Copper (Cu)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
63.546 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Ar] 4s1 3d10द्रवणांक
1084.62 °Cउत्कलनांक
2561.85 °Cघनता
8933 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.9आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
7.72638 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
उपलब्ध नाहीअणुत्रिज्या
135 pmतपशील
Copper is a transition metal with high electrical and thermal conductivity, good ductility, and a chemistry dominated by the +1 and +2 oxidation states. It is one of the few metals found naturally in native form and has been worked since prehistory. Modern importance rests on electrical conductors, plumbing, heat exchangers, alloys, and catalytic or biological redox chemistry. Its surfaces oxidize slowly in air, often developing protective films rather than deep rusting.
Copper is reddish and takes on a bright metallic luster. It is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity).
The name derives from the Latin cuprum for Cyprus, the island where the Romans first obtained copper. The symbol Cu also comes from the Latin cuprum. The element has been known since prehistoric times.
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using copper for at least 11,000 years. Relatively easy to mine and refine, people discovered methods for extracting copper from its ores at least 7,000 years ago. The Roman Empire obtained most of its copper from the island of Cyprus, which is where copper's name originated. Today, copper is primarily obtained from the ores cuprite (CuO2), tenorite (CuO), malachite (CuO3·Cu(OH)2), chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS) and bornite (Cu6FeS4). Large deposits of copper ore are located in the United States, Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru and Canada.
From the Latin word cuprum, from the island of Cyprus. It is believed that copper has been mined for 5,000 years.
Pure copper is a reddish-orange, lustrous metal when freshly polished. It is soft, malleable, and ductile, and it can be drawn into fine wire. In air it darkens as oxide and sulfide films form; long outdoor exposure may produce a green patina of basic copper salts.
The largest use of copper is in electrical wiring, power equipment, motors, generators, and electronics, where its conductivity and workability are central. Copper tubing and sheet are used in plumbing, roofing, heat exchangers, and refrigeration. Important alloys include brass, bronze, cupronickel, and beryllium copper, each chosen for combinations of strength, corrosion resistance, machinability, or spring properties. Copper surfaces and salts also have established antimicrobial and fungicidal applications, although soluble copper compounds require controlled use.
Used in large amounts by the electrical industry in the form of wire, copper is second only to silver in electrical conductance. Since it resists corrosion from the air, moisture and seawater, copper has been widely used in coins. Although once made nearly entirely from copper, American pennies are now made from zinc that has been coated with copper. Copper is also used to make water pipes and jewelry, as well as other items.
Pure copper is usually too soft for most uses. People first learned about 5,000 years ago that copper can be strengthened if it is mixed with other metals. The two most familiar alloys of copper are bronze and brass. Bronze, the first alloy created by people, is a mix of copper that contains as much as 25% tin. Early people used bronze to make tools, weaponry, containers and ornamental items. Brass, a mix of copper that contains between 5% and 45% zinc, was first used about 2,500 years ago. The Romans were the first to make extensive use of brass, using it to make such things as coins, kettles and ornamental objects. Today, brass is also used in some musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion.
Hydrated copper sulfate (CuSO4·H2O), also known as blue vitriol, is the best known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, as an algicide in water purification and as a blue pigment for inks. Cuperic chloride (CuCl2), another copper compound, is used to fix dyes to fabrics. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a poisonous white powder that is chiefly used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is commonly used in electroplating.
The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Iron's alloys brass and bronze are very important: all American coins are copper alloys and gun metals also contain copper.
Copper has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algaecide in water purification. Copper compounds, such as Fehling's solution, are widely used in analytical chemistry tests for sugar.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of copper possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of copper in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.29.1). 63Cu and 65Cu have been used to study copper isotope science of supergene (formed by descending solutions) copper minerals for potential use as an indicator of the paleohydraulic (ancient hydraulic) gradient, and for potential to provide a vector toward unrecognized copper source regions [236] D. Braxton, R. Mathur. Econ. Geol.106, 1447 (2011).. Copper isotope ratios of iron oxides and supergene copper sulfides in surface samples or fossil leached caps of ore deposits are being used in prospecting to rank prospects and focus on drilling areas that have the greatest potential for mature enrichment profiles [236] D. Braxton, R. Mathur. Econ. Geol.106, 1447 (2011)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
The copper isotope-amount ratio n(65Cu)/n(63Cu) along with the silver isotope-amount ratio n(109Ag)/n(107Ag) and lead isotope-amount ratios n(206Pb)/n(204Pb), n(207Pb)/n(204Pb), and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb) have been used to determine the origin of European coins and the flow of goods in the historical world market. Metals from Peru and Mexico and those from European mining sites have distinct isotopic signatures that enable the origin of the metal to be determined based on the isotopic compositions of silver, copper, and lead in the coins. Silver from mines in Mexico and Peru in the 16 th century was used to mint coins but did not influence the European coin market until the 18 th century [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011)..
