Cobalt (Co)
transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
58.933194 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Ar] 4s2 3d7द्रवणांक
1494.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
2926.85 °Cघनता
8860 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.88आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
7.88101 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1735अणुत्रिज्या
135 pmतपशील
Cobalt is a hard transition metal of group 9, best known for stable high-temperature alloys, magnetic materials, rechargeable battery cathodes, and intensely colored blue pigments. It occurs in nature chiefly as a minor constituent of sulfide and arsenide minerals and is commonly recovered with copper or nickel. Chemically it is dominated by the +2 and +3 oxidation states, with coordination chemistry that includes biologically important corrinoids.
Cobalt is a brittle, hard metal, resembling iron and nickel in appearance. It has a metallic permeability of about two thirds that of iron. Cobalt tends to exist as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature range. The transformation is sluggish and accounts in part for the wide variation in reported data on physical properties of cobalt.
The name derives from the German Kobold for "evil spirits" or "goblins", who were superstitiously thought to cause trouble for miners because the mineral contained arsenic that injured their health and the metallic ores did not yield metals when treated with the normal methods. Cobalt was discovered in 1735 by the Swedish chemist Georg Brandt.
Cobalt was discovered by Georg Brandt, a Swedish chemist, in 1739. Brandt was attempting to prove that the ability of certain minerals to color glass blue was due to an unknown element and not to bismuth, as was commonly believed at the time. Cobalt's primary ores are cobaltite (CoAsS) and erythrite (Co3(AsO4)2). Cobalt is usually recovered as a byproduct of mining and refining nickel, silver, lead, copper and iron.
From the German word Kobald, goblin or evil spirit; also from the Greek cobalos, mine. George Brandt discovered cobalt in 1735.
Pure cobalt is a lustrous, silvery gray metal with a faint bluish cast. It is hard, relatively brittle compared with many structural metals, and ferromagnetic near room temperature. Finely divided cobalt has a much larger reactive surface and can behave differently from compact metal.
Cobalt is used in superalloys for turbine blades and other hot, highly stressed components, where it helps retain strength and resist corrosion. It is a key constituent of some permanent magnets and magnetic recording alloys. Large quantities are used in lithium-ion battery cathode materials, especially layered oxides containing lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, or aluminum. Cobalt compounds are also used as catalysts, driers for paints and inks, and blue ceramic and glass colorants. The radioisotope cobalt-60 is used as a gamma-ray source for sterilization, radiography, and radiotherapy.
Although cobalt is used in electroplating to give objects an attractive surface that resists oxidation, it is more widely used to form alloys. Alnico, an alloy consisting of aluminum, nickel and cobalt is used to make powerful permanent magnets. Stellite alloys, which contain cobalt, chromium and tungsten, are used to make high-speed and high temperature cutting tools and dyes. Cobalt is also used to make alloys for jet engines and gas turbines, magnetic steels and some types of stainless steels.
Cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important source of gamma rays and is used to treat some forms of cancer and as a medical tracer. Cobalt-60 has a half-life of 5.27 years and decays into nickel-60 through beta decay.
Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to color porcelain, glass, pottery, tile and enamel. Some of these compounds are known as: cobalt blue, ceruleum, new blue, smalt, cobalt yellow and cobalt green. In addition to being used as a dye, cobalt is also important to human nutrition as it is an essential part of vitamin B12.
It is alloyed with iron, nickel and other metals to make Alnico, an alloy of unusual magnetic strength with many important uses. Stellite alloys, containing cobalt, chromium, and tungsten, are used for high-speed, heavy-duty, high temperature cutting tools, and for dies.
Cobalt is also used in other magnetic steels and stainless steels, and in alloys used in jet turbines and gas turbine generators. The metal is used in electroplating because of its appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation.
Cobalt salts have been used for centuries to produce brilliant and permanent blue colors in porcelain, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. It is the principal ingredient in Sevre's and Thenard's blue. A solution of the chloride is used as a sympathetic ink. Cobalt carefully used in the form of the chloride, sulfate, acetate, or nitrate has been found effective in correcting a certain mineral deficiency disease in animals.
Soils should contain 0.13 to 0.30 ppm of cobalt for proper animal nutrition.
