Moscovium (Mc)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
[289]इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Rn] 7s2 7p3 5f14 6d10 (भाकीत केलेले)द्रवणांक
396.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
1126.85 °Cघनता
1.35e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
+1, +3विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
उपलब्ध नाहीआयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
उपलब्ध नाहीशोधाचे वर्ष
2004अणुत्रिज्या
187 pmतपशील
Moscovium is a synthetic transactinide element in group 15, below bismuth. It has been made only atom by atom in heavy-ion fusion experiments, and all confirmed isotopes are highly radioactive and short-lived. Its chemistry has not been directly characterized in bulk; relativistic calculations predict a very heavy p-block metal with chemistry differing from lighter pnictogens, probably favoring the +1 and +3 oxidation states more than a stable +5 state.
Moscovium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. The name moscovium and the symbol Mc, are the accepted ones for element 115. The name is in recognition of the Moscow region and honors the ancient Russian land that is home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JIRN), where the discovery experiments were conducted using the Dubna gas filled recoil separator in combination with the heavy ion accelerator capabilities of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions.
48Ca and 243Am were bombarded together in a cyclotron during a series of experiments from 14 July to 10 August 2003 (Fig. IUPAC.115.1). In February 2004, the results from these experiments were released in a report that stated “ununpentium” had been synthesized. This initial name means “115” in the IUPAC systematic naming scheme, which combines Latin and Greek names to produce un-un-pentium for 115. Moscovium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
On February 2, 2004, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, announced the creation of moscovium. In experiments performed between July 14, 2003 and August 10, 2003, atoms of americium-243 were bombarded with ions of calcium-48 using a device called a cyclotron. This produced one atom of moscovium-287 and three atoms of moscovium-288. All four atoms quickly decayed into other elements. Moscovium's most stable isotope, moscovium-289, has a half-life of about 220 milliseconds. It decays into nihonium-285 through alpha decay.
On Novemer 28th, 2016, element 115 was named Moscovium with the symbol Mc. Moscovium is the Moscow region of Russia, which is home to much of Russia’s superheavy element research. Muscovium was discovered by together by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russia), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA), Vanderbilt University (USA) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (USA).
No macroscopic sample of moscovium has ever been prepared, so its appearance is unknown. Calculations usually treat it as a dense metallic solid under ordinary conditions, but color, texture, melting point, and other bulk properties remain predicted rather than observed.
Moscovium has no practical commercial, industrial, medical, or consumer use. Its only use is in nuclear research, where individual atoms and their decay chains test models of superheavy-element stability, nuclear shell effects, and alpha-decay systematics. Moscovium isotopes are also important as links in decay chains leading to other superheavy nuclides, including nihonium produced by alpha decay of moscovium.
Since only a few atoms of moscovium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No confirmed compound of moscovium has been isolated or chemically characterized. Predictions place it in the pnictogen family but with strong relativistic effects that may make its valence behavior unlike that of nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. The +1 oxidation state is expected to be comparatively important, and +3 may also be accessible; +5 is predicted to be less stable. Hypothetical species such as moscovium(I) chloride, McCl, and moscovium(III) chloride, McCl₃, are discussed in theoretical chemistry only.
See more information at the Moscovium compound page.
The safety hazards of moscovium are dominated by radioactivity, not conventional chemical toxicity. Known isotopes decay mainly by alpha emission and spontaneous fission pathways within very short times, with isotope-specific half-lives. Quantities produced are far below macroscopic handling amounts, but any experiment requires heavy-element radiochemistry controls, shielding appropriate to decay products, and contamination prevention.
Moscovium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no environmental cycle. Atoms produced in laboratories decay rapidly to daughter nuclides, so persistence as moscovium in air, water, soil, or organisms is not expected. Any environmental relevance would be limited to controlled accelerator facilities and the management of radioactive targets, residues, and decay products.
Moscovium has no commodity market, no industrial supply chain, and no recoverable stock. It is produced only in specialized accelerator experiments by bombarding rare actinide targets with heavy ions, for example using americium targets and calcium beams. The limiting factors are accelerator time, target preparation, nuclear reaction cross sections, detector capability, and radiological controls, not ordinary mining, refining, demand, or substitution economics.
Made by bombarding americium-243 with calcium-48.
Moscovium is not expected to have a lasting natural cosmic abundance. Any atoms formed in energetic nucleosynthesis or high-energy particle events would decay quickly compared with astronomical timescales. It has not been identified in stars, meteorites, planets, or interstellar material; its significance is mainly as a laboratory probe of the superheavy region near predicted nuclear shell stabilization.
- The first published moscovium decay chains were produced using ²⁴³Am targets and ⁴⁸Ca projectiles.
- Its name refers to the Moscow region, recognizing the role of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna.
- Moscovium isotopes can decay to nihonium by alpha emission.
- Only a few atoms are needed to establish a decay chain, but repeated events are required for confident assignment.
- Its periodic-table position suggests group 15 chemistry, yet relativistic effects are expected to be large.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 187 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 1.35 × 104 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 396.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 1126.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.3 eV
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- +1, +3 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 5 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Rn] 7s2 7p3 5f14 6d10 (भाकीत केलेले)
उष्मागतिक
उपलब्ध नाही
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 115 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 177 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 6 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 0 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- वस्तुमानांक (सर्वाधिक स्थिर)
- 289
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Mc-292
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 2004
विपुलता
उपलब्ध नाही
स्फटिक संरचना
उपलब्ध नाही
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 14, 10, 5 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 54085-64-2 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mc
- InChI की
- QDXZEHQJHSHEQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण भाकीत केलेले
——या आयनासाठी इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपणाची माहिती उपलब्ध नाही.
अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
उपलब्ध नाही
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
स्थिर समस्थानिके नाहीत.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 290 किरणोत्सारी | २९०.१९५९८ ± ०.०००७३ | उपलब्ध नाही | 840 ms |
| 289 किरणोत्सारी | २८९.१९३६३ ± ०.०००८९ | उपलब्ध नाही | 410 ms |
| 288 किरणोत्सारी | २८८.१९२७४ ± ०.०००६२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 177 ms |
| 287 किरणोत्सारी | २८७.१९०७ ± ०.०००५२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 60 ms |
| 292 किरणोत्सारी | २९२.२००३२३ ± ०.०००७५१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 5 सेकंद |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (396.85 °C) 371.9 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
स्फटिक संरचनेची माहिती उपलब्ध नाही
समस्थानिके (5)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 290 किरणोत्सारी | २९०.१९५९८ ± ०.०००७३ | उपलब्ध नाही | 840 ms | α =100% | |
| 289 किरणोत्सारी | २८९.१९३६३ ± ०.०००८९ | उपलब्ध नाही | 410 ms | α =100% | |
| 288 किरणोत्सारी | २८८.१९२७४ ± ०.०००६२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 177 ms | α =100% | |
| 287 किरणोत्सारी | २८७.१९०७ ± ०.०००५२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 60 ms | α =100% | |
| 292 किरणोत्सारी | २९२.२००३२३ ± ०.०००७५१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 5 सेकंद | α ?SF ? |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 162 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 98
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 71 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 20 a.u.
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (8)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 287 | A | 100% |
| 288 | A | 100% |
| 289 | A | 100% |
| 290 | A | 100% |
| 291 | A | — |
| 291 | SF | — |
| 292 | A | — |
| 292 | SF | — |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Moscovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele115.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Moscovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele115.html
संदर्भ
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Moscovium.