Aluminum (Al)
post-transition-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
26.981538 uइलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Ne] 3s2 3p1द्रवणांक
660.287 °Cउत्कलनांक
2518.85 °Cघनता
2700 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.61आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
5.985769 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1825अणुत्रिज्या
125 pmतपशील
Aluminum is a light, silvery post-transition metal and the most abundant metal in Earth’s crust. It is highly reactive thermodynamically, but a thin, adherent oxide film protects the metal from rapid corrosion in air and water. Its low density, electrical conductivity, formability, and alloying behavior make it one of the major structural and engineering metals.
Pure aluminum, a silvery-white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, it is nonmagnetic and nonsparking, stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility.
The name derives from the Latin, alum and alumen for "stringent" because the early Romans called any substance with a stringent taste alum. The element was known in prehistoric times. In 1825, the Danish physicist, Hans Christian Oersted, isolated impure aluminium. The pure metal was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler in 1827.
Although aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust, it is never found free in nature. All of the earth's aluminum has combined with other elements to form compounds. Two of the most common compounds are alum, such as potassium aluminum sulfate (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). About 8.2% of the earth's crust is composed of aluminum. Scientists suspected than an unknown metal existed in alum as early as 1787, but they did not have a way to extract it until 1825. Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish chemist, was the first to produce tiny amounts of aluminum. Two years later, Friedrich Wöhler, a German chemist, developed a different way to obtain aluminum. By 1845, he was able to produce samples large enough to determine some of aluminum's basic properties. Wöhler's method was improved in 1854 by Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville, a French chemist. Deville's process allowed for the commercial production of aluminum. As a result, the price of aluminum dropped from around $1200 per kilogram in 1852 to around $40 per kilogram in 1859. Unfortunately, aluminum remained too expensive to be widely used.
From the Latin word alumen, alum. The ancient Greeks and Romans used alum as an astringent and as a mordant in dyeing. In 1761 de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal.
Friedrich Wohler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed the name aluminium for the metal, undiscovered at that time, and later agreed to change it to aluminum. Shortly thereafter, the name aluminum was adopted to conform with the "ium" ending of most elements.
Aluminium was also the accepted spelling in the U.S. until 1925, at which time the American Chemical Society decided to use the name aluminum thereafter in their publications. See the Wikipedia entry on Aluminium for additional discussion on the spelling of this element.
Pure aluminum is a silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster when freshly cut. It is soft and ductile in high purity, but most practical aluminum is used as stronger alloys. Ordinary surfaces quickly become slightly dull because of a transparent aluminum oxide film.
Aluminum is used in aircraft, vehicles, building products, packaging, electrical conductors, heat exchangers, cookware, and machinery. Alloys with magnesium, silicon, copper, zinc, or manganese provide strength, corrosion resistance, or good casting behavior. Aluminum foil and cans exploit its malleability and barrier properties. Powdered aluminum is used in some pyrotechnic mixtures and as a reducing agent in thermite processes.
Two important developments in the 1880s greatly increased the availability of aluminum. The first was the invention of a new process for obtaining aluminum from aluminum oxide. Charles Martin Hall, an American chemist, and Paul L. T. Héroult, a French chemist, each invented this process independently in 1886. The second was the invention of a new process that could cheaply obtain aluminum oxide from bauxite. Bauxite is an ore that contains a large amount of aluminum hydroxide (Al2O3·3H2O), along with other compounds. Karl Joseph Bayer, an Austrian chemist, developed this process in 1888. The Hall-Héroult and Bayer processes are still used today to produce nearly all of the world's aluminum.
With an easy way to extract aluminum from aluminum oxide and an easy way to extract large amounts of aluminum oxide from bauxite, the era of inexpensive aluminum had begun. In 1888, Hall formed the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, which is now known as the Aluminum Company of America, or Alcoa. When it opened, his company could produce about 25 kilograms of aluminum a day. By 1909, his company was producing about 41,000 kilograms of aluminum a day. As a result of this huge increase of supply, the price of aluminum fell rapidly to about $0.60 per kilogram.