Isotopes in Industry
60Co (with a half-life of 5.27 years) is used to irradiate food sources as a method of preserving food (Fig. IUPAC.27.1). The gamma radiation from 60Co kills bacteria and other organisms that cause disease and spoilage of food (see Fig. IUPAC.27.1). The use of radioactive compounds for preserving food is not always viewed positively. Some individuals are concerned that harmful compounds will be produced during the irradiation process. However, there is no evidence to support the claim that irradiation is dangerous for food preservation [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html.. Many medical products today are sterilized using gamma rays from a 60Co source. This technique of sterilization is generally much cheaper and more effective than steam-heat sterilization because it is a cold process. For example, it can be performed on packaged items, such as disposable syringes. This sterilization technique is applicable to a wide range of heat-sensitive items, such as powders, ointments, and solutions, as well as biological preparations, such as bone, nerve, skin, etc., used in tissue grafts [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html..
60Co is also used in industrial radiography to detect structural flaws in metal parts. The radiation can penetrate metals and the X-ray pattern produced by the radiating material can provide information on its strength, composition, and other properties [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html.. Because of the above property, 60Co is also used in leveling devices and thickness gauges used to test welds and castings [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
60Co is a radioactive metal isotope that is used in cancer treatments by radiotherapy. When 60Co undergoes radioactive decay, high-energy gamma rays (energies of 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV) are emitted and have been used in brachytherapy to treat various types of cancer. Brachytherapy (brachy is Greek meaning “short distance”) is a method of radiation treatment in which sealed sources are used to deliver a radiation dose at a distance of up to a few centimeters by surface, intracavitary (insertion of the radioactive isotope in a body cavity), or interstitial (between cells) application [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf.. 60Co is used as a source of high-energy ionizing gamma radiation that can be directed to cancer cells from a device outside the body (external radiotherapy).
60Co (and sometimes 57Co and 58Co, with half-lives of 0.75 year and 71 days, respectively) is the key component of the Schilling test, which is a method for determining whether a patient’s body is making and using vitamin B12 properly. The cobalt isotope is used to label cobalt in vitamin B12 to monitor how the body processes this essential vitamin [224] B. R. Krynyckyi, L. S. Zuckier. J. Nucl. Med.36, 1659 (1995)..
57Co delivers the smallest radiation dose of all the cobalt isotopes. As a result, it has been used in the past for imaging and estimating organ size and location and in evaluating tumors of the head and neck [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf., [99] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Medicine, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 23; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf55.html., [225] Royal Society of Chemistry. Cobalt, Royal Society of Chemistry (2017), Feb. 26; http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/27/cobalt., [226] US Environmental Protection Agency. Cobalt, US Environmental Protection Agency (2017), Feb. 26; https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclide-basics-cobalt-60., [227] Washington State Department of Health. Cobalt-60, Washington State Department of Health (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Pubs/320-078_co60_fs.pdf..
Cobalt commonly forms cobalt(II) compounds such as cobalt(II) oxide (CoO), cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl₂), and cobalt(II) sulfate (CoSO₄). Cobalt(III) is strongly stabilized in many coordination compounds, including hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride ([Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₃), and in oxides used in battery electrodes such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂). Mixed-valence cobalt oxides include cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co₃O₄). The element also forms carbonyls, notably dicobalt octacarbonyl (Co₂(CO)₈), and complex corrinoid chemistry in vitamin B₁₂ derivatives.
See more information at the Cobalt compound page.
Cobalt is an essential trace element only as part of vitamin B₁₂, but soluble cobalt salts, metal dusts, and some cobalt-containing powders can be harmful by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Industrial exposure may cause respiratory sensitization, dermatitis, and other toxic effects. Cobalt metal powder can present fire or dust hazards. Cobalt-60 is radioactive and hazardous because it emits penetrating gamma radiation; its risks are isotope-specific and depend on activity and shielding.
Exposure to cobalt (metal fumes and dust) should be limited to 0.05 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average 40-hour week).
Cobalt is a trace element in soils, waters, and living systems. It is released naturally by weathering of rocks and minerals and also through mining, smelting, combustion residues, and disposal of cobalt-bearing products. In soils and sediments it can adsorb to iron and manganese oxides or occur in sulfide-rich phases, which affects mobility. It is nutritionally important for organisms that require vitamin B₁₂, but elevated bioavailable concentrations can be toxic.
Cobalt is produced mainly as a by-product of copper and nickel mining, so supply is tied to markets and operations whose primary product is usually another metal. Ores are processed by flotation, leaching, solvent extraction, precipitation, and refining to metal, salts, or battery-grade intermediates. Demand is strongly influenced by rechargeable batteries, superalloys, catalysts, and hard metals. Supply concentration, by-product dependence, and processing capacity make substitution and recycling important. Recycling recovers cobalt from spent batteries, superalloy scrap, and cemented carbides, but collection and chemistry vary by product type.
Cobalt occurs in the minerals cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. It is also present in meteorites.
Important ore deposits are found in Zaire, Morocco, and Canada. The U.S. Geological Survey has announced that the bottom of the north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt-rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in water close to the the Hawaiian Islands and other U.S. Pacific territories.
Cobalt is far less abundant than iron and nickel but is a normal product of stellar nucleosynthesis. Stable cobalt is represented in nature by ⁵⁹Co, while radioactive cobalt isotopes can be produced in supernovae, cosmic-ray interactions, and neutron activation. In meteorites and planetary materials, cobalt tends to follow siderophile and chalcophile behavior, associating with metal and sulfide phases.
- Natural cobalt is essentially monoisotopic, consisting of stable ⁵⁹Co.
- The name comes from miners’ terms for troublesome ores that yielded toxic arsenic fumes.
- Cobalt blue pigments were valued long before cobalt was isolated as a metal.
- Cobalt remains ferromagnetic at temperatures above ordinary ambient conditions.
- Vitamin B₁₂ contains cobalt in a corrin ring, not as free cobalt metal.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 135 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 126 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 192 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 116 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 8860 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0067 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 1494.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 2926.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 100 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.421 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 24.81 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- षट्कोणी निकट-संकुलित सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.88 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.84
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.661 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 7.88101 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 17.084459 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 33.500115 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 51.270176 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 79.500274 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 9 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Ar] 4s2 3d7
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.1677981 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 3.886614 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 4.40172 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 4.40172 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 4.422449 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 27 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 32 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 32 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 1 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Co-59
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1735
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 25 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 2 × 10−5 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 251 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 15, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7440-48-4 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 4F9/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Co
- InChI की
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Co: 3d⁷ 4s²[Ar] 3d⁷ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁷ 4s²अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 59 स्थिर | ५८.९३३१९४२९ ± ०.००००००५६ | 100.0000% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (1494.85 °C) 1469.8 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
27 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co I | 0 | 420 | 338 | 338 |
| Co II | +1 | 3168 | 2761 | 3168 |
| Co III | +2 | 2064 | 1957 | 2064 |
| Co IV | +3 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
| Co V | +4 | 55 | 0 | 0 |
| Co VIII | +7 | 165 | 150 | 165 |
| Co IX | +8 | 48 | 19 | 48 |
| Co X | +9 | 22 | 5 | 22 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Co I | 0 | 330 |
| Co II | +1 | 482 |
| Co III | +2 | 288 |
| Co IV | +3 | 297 |
| Co V | +4 | 268 |
| Co VI | +5 | 180 |
| Co VII | +6 | 65 |
| Co VIII | +7 | 73 |
| Co IX | +8 | 40 |
| Co X | +9 | 31 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | high | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 5 | उपलब्ध नाही | 67 pm |
| +2 | 6 | low | 65 pm |
| +2 | 6 | high | 74.5 pm |
| +2 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 90 pm |
| +3 | 6 | low | 54.50000000000001 pm |
| +3 | 6 | high | 61 pm |
| +4 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 40 pm |
| +4 | 6 | high | 53 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (1)
Cobalt-60, an artificial isotope, is an important gamma ray source, and is extensively used as a tracer and a radiotherapeutic agent.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 59 स्थिर | ५८.९३३१९४२९ ± ०.००००००५६ | 100.0000% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
738 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 389.4073 nm | 7900 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d8.(3F).4p y 2G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 384.5461 nm | 6900 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d8.(3F).4p y 2G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 399.5302 nm | 6000 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d8.(3F).4p y 4G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 512.92021 nm | 5800 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5H → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[15/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 387.3114 nm | 5500 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s b 4F → 3p6.3d7.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 412.1311 nm | 4400 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d7.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 2G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 516.315 nm | 4100 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3H → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[13/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 521.43464 nm | 3900 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5H → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[15/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 505.07089 nm | 3800 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5G → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[13/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 517.06829 nm | 3200 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5H → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[13/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 387.3955 nm | 2800 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s b 4F → 3p6.3d7.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 411.8767 nm | 2800 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d7.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 2G* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 519.95128 nm | 2800 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3H → 3d7.(4F<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 513.56812 nm | 2700 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5H → 3d7.(4F<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 509.92115 nm | 2500 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3G → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 523.11044 nm | 2300 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3H → 3d7.(4F<3/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 496.41682 nm | 2200 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d f 5F → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 505.7416 nm | 1700 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5G → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 393.5959 nm | 1500 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d8.(3F).4p y 4F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 384.2046 nm | 1400 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d7.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 2D* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 509.52694 nm | 1400 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3G → 3d7.(4F<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 510.75362 nm | 1400 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5G → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 506.70997 nm | 1200 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5P → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 396.31 nm | 1100 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 5F* → 3d7.(4F).6d 5G | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 496.23566 nm | 1100 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d f 5F → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 517.6949 nm | 1100 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5G → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[13/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 657.13038 nm | 1100 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 5G* → 3d7.(4F).5d 5H | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 657.62238 nm | 1100 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 3G* → 3d7.(4F).5d 3H | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 502.59107 nm | 990 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5D → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 399.79 nm | 970 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d8.(3F).4p * | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 512.9972 nm | 960 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3G → 3d7.(4F<3/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 743.9418 nm | 960 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 5D* → 3d7.(4F).6s 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 637.37856 nm | 920 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 5F* → 3d7.(4F).5d 5G | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 495.82966 nm | 900 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d f 5F → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 502.25161 nm | 900 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3D → 3d7.(4F<3/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 642.58717 nm | 900 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 5F* → 3d7.(4F).5d 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 510.45696 nm | 890 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5D → 3d7.(4F<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 502.36685 nm | 860 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d f 5F → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 620.5716 nm | 860 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 5D* → 3d7.(4F).5d 5F | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 409.2384 nm | 830 | Co I | emission | 3p6.3d8.(3F).4s a 2F → 3p6.3d7.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 508.31892 nm | 780 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5D → 3d7.(4F<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 502.6664 nm | 680 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5G → 3d7.(4F<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 517.75201 nm | 680 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3H → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 662.16287 nm | 680 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).5p 3G* → 3d7.(4F).5d 3H | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 495.25711 nm | 670 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5G → 3d7.(4F<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 500.77152 nm | 640 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d f 5F → 3d7.(4F<9/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 510.63945 nm | 640 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5D → 3d7.(4F<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 499.59719 nm | 600 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5H → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[13/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 509.2051 nm | 600 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 5D → 3d7.(4F<3/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 510.07741 nm | 600 | Co II | emission | 3d7.(4F).4d e 3G → 3d7.(4F<7/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 111 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 103 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 96 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 137 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 240 pm
- UFF
- 287.2 pm
- MM3
- 223 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 233 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 125 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 63
- Pettifor
- 64
- Glawe
- 70
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 55 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆
- 408 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 461 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक आसक्ती
- प्रोटॉन आसक्ती
- 742.7 kJ/mol
- वायूची क्षारकता
- 719.8 kJ/mol
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 6.7 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 5
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 67
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 8
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 45
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 3
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 3
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 1768.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 3200.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (7)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.6332 |
| 2 | p | 3.9076 |
| 2 | s | 7.595 |
| 3 | d | 15.1446 |
| 3 | p | 13.5654 |
| 3 | s | 12.6777 |
| 4 | s | 21.4236 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (9)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | HS | 72 | |
| 2 | V | 81 | calculated, | |
| 2 | VI | LS | 79 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 2 | VI | HS | 88.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 2 | VIII | 104 | ||
| 3 | VI | LS | 68.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 3 | VI | HS | 75 | |
| 4 | IV | 54 | ||
| 4 | VI | HS | 67 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (57)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 47 | p | — |
| 48 | p | — |
| 49 | p | — |
| 50 | B+ | 100% |
| 50 | B+p | 70.5% |
| 50 | 2p | — |
| 51 | B+ | 100% |
| 51 | B+p | 3.8% |
| 52 | B+ | 100% |
| 52 | B+p | — |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (504)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.42071 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.45925 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.49884 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.53949 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.58125 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.62415 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.6682 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.71345 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.75993 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.80767 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.5×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-5 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Cobalt occurs in the minerals cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. It is also present in meteorites.
Important ore deposits are found in Zaire, Morocco, and Canada. The U.S. Geological Survey has announced that the bottom of the north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt-rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in water close to the the Hawaiian Islands and other U.S. Pacific territories.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Cobalt https://periodic.lanl.gov/27.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Cobalt.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.