
| Ni IV | +3 | 236 |
| Ni V | +4 | 324 |
| Ni VI | +5 | 273 |
| Ni VII | +6 | 45 |
| Ni VIII | +7 | 44 |
| Ni IX | +8 | 31 |
| Ni X | +9 | 34 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 55.00000000000001 pm |
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 49 pm |
| +2 | 5 | उपलब्ध नाही | 63 pm |
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 69 pm |
| +3 | 6 | low | 56.00000000000001 pm |
| +3 | 6 | high | 60 pm |
| +4 | 6 | low | 48 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (4)
The sulfate and the oxides are important compounds. Natural nickel is a mixture of five stable isotopes; nine other unstable isotopes are known.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 60 स्थिर | ५९.९३०७८५८८ ± ०.००००००५२ | 26.2230% ± 0.0150% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 61 स्थिर | ६०.९३१०५५५७ ± ०.००००००५२ | 1.1399% ± 0.0013% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 62 स्थिर | ६१.९२८३४५३७ ± ०.००००००५५ | 3.6346% ± 0.0040% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 64 स्थिर | ६३.९२७९६६८२ ± ०.००००००५८ | 0.9255% ± 0.0019% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
433 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 385.82968 nm | 1200 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4s 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 380.71402 nm | 700 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4s 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 547.6904 nm | 180 | Ni I | emission | 3d10 1S → 3d9.(2D).4p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 383.16908 nm | 110 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4s 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 397.35547 nm | 110 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4s 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 440.1541 nm | 110 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5D* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 471.4417 nm | 110 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 503.5362 nm | 100 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 508.0533 nm | 100 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 464.8652 nm | 75 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 460.4987 nm | 65 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 508.111 nm | 65 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 1F* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 447.0477 nm | 55 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5D* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 501.7576 nm | 50 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5F* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 478.6535 nm | 45 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 485.5411 nm | 45 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 498.0173 nm | 45 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 490.4412 nm | 40 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 475.6515 nm | 30 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 712.2197 nm | 26 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5s 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 468.6213 nm | 23 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 513.7074 nm | 23 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 570.9545 nm | 23 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 742.2275 nm | 23 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5s 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 471.5762 nm | 22 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 480.6993 nm | 22 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p * → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 3F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 491.8364 nm | 22 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 3F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 676.7772 nm | 22 | Ni I | emission | 3d10 1S → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 511.5392 nm | 21 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 3F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 483.1176 nm | 19 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5F* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 446.2455 nm | 18 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5D* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 460.0359 nm | 18 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 460.6221 nm | 18 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 501.2443 nm | 18 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5F* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 493.5831 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 3F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 504.8847 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 1F* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 575.4656 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d9.(2D).4p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 664.363 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 739.3676 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s2 3F → 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 517.656 nm | 13 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 1D* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 559.2262 nm | 13 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 625.6355 nm | 13 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 568.2199 nm | 12 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3F* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 571.1888 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 589.2872 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d9.(2D).4p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 610.8116 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 617.6811 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 631.4659 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d9.(2D).4p 1D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 691.4559 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 558.7858 nm | 9 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3D* | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 110 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 101 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 101 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 135 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 240 pm
- UFF
- 283.4 pm
- MM3
- 222 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 229 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 124 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 67
- Pettifor
- 67
- Glawe
- 69
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 49 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 3 a.u.
- C₆
- 373 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 393 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक आसक्ती
- प्रोटॉन आसक्ती
- 737 kJ/mol
- वायूची क्षारकता
- 714.1 kJ/mol
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 6.6 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 5
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 17
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 6
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 36
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 18
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 75
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 1728.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 3186.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (7)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.6474 |
| 2 | p | 3.9048 |
| 2 | s | 7.7874 |
| 3 | d | 15.4705 |
| 3 | p | 13.915 |
| 3 | s | 13.039 |
| 4 | s | 22.2892 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (7)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | 69 | ||
| 2 | IVSQ | 63 | ||
| 2 | V | 77 | estimated, | |
| 2 | VI | 83 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VI | LS | 70 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 3 | VI | HS | 74 | estimated, |
| 4 | VI | LS | 62 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (54)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 48 | 2p | 70% |
| 48 | B+ | 30% |
| 48 | B+p | — |
| 49 | B+ | 100% |
| 49 | B+p | 83.4% |
| 50 | B+ | 100% |
| 50 | B+p | 73% |
| 50 | 2p | 14% |
| 51 | B+ | 100% |
| 51 | B+p | 87.2% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (504)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.37727 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.38064 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.38401 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.3874 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.39079 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.39419 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.39982 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.44104 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.48347 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.52716 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.4×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
5.6×10-4 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 percent to nearly 20 percent nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces about 30 percent of the world's supply of nickel.
Other deposits are found in New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Nickel https://periodic.lanl.gov/28.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Nickel.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.