Today, aluminum and aluminum alloys are used in a wide variety of products: cans, foils and kitchen utensils, as well as parts of airplanes, rockets and other items that require a strong, light material. Although it doesn't conduct electricity as well as copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. It can be deposited on the surface of glass to make mirrors, where a thin layer of aluminum oxide quickly forms that acts as a protective coating. Aluminum oxide is also used to make synthetic rubies and sapphires for lasers.
It is extensively used for kitchen utensils, outside building decoration, and in thousands of industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed.
Although its electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties.
These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They are used to coat telescope mirrors and to make decorative paper, packages, and toys.
Isotopes in Biology
26Al is a radioactive isotope (half-life of 7.1×105 years) that can be detected at the ultra-trace level (attogram range; 10−18 g levels) using accelerator mass spectrometry. 26Al is used as a tracer to study the uptake, distribution, and retention of aluminium in plants, animals, and humans under different physiological conditions [117] C. Steinhausen, G. Kislinger, C. Winklhofer, E. Beck, C. Hohl, E. Nolte, T. H. Ittel, M. J. Alvarez-Brückmann. Food Chem. Toxicol.42, 363 (2004)., [118] B. Kleja, W. Standring, D. H. Oughton, J. P. Gustafsson, K. Fifield, A. R. Fraser. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.69, 5263 (2005)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
26Al is produced from spallation reactions of protons, produced by cosmic rays, on argon. 26Al has been used for dating geological samples, such as marine sediments, manganese nodules, rocks, and meteorites [119] United States Geological Survey. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Aluminum, United States Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 24; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/al_iig.html., [120] D. E. Granger. Geol. Soc. Spec. Pap.415, 1 (2006).. The abundances of 26Al to 10Be have been used to study erosion and transport of soil and sediments on a thousand- to million-year time scale, because production rates of 26Al to 10Be are greatest at the surface and decrease exponentially with depth (Fig. IUPAC.13.1) [121] K. K. Nichols, P. R. Bierman, R. L. Hooke, E. M. Clapp, M. Caffee. Geomorphology45, 105 (2002)., [122] D. Lal. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.16, 355 (1988)..
Intense cosmic-ray bombardment in space produces 26Al in meteorites and other bodies, such as the Moon. After a meteorite falls to Earth, 26Al production ceases due to atmospheric shielding; the decay of 26Al to 26Mg has been used to determine the terrestrial age of a meteorite (i.e. the time elapsed since the meteorite fell to Earth) [119] United States Geological Survey. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Aluminum, United States Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 24; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/al_iig.html..
Aluminum chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state and by strong affinity for oxygen and fluorine. Aluminum oxide, Al₂O₃, occurs in corundum and is used as an abrasive, refractory, ceramic, and catalyst support. Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)₃, and alumina hydrates are important intermediates from bauxite. Aluminum chloride, AlCl₃, is a Lewis acid catalyst, while sodium aluminate, NaAlO₂, and aluminosilicates are central to industrial and mineral chemistry.
The compounds of greatest importance are aluminum oxide, the sulfate, and the soluble sulfate with potassium (alum). The oxide, alumina, occurs naturally as ruby (Al2O3), sapphire, corundum, and emery, and is used in glassmaking and refractories. Synthetic ruby and sapphire are used in lasers for producing coherent light.
See more information at the Aluminum compound page.
Massive aluminum metal is generally of low acute toxicity, but fine powder or dust can burn or explode when dispersed in air. Molten aluminum reacts dangerously with water or wet scrap because steam and hydrogen can be generated. Soluble aluminum salts and airborne industrial dusts are exposure concerns at sufficient dose. Aluminum has no known essential biological role in humans.
Aluminum is widespread in minerals, especially aluminosilicates and bauxite ores, but free metal is not found naturally because it oxidizes readily. In neutral waters it is usually poorly soluble, while acidic conditions can mobilize Al³⁺ species that are harmful to plant roots and aquatic organisms. Weathering, clay formation, and sediment burial are major parts of its natural cycling.
