Magnesium (Mg)
alkaline-earth-metalSolid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
24.305 u [२४.३०४, २४.३०७]इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Ne] 3s2द्रवणांक
649.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
1089.85 °Cघनता
1740 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
0, +1, +2विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
1.31आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
7.646236 eVशोधाचे वर्ष
1755अणुत्रिज्या
150 pmतपशील
Magnesium is a light alkaline earth metal and a major rock-forming element. It occurs in silicate minerals, carbonates, evaporites, seawater, and brines, almost entirely as Mg²⁺ rather than as native metal. Its low density, ready formation of stable salts, and high affinity for oxygen shape both its metallurgy and its geochemistry. Magnesium is also essential in biology, where it stabilizes phosphate chemistry and is central to chlorophyll.
Magnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. It tarnishes slightly in air, and finely divided magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame.
The name derives from Magnesia, a district in the north-eastern region of Greece called Thessalia. The Scottish chemist Joseph Black recognized it as a separate element in 1755. In 1808, the English chemist Humphry Davy obtained the impure metal, and in 1831 the French pharmacist and chemist Antoine- Alexandre Brutus Bussy isolated the metal in the pure state.
Although it is the eighth most abundant element in the universe and the seventh most abundant element in the earth's crust, magnesium is never found free in nature. Magnesium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, through the electrolysis of a mixture of magnesium oxide (MgO) and mercuric oxide (HgO) in 1808. Today, magnesium can be extracted from the minerals dolomite (CaCO3·MgCO3) and carnallite (KCl·MgCl2·6H2O), but is most often obtained from seawater. Every cubic kilometer of seawater contains about 1.3 billion kilograms of magnesium (12 billion pounds per cubic mile).
From Magnesia, district in Thessaly. Compounds of magnesium have long been known. Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. Davy isolated it in 1808 and Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It does not occur uncombined, but is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals.
Pure magnesium is a silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster when freshly cut. In air it slowly dulls as a thin oxide and hydroxide film develops. It is light, machinable, and solid at ordinary conditions, but finely divided metal can burn with an intense white flame.
Magnesium metal is used mainly where low mass is valuable, especially in aluminum alloys, die-cast automotive and electronic parts, and some aerospace components. It serves as a reducing agent in the production of metals such as titanium from titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄). Magnesium is used in sacrificial anodes for corrosion protection, in pyrotechnic compositions and flares, and in specialty batteries. Magnesium compounds are widely used in refractories, fertilizers, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, and water treatment.
Magnesium burns with a brilliant white light and is used in pyrotechnics, flares and photographic flashbulbs. Magnesium is the lightest metal that can be used to build things, although its use as a structural material is limited since it burns at relatively low temperatures. Magnesium is frequently alloyed with aluminum, which makes aluminum easier to roll, extrude and weld. Magnesium-aluminum alloys are used where strong, lightweight materials are required, such as in airplanes, missiles and rockets. Cameras, horseshoes, baseball catchers' masks and snowshoes are other items that are made from magnesium alloys.
Magnesium oxide (MgO), also known as magnesia, is the second most abundant compound in the earth's crust. Magnesium oxide is used in some antacids, in making crucibles and insulating materials, in refining some metals from their ores and in some types of cements. When combined with water (H2O), magnesia forms magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), better known as milk of magnesia, which is commonly used as an antacid and as a laxative.
Hydrated magnesium sulphate (MgSO4·7H2O), better known as Epsom salt, was discovered in 1618 by a farmer in Epsom, England, when his cows refused to drink the water from a certain mineral well. He tasted the water and found that it tasted very bitter. He also noticed that it helped heal scratches and rashes on his skin. Epsom salt is still used today to treat minor skin abrasions.
Other magnesium compounds include magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and magnesium fluoride (MgF2). Magnesium carbonate is used to make some types of paints and inks and is added to table salt to prevent caking. A thin film of magnesium fluoride is applied to optical lenses to help reduce glare and reflections.
Uses include flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. It is one third lighter than aluminum, and in alloys is essential for airplane and missile construction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Magnesium is used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron, and is used as an additive to conventional propellants.
It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide (milk of magnesia), chloride, sulfate (Epsom salts), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters.