Isotopes in Medicine
The radiopharmaceutical 62Cu-PTSM, which contains radioactive 62Cu (with a half-life of 9.7 min), is used as a tracer in positron emission tomography (PET) to quantify myocardial perfusion (heart blood-flow measurements) [238] H. Jadvar, J. A. Parker. Clinical PET and PET/CT, Springer-Verlag London Limited, New York, NY (2005)., [239] M. Shokeen, C. J. Anderson. Acc. Chem. Res.42, 832 (2009).. The radioisotope 64Cu (with a half-life of 12.7 h) is used for PET imaging and radiotherapy to diagnose, understand, and monitor disease (Fig. IUPAC.29.2) [238] H. Jadvar, J. A. Parker. Clinical PET and PET/CT, Springer-Verlag London Limited, New York, NY (2005)., [240] C. J. Anderson, R. Ferdani. Cancer Biother Radiopharm.24 (4), 379 (2009).. The stable isotope 65Cu has been used as a tracer to study copper absorption, utilization, and excretion in humans [241] J. R. Turnlund. Sci. Total Environ.28, 385 (1983)., [242] L. J. Harvey, J. R. Dainty, W. J. Hollands, V. J. Bull, J. H. Beattie, T. I. Venelinov, J. A. Hoogewerff, I. M. Davies, S. J. Fairweather-Tait. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.81, 807 (2005)..
Copper forms two especially important ionic states: copper(I), Cu⁺, and copper(II), Cu²⁺. Copper(I) oxide, Cu₂O, is red and semiconducting, while copper(II) oxide, CuO, is black and more strongly oxidized. Copper(II) sulfate, CuSO₄, is a common laboratory and agricultural salt, usually encountered as the blue pentahydrate CuSO₄·5H₂O. Halides such as copper(I) chloride, CuCl, and copper(II) chloride, CuCl₂, show the contrast between Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ chemistry. Complex formation with ammonia, cyanide, and organic ligands is a major part of copper chemistry.
See more information at the Copper compound page.
Copper is an essential trace element, but excessive intake or exposure can be harmful. Soluble copper salts may irritate the gastrointestinal tract and can be toxic at sufficient dose. Dusts and fumes from cutting, welding, or smelting copper-containing materials are occupational hazards, and some copper compounds are hazardous to aquatic life. Metallic copper is not highly reactive in bulk, but fine powders can present fire or dust risks under some conditions.
Copper occurs in sulfide, oxide, carbonate, and native-metal deposits, and it cycles through weathering, sediment transport, biological uptake, and mineral precipitation. In soils and waters it binds strongly to organic matter, sulfides, clays, and iron or manganese oxides, which limits mobility but can concentrate it in sediments. Copper is required by many organisms in enzymes, yet elevated dissolved copper is toxic to fish, invertebrates, algae, and microorganisms.
Copper is a major industrial metal produced chiefly from sulfide ores by mining, concentration, smelting, converting, and electrorefining, and from some oxide ores by leaching and electrowinning. Demand is tied closely to construction, electrical infrastructure, transport, industrial machinery, and electronics. Recycling is economically important because copper retains its properties after remelting and refining; scrap from wiring, plumbing, motors, and manufacturing waste is a major secondary source. Substitution by aluminium, optical fiber, plastics, or stainless steels is possible in some uses, but performance requirements often keep copper preferred.
Copper occasionally occurs natively, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite.
Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, the oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis.
Copper is less abundant in the cosmos than iron, nickel, or zinc. Its stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu, are produced mainly by neutron-capture and charged-particle processes in evolved stars and supernova environments. In the Solar System it is a minor lithophile to chalcophile element, concentrating strongly into sulfide minerals during planetary differentiation and ore formation.
- Copper has only two stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu.
- Its chemical symbol comes from Latin cuprum, linked to Cyprus.
- Copper is diamagnetic, despite being a transition metal.
- Very high-purity copper is used where residual elements would reduce electrical conductivity.
- The green patina on old copper roofs is not a single compound.