Primary aluminum is made mainly from bauxite by refining it to aluminum oxide, Al₂O₃, through the Bayer process and electrolytically reducing the oxide in molten cryolite-based electrolyte by the Hall-Héroult process. Production is energy-intensive, so electricity cost and power source strongly affect siting. Recycling is economically important because remelting scrap needs far less energy than primary production, and beverage cans, vehicle parts, and construction scrap form major recyclable streams.
The method of obtaining aluminum metal by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite was discovered in 1886 by Hall in the U.S. and at about the same time by Heroult in France. Cryolite, a natural ore found in Greenland, is no longer widely used in commercial production, but has been replaced by an artificial mixture of sodium, aluminum, and calcium fluorides.
Aluminum can now be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at present. Aluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth's crust (8.1%), but is never found free in nature. In addition to the minerals mentioned above, it is also found in granite and in many other common minerals.
Aluminum is a moderately abundant cosmic element made chiefly by stellar nucleosynthesis in massive stars and released by supernovae and stellar winds. The radioactive isotope ²⁶Al is observed through its gamma-ray emission and is evidence of recent nucleosynthesis in the Milky Way. In rocky planets and meteorites, aluminum is concentrated in refractory minerals.
- The protective oxide film on aluminum is only nanometers thick but reforms rapidly if scratched.
- Anodizing deliberately thickens the oxide layer and can make it porous enough to take dyes.
- Aluminum was once more costly than common precious metals before electrolytic production became practical.
- Most high-strength aluminum structures are alloys, not chemically pure aluminum.
- Corundum gemstones such as ruby and sapphire are aluminum oxide colored by trace impurities.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 125 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 121 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 184 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 125 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 2700 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.01 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 660.287 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 2518.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 237 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 0.897 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 24.2 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- पृष्ठकेंद्रित घनीय सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.61 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.613
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.4328 eV
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 5.985769 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 18.828615 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 28.44774 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 119.992813 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 153.825729 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 3 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Ne] 3s2 3p1
उष्मागतिक
- क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान)
- 6427 °C
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.11100171 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 3.047106 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 3.382909 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 3.382909 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 3.429549 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 13 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 14 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 23 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 1 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Al-27
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1825
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 8.23e+4 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 0.002 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 405 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 3 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7429-90-5 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 2P°1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Al
- InChI की
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Al: 3s² 3p¹[Ne] 3s² 3p¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27 स्थिर | २६.९८१५३८५३ ± ०.००००००११ | 100.0000% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (660.287 °C) 635.3 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रगत
अणुवर्णपट
13 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al I | 0 | 589 | 322 | 560 |
| Al II | +1 | 1429 | 986 | 1429 |
| Al III | +2 | 344 | 259 | 344 |
| Al IV | +3 | 409 | 123 | 409 |
| Al V | +4 | 600 | 444 | 600 |
| Al VI | +5 | 515 | 491 | 515 |
| Al VII | +6 | 350 | 339 | 350 |
| Al VIII | +7 | 440 | 418 | 438 |
| Al IX | +8 | 372 | 339 | 372 |
| Al X | +9 | 189 | 169 | 189 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Al I | 0 | 192 |
| Al II | +1 | 219 |
| Al III | +2 | 84 |
| Al IV | +3 | 121 |
| Al V | +4 | 158 |
| Al VI | +5 | 87 |
| Al VII | +6 | 73 |
| Al VIII | +7 | 95 |
| Al IX | +8 | 69 |
| Al X | +9 | 61 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 39 pm |
| +3 | 5 | उपलब्ध नाही | 48 pm |
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 53.5 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (1)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 स्थिर | २६.९८१५३८५३ ± ०.००००००११ | 100.0000% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
341 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 466.3046 nm | 1000 | Al II | emission | 3p2 1D → 3s.4p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 559.33 nm | 800 | Al II | emission | 3s.4p 1P* → 3s.4d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 458.5818 nm | 500 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.7f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 458.8199 nm | 400 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.7f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 464.8609 nm | 400 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 1D → 3s.10p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 466.6799 nm | 400 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 1P* → 3s.11s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 458.975 nm | 300 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.7f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 444.7805 nm | 200 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 1D → 3s.11p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 458.968 nm | 200 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.7f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 600.641 nm | 200 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 390.0675 nm | 100 | Al II | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3p2 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 528.3733 nm | 100 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.8d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 561.329 nm | 100 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 1D → 3s.7f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 585.376 nm | 100 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.6f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 624.337 nm | 100 | Al II | emission | 3s.4p 3P* → 3s.4d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 704.208 nm | 100 | Al II | emission | 3s.4s 3S → 3s.4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 747.141 nm | 90 | Al II | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.4f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 586.177 nm | 80 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.6f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 597.197 nm | 80 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 1P* → 3s.7d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 683.713 nm | 80 | Al II | emission | 3s.4p 3P* → 3s.5s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 623.175 nm | 75 | Al II | emission | 3s.4p 3P* → 3s.4d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 600.187 nm | 60 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 422.6816 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.8f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 422.7495 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.8f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 422.7987 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.8f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 586.79 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.6f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 607.32 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.8s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 622.619 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4p 3P* → 3s.4d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 682.339 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4p 3P* → 3s.5s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 705.671 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.4s 3S → 3s.4p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 744.944 nm | 50 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 1P* → 3s.6d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 399.5837 nm | 40 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.9f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 450.371 nm | 40 | Al IV | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 600.192 nm | 40 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.7d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 399.6141 nm | 30 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.9f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 450.237 nm | 30 | Al IV | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4s 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 463.576 nm | 30 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.10d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 528.5838 nm | 30 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 1P* → 3s.8d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 606.112 nm | 30 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 1P* → 3s.8s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 633.571 nm | 30 | Al II | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.5p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 399.6368 nm | 20 | Al II | emission | 3s.4d 3D → 3s.9f 3F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 402.6318 nm | 20 | Al II | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.6p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 446.894 nm | 20 | Al IV | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 569.66 nm | 17 | Al III | emission | 2p6.4s 2S → 2p6.4p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 572.273 nm | 16 | Al III | emission | 2p6.4s 2S → 2p6.4p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 462.038 nm | 15 | Al IV | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 531.6073 nm | 15 | Al II | emission | 3s.5p 3P* → 3s.9s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 452.919 nm | 14 | Al III | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.4d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 451.257 nm | 13 | Al III | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.4d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 669.6018 nm | 13 | Al I | emission | 3s2.4s 2S → 3s2.5p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 126 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 113 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 111 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 135 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Truhlar
- 184 pm
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 225 pm
- UFF
- 449.9 pm
- MM3
- 236 pm
- Dreiding
- 439 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 239 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 143 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 82
- Pettifor
- 80
- Glawe
- 78
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 57.8 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 1 a.u.
- C₆
- 528 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 520 Ha·Bohr6
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 10 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 3
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 31
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 5
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 26
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 75
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 5
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 933.47 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 2792.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदू (तापमान) | 6700.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (5)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.409 |
| 2 | p | 4.0366 |
| 2 | s | 4.7864 |
| 3 | p | 8.9344 |
| 3 | s | 8.8828 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (3)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | IV | 53 | ||
| 3 | V | 62 | ||
| 3 | VI | 67.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (51)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 21 | p | — |
| 22 | B+ | 100% |
| 22 | B+p | 55% |
| 22 | 2p | 1.1% |
| 22 | B+A | 0% |
| 23 | B+ | 100% |
| 23 | B+p | 1.2% |
| 24 | B+ | 100% |
| 24 | B+A | 0% |
| 24 | B+p | 0% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (504)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 3.1199 |
| 10.1617 | — | 3.05822 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.99776 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.9385 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.88041 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.82347 |
| 11.0106 | — | 2.76766 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.722 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.69148 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.66129 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.23×104 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Aluminum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-3 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Aluminum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The method of obtaining aluminum metal by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite was discovered in 1886 by Hall in the U.S. and at about the same time by Heroult in France. Cryolite, a natural ore found in Greenland, is no longer widely used in commercial production, but has been replaced by an artificial mixture of sodium, aluminum, and calcium fluorides.
Aluminum can now be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at present. Aluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth's crust (8.1%), but is never found free in nature. In addition to the minerals mentioned above, it is also found in granite and in many other common minerals.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Aluminum https://periodic.lanl.gov/13.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Aluminum.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.