Isotopes in Biology
Natural magnesium enriched in the stable isotopes 25Mg and 26Mg has been used as tracers in human studies to assess absorption, excretion, distribution, and utilization of magnesium in basic and applied research [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html., [113] M. Sabatier, W. R. Keyes, F. Pont, M. J. Arnaud, J. R. Turnlund. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.77, 1206 (2003)., [114] M. Sabatier, F. Pont, M. J. Arnaud, J. R. Turnlund. Am. J. Physiol.285, R656 (2003)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of magnesium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of magnesium in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.12.1). These variations are useful in investigating the origin of substances and studying environmental, hydrological, and geological processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)., [17] T. B. Coplen, J. A. Hopple, J. K. Böhlke, H. S. Peiser, S. E. Rieder, H. R. Krouse, K. J. R. Rosman, T. Ding, R. D. Vocke, K. Revesz, A. Lamberty, P. D. P. Taylor, P. D. Bièvre. United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report, 01-4222, (2002)., [115] J. G. Montes, R. A. Sjodin, A. L. Yergey, N. E. Vieira. Biophys. J.56, 437 (1989)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
26Mg is a stable isotope and is the radiogenic product of 26Al decay. 26Al is produced by cosmic rays in space and in the atmosphere, and it was present in the primordial solar nebula. The anomalous abundance of 26Mg in meteorite inclusions indicate that this material must have been formed early in the development of the Solar System before all primordial 26Al (with half-life of 7.1×105 years) had decayed [116] S. Sahijpal, J. N. Goswami. Astrophys. J.509, L137 (1998)..
Magnesium chemistry is dominated by the +2 oxidation state and by ionic or strongly polar compounds. Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a refractory basic oxide, while magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) is sparingly soluble and used where mild alkalinity is needed. Important salts include magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), and magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃). Magnesium silicates are major constituents of rocks. Organomagnesium halides, known as Grignard reagents, are central synthetic intermediates in organic chemistry.
Organic magnesium is important in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered perphyrins.
The adult daily nutritional requirement, which is affected by various factors include weight and size, is about 300 mg/day.
See more information at the Magnesium compound page.
Bulk magnesium metal is not highly toxic, and magnesium ions are essential nutrients. The main elemental hazard is fire: shavings, powder, and molten metal can ignite, and burning magnesium is difficult to extinguish with water because hydrogen and heat may be produced. Intense ultraviolet and visible light from burning magnesium can injure eyes. Excess intake of soluble magnesium salts can cause physiological effects, especially when renal clearance is impaired, and industrial dusts require exposure control.
Because serious fires can occur, great care should be taken in handling magnesium metal, especially when finely divided. Water should not be used on burning magnesium or on magnesium fires.
Magnesium is abundant in the crust and hydrosphere and cycles through weathering, river transport, seawater chemistry, carbonate deposition, and biological uptake. It is a common nutrient for plants and animals, and its availability affects soil fertility and water hardness. In the ocean, Mg²⁺ is one of the major dissolved cations. Magnesium minerals also participate in long-term carbon cycling through carbonate formation and alteration of silicate rocks.
Magnesium is produced from mineral sources and brines, chiefly by electrolysis of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) or by thermal reduction of magnesium oxide (MgO)-bearing feedstocks such as dolomite-derived material. Energy cost, process emissions, and control of oxidation during melting are important industrial factors. Demand is tied to lightweight alloys, aluminum alloying, die casting, desulfurization and chemical uses. Recycling is significant for clean alloy scrap, although mixed or oxidized scrap is harder to recover efficiently. Substitution is possible in many structural applications, but magnesium remains attractive where low density outweighs cost and handling constraints.
The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water.
Magnesium is a relatively abundant cosmic element formed mainly by fusion processes in massive stars and dispersed by supernovae and stellar winds. It is common in silicate dust and rocky planetary material, where it combines with oxygen and silicon. In meteorites and terrestrial planets it is concentrated in minerals such as olivine and pyroxene rather than in metallic form.
- Magnesium burns in carbon dioxide (CO₂) as well as in air, forming magnesium oxide and carbon.
- Chlorophyll contains a magnesium ion held in a porphyrin ring.
- Seawater is an important practical source of magnesium, although the metal itself is not present there.
- Grignard reagents made from magnesium helped transform carbon-carbon bond formation in synthesis.
- Magnesium alloys often need protective atmospheres or fluxes during melting to limit oxidation.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 150 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या
- 141 pm सर्व घटकांच्या सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 173 pm सर्व घटकांच्या व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 136 pm सर्व घटकांच्या धात्विक त्रिज्या ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 1740 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.014 L/mol
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 649.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 1089.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
- उष्णता चालकता
- 156 W/(m·K) सर्व घटकांच्या उष्णता चालकता ची तुलना करा →
- विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता
- 1.023 J/(g·K) सर्व घटकांच्या विशिष्ट उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- मोलर उष्माधारकता
- 24.869 J/(mol·K) सर्व घटकांच्या मोलर उष्माधारकता ची तुलना करा →
- स्फटिक संरचना
- षट्कोणी निकट-संकुलित सर्व घटकांच्या स्फटिक संरचना ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.31 सर्व घटकांच्या विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग) ची तुलना करा →
- विद्युतऋणता (ॲलन)
- 1.293
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- -0.4 eV (नकारात्मक मूल्य — अणूने अतिरिक्त इलेक्ट्रॉन बांधण्याचा अंदाज नाही)
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
- 7.646236 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी)
- 15.035323 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (दुसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी)
- 80.143876 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (तिसरी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी)
- 109.265776 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (चौथी) ची तुलना करा →
- आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी)
- 141.330486 eV सर्व घटकांच्या आयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पाचवी) ची तुलना करा →
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- 0, +1, +2 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Ne] 3s2
उष्मागतिक
- द्रवण उष्मा
- 0.08788931 eV सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवण उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- बाष्पीभवन उष्मा
- 1.326631 eV सर्व घटकांच्या बाष्पीभवन उष्मा ची तुलना करा →
- संप्लवन उष्मा
- 1.524589 eV
- अणूकरण उष्मा
- 1.524589 eV
- अणूकरण एन्थाल्पी
- 1.524589 eV
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 12 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 12 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 23 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 3 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Mg-24
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1755
विपुलता
- विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच)
- 2.33e+4 mg/kg सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (पृथ्वीचे कवच) ची तुलना करा →
- विपुलता (महासागर)
- 1290 mg/L सर्व घटकांच्या विपुलता (महासागर) ची तुलना करा →
स्फटिक संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 321 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 2 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 7439-95-4 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- टर्म चिन्ह
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mg
- InChI की
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण मोजलेले
Mg: 3s²[Ne] 3s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s²अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24 स्थिर | २३.९८५०४१६९७ ± ०.०००००००१४ | 78.9900% | स्थिर |
| 25 स्थिर | २४.९८५८३६९७६ ± ०.०००००००५ | 10.0000% | स्थिर |
| 26 स्थिर | २५.९८२५९२९६८ ± ०.०००००००३१ | 11.0100% | स्थिर |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (649.85 °C) 624.9 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
अवस्थांतर ऊर्जा
द्रवणांकावर 1 mol वितळवण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
उत्कलनांकावर 1 mol चे बाष्पीभवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
संप्लवनांकावर 1 mol चे संप्लवन करण्यासाठी आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
अणुवर्णपट
12 पैकी 10 दाखवले आहेत. आयनाच्या विद्युतभारानुसार चढत्या क्रमाने मांडलेले.
वर्णरेषांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | एकूण वर्णरेषा | संक्रमण संभाव्यता | पातळ्यांची नामांकने |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mg I | 0 | 1342 | 1090 | 1342 |
| Mg II | +1 | 601 | 482 | 601 |
| Mg III | +2 | 452 | 149 | 452 |
| Mg IV | +3 | 821 | 625 | 821 |
| Mg V | +4 | 518 | 513 | 515 |
| Mg VI | +5 | 890 | 883 | 890 |
| Mg VII | +6 | 379 | 344 | 379 |
| Mg VIII | +7 | 944 | 941 | 944 |
| Mg IX | +8 | 461 | 444 | 461 |
| Mg X | +9 | 223 | 184 | 223 |
ऊर्जा पातळ्यांचा संग्रह ?
| आयन | विद्युतभार | पातळ्या |
|---|---|---|
| Mg I | 0 | 323 |
| Mg II | +1 | 149 |
| Mg III | +2 | 114 |
| Mg IV | +3 | 173 |
| Mg V | +4 | 104 |
| Mg VI | +5 | 120 |
| Mg VII | +6 | 104 |
| Mg VIII | +7 | 113 |
| Mg IX | +8 | 94 |
| Mg X | +9 | 60 |
आयनिक त्रिज्या
| विद्युतभार | समन्वय | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नाही | 56.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 5 | उपलब्ध नाही | 66 pm |
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नाही | 72 pm |
| +2 | 8 | उपलब्ध नाही | 89 pm |
संयुगे
समस्थानिके (3)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 स्थिर | २३.९८५०४१६९७ ± ०.०००००००१४ | 78.9900% ± 0.0400% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 25 स्थिर | २४.९८५८३६९७६ ± ०.०००००००५ | 10.0000% ± 0.0100% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 26 स्थिर | २५.९८२५९२९६८ ± ०.०००००००३१ | 11.0100% ± 0.0300% | स्थिर | stable |
वर्णरेषा
399 पैकी 50 दाखवले आहेत. मूलभूत सेटिंगनुसार केवळ मोजलेली तीव्रता असलेल्या वर्णरेषा दाखवल्या जातात.
| तरंगलांबी (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनीकरण टप्पा | प्रकार | संक्रमण | अचूकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 518.36043 nm | 45 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.4s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 517.26844 nm | 44 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.4s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 516.73213 nm | 42 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.4s 3S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 383.82919 nm | 40 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.3d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 552.84047 nm | 40 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.4d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 383.23039 nm | 38 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.3d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 382.93547 nm | 36 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 3P* → 3s.3d 3D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 470.29908 nm | 30 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.5d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 571.1088 nm | 30 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.5s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 435.19057 nm | 20 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.6d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 416.72713 nm | 15 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.7d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 625.6757 nm | 15 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 448.1126 nm | 14 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.4f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 448.1325 nm | 13 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.4f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 738.7689 nm | 12 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.8f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 405.75052 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.8d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 439.0572 nm | 10 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 473.00286 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.6s 1S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 491.5991 nm | 10 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 583.981 nm | 10 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 631.8717 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.4s 3S → 3s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 634.6742 nm | 10 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.6f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 719.3184 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.9f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 729.1055 nm | 10 | Mg I | emission | 3s.4s 1S → 3s.6p 1P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 438.4637 nm | 9 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.5d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 443.3988 nm | 9 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.6s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 452.6219 nm | 9 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[1/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 459.6921 nm | 9 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[1/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[1/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 496.041 nm | 9 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[7/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 631.9237 nm | 9 | Mg I | emission | 3s.4s 3S → 3s.6p 3P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 634.6964 nm | 9 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.6f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 384.8211 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.5p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 398.67533 nm | 8 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3p 1P* → 3s.9d 1D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 442.7994 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4p 2P* → 2p6.6s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 467.3315 nm | 8 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4s 2[1/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 498.1469 nm | 8 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 526.422 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.7f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 640.6637 nm | 8 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[5/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 678.7855 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.5p 2P* → 2p6.7d 2D | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 681.927 nm | 8 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.5p 2P* → 2p6.8s 2S | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 706.0414 nm | 8 | Mg I | emission | 3s.3d 1D → 3s.10f 1F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 385.0386 nm | 7 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.3d 2D → 2p6.5p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 423.9473 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 463.2537 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[1/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[1/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 480.2585 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[3/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 491.5363 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<1/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 497.0497 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 502.3674 nm | 7 | Mg III | emission | 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4p 2[3/2] → 2s2.2p5.(2P*<3/2>).4d 2[5/2]* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 526.4364 nm | 7 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.7f 2F* | मोजलेले | NIST | |
| 591.6431 nm | 7 | Mg II | emission | 2p6.4d 2D → 2p6.7p 2P* | मोजलेले | NIST |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 139 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, दुहेरी बंध)
- 132 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को, तिहेरी बंध)
- 127 pm
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (ब्रॅग)
- 142 pm
व्हॅन डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- Bondi
- 173 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 251 pm
- UFF
- 302.1 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
अणुत्रिज्या आणि धात्विक त्रिज्या
- अणुत्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 240 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 160 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 76
- Pettifor
- 73
- Glawe
- 73
विद्युतऋणता मापनपट्ट्या
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 71.2 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.4 a.u.
- C₆
- 626 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 629 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक आसक्ती
- प्रोटॉन आसक्ती
- 819.6 kJ/mol
- वायूची क्षारकता
- 797.3 kJ/mol
मिडेमा प्राचल
- मिडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 14 cm3/mol
- मिडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनता
- 2
पुरवठा जोखीम आणि अर्थकारण
- उत्पादनाचे केंद्रीकरण
- 64
- सापेक्ष पुरवठा जोखीम
- 7
- साठ्यांचे वितरण
- 26
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजकीय स्थैर्य (सर्वाधिक साठे असलेला देश)
- 18
अवस्थांतरे आणि अपरूपे
| द्रवणांक | 923.15 K |
| उत्कलनांक | 1363.15 K |
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (4)
| n | कक्षिका | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.3911 |
| 2 | p | 4.1742 |
| 2 | s | 4.608 |
| 3 | s | 8.6925 |
स्फटिक त्रिज्यांचा तपशील (4)
| विद्युतभार | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ती |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | 71 | ||
| 2 | V | 80 | ||
| 2 | VI | 86 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 103 | calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (43)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 19 | 2p | 100% |
| 20 | B+ | 100% |
| 20 | B+p | 30.3% |
| 21 | B+ | 100% |
| 21 | B+p | 20.1% |
| 21 | B+A | 0.1% |
| 21 | B+pA | 0% |
| 22 | B+ | 100% |
| 23 | B+ | 100% |
| 27 | B- | 100% |
क्ष-किरण प्रकीर्णन गुणक (755)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | 0.117 | 0.14592 |
| 0.5079 | 0.1168 | 0.14896 |
| 0.516 | 0.1165 | 0.15206 |
| 0.5242 | 0.1165 | 0.15522 |
| 0.5325 | 0.1162 | 0.15845 |
| 0.5409 | 0.1162 | 0.16175 |
| 0.5495 | 0.1162 | 0.16511 |
| 0.5582 | 0.1161 | 0.16855 |
| 0.5671 | 0.1163 | 0.17205 |
| 0.5761 | 0.1167 | 0.17558 |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.33×104 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Magnesium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele012.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.29×103 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Magnesium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele012.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Magnesium https://periodic.lanl.gov/12.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Magnesium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.