- Copper can catalyze oxidation reactions by cycling between Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 135 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 132 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 140 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 118 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 8933 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0071 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 1084.62 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 2561.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 401 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.385 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 24.44 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पृष्ठकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.9 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.85
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 1.235 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 7.72638 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 20.29246 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 36.841127 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 57.380198 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 79.800275 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 11 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Ar] 4s1 3d10
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.13743069 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 3.113437 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 3.496917 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 3.496917 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 3.496917 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 29 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 34 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 33 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 2 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Cu-63
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 60 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 2.5 × 10−4 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 361 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 1 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-50-8 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cu
- InChI की
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Cu: 3d¹⁰ 4s¹[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s¹अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63 स्थिर | ६२.९२९५९७७२ ± ०.००००००५६ | 69.1500% | स्थिर |
| 65 स्थिर | ६४.९२७७८९७ ± ०.००००००७१ | 30.8500% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (1084.62 °C) 1059.6 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
29 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cu I | 0 | 1003 | 37 | 1003 |
| Cu II | +1 | 2557 | 554 | 2557 |
| Cu III | +2 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Cu IV | +3 | 60 | 0 | 0 |
| Cu V | +4 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
| Cu X | +9 | 28 | 0 | 28 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Cu I | 0 | 365 |
| Cu II | +1 | 468 |
| Cu III | +2 | 390 |
| Cu IV | +3 | 298 |
| Cu V | +4 | 249 |
| Cu VI | +5 | 255 |
| Cu VII | +6 | 5 |
| Cu VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Cu IX | +8 | 2 |
| Cu X | +9 | 31 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 2 | उपलब्ध नाही | 46 pm |
| +1 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 60 pm |
| +1 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 77 pm |
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 56.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 56.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 5 | उपलब्ध नाही | 65 pm |
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 73 pm |
| +3 | 6 | low | 54 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (2)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 63 स्थिर | ६२.९२९५९७७२ ± ०.००००००५६ | 69.1500% ± 0.1500% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 65 स्थिर | ६४.९२७७८९७ ± ०.००००००७१ | 30.8500% ± 0.1500% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
1058 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 490.973351 nm | 160000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 493.16981 nm | 140000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 505.179209 nm | 120000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 495.37246 nm | 82000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 498.550498 nm | 70000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 506.545861 nm | 70000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 508.827603 nm | 57000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 740.43532 nm | 55000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 491.83778 nm | 54000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 505.890923 nm | 48000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 627.334763 nm | 47000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 500.679978 nm | 46000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 506.709423 nm | 46000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 509.381536 nm | 41000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 621.69385 nm | 39000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 600.01168 nm | 38000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 501.26199 nm | 37000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 468.19935 nm | 36000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 481.29474 nm | 36000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 500.985058 nm | 35000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 485.498743 nm | 34000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 502.127849 nm | 32000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 507.230253 nm | 32000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 594.11951 nm | 31000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 512.44753 nm | 30000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) 3G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.170176 nm | 29000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 491.291987 nm | 29000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 520.7134 nm | 29000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d8.(1G).4s.4p.(3P*) 3H* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 493.155505 nm | 28000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 404.34858 nm | 27000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.4p 1F* → 3d8.4s2 1G | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 504.73477 nm | 27000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 630.10137 nm | 27000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 490.142634 nm | 26000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 492.64232 nm | 26000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 493.722031 nm | 26000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 508.84896 nm | 25000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 615.42211 nm | 25000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[1/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 621.98488 nm | 24000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 526.99904 nm | 23000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.4p 3P* → 3d8.4s2 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 589.79758 nm | 23000 | Cu II | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3G* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 490.656612 nm | 21000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 508.397879 nm | 21000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.35774 nm | 20000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 494.3025 nm | 20000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 512.075319 nm | 20000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 644.85593 nm | 20000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.4p 3D* → 3d8.4s2 3P | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 508.89421 nm | 19000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 518.33664 nm | 19000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 524.53423 nm | 19000 | Cu II | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 626.18464 nm | 19000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 112 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 115 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 120 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 137 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 238 pm
- UFF
- 349.5 pm
- MM3
- 226 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 217 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 128 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 71
- Pettifor
- 72
- Glawe
- 68
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 46.5 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.5 a.u.
- C₆
- 253 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 264 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक आसक्ती
- प्रोटॉन आसक्ती
- 655.3 kJ/mol
- वायूची क्षारकता
- 632.4 kJ/mol
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 7.12 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 3
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 34
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 4
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 28
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 68
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 68
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 1357.77 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 2833.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (7)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.6614 |
| 2 | p | 3.903 |
| 2 | s | 7.9802 |
| 3 | d | 15.7994 |
| 3 | p | 14.2694 |
| 3 | s | 13.4057 |
| 4 | s | 23.1576 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (8)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II | 60 | ||
| 1 | IV | 74 | estimated, | |
| 1 | VI | 91 | estimated, | |
| 2 | IV | 71 | ||
| 2 | IVSQ | 71 | ||
| 2 | V | 79 | ||
| 2 | VI | 87 | ||
| 3 | VI | LS | 60 |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (52)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 52 | p | — |
| 53 | p | — |
| 54 | p | — |
| 55 | B+ | 100% |
| 55 | B+p | — |
| 56 | B+ | 100% |
| 56 | B+p | 0.4% |
| 57 | B+ | 100% |
| 58 | B+ | 100% |
| 59 | B+ | 100% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (504)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.30088 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.33374 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.36743 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.40197 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.43738 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.47369 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.51091 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.54908 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.58821 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.62833 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
6.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2.5×10-4 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Copper occasionally occurs natively, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite.
Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, the oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Copper https://periodic.lanl.gov/29.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
The copper isotope-amount ratio n(65Cu)/n(63Cu) along with the silver isotope-amount ratio n(109Ag)/n(107Ag) and lead isotope-amount ratios n(206Pb)/n(204Pb), n(207Pb)/n(204Pb), and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb) have been used to determine the origin of European coins and the flow of goods in the historical world market. Metals from Peru and Mexico and those from European mining sites have distinct isotopic signatures that enable the origin of the metal to be determined based on the isotopic compositions of silver, copper, and lead in the coins. Silver from mines in Mexico and Peru in the 16 th century was used to mint coins but did not influence the European coin market until the 18 th century [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011)..
संदर्भ (2)
- [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Copper.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.