Livermorium (Lv)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
[293]इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (भाकीत केलेले)द्रवणांक
506.85 °Cउत्कलनांक
861.85 °Cघनता
1.29e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
−2, +2, +4विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
उपलब्ध नाहीआयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
उपलब्ध नाहीशोधाचे वर्ष
2000अणुत्रिज्या
183 pmतपशील
Livermorium is a synthetic superheavy element in group 16, below polonium. It has only been made atom by atom in nuclear reactions, and all confirmed isotopes are extremely short-lived. Its placement suggests a heavy chalcogen, but relativistic effects are expected to alter its chemistry. No macroscopic sample has existed, so most chemical and physical properties remain predicted rather than measured.
Livermorium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. In 2000, scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia (Fig. IUPAC.116.1) worked with scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at the University of California and other collaborators to synthesize element 116. This element was first given the placeholder name ununhexium; in May of 2012 it was granted the name livermorium, with the symbol Lv. Researchers first studied livermorium as a decay product of oganesson and then synthesized livermorium by bombarding atoms of 248Cm with ions of 48Ca. The initial reaction of 248Cm with 48Ca produced the isotope 292Lv. Researchers were also able to produce livermorium by bombarding 245Cm with 48Ca. There are four known isotopes of livermorium [669], [674]. Livermorium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
On December 6, 2000, scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, along with scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, announced the creation of livermorium. They produced livermorium by bombarding atoms of curium-248 with ions of calcium-48. This produced livermorium-292, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.6 milliseconds (0.0006 seconds), and four free neutrons. Livermorium's most stable isotope, livermorium-293, has a half-life of about 53 milliseconds. It decays into flerovium-289 through alpha decay.
Livermorium is a synthetic element with the symbol Lv and an atomic number of 116.
It was first reported by Russian scientists from Dubna (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research) in 2000. Its former name was ununhexium and the name Livermorium name was adopted by IUPAC on May 31, 2012.
The appearance of livermorium is unknown because no visible or weighable sample has been produced. Predictions generally treat it as a very heavy metallic solid under ordinary conditions, but this has not been experimentally observed.
Livermorium has no practical use outside nuclear and chemical research. Its atoms are produced to study superheavy nuclei, decay chains, nuclear shell effects, and the limits of the periodic table. Any chemical experiments would necessarily be atom-at-a-time studies with rapidly decaying isotopes, not applications using a stored material.
Since only a few atoms of livermorium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
No bulk livermorium compounds are known. As a group 16 element, it is expected to show chemistry related to tellurium and polonium, with oxidation states such as +2 and possibly +4 considered plausible. The +6 state, common for lighter chalcogens in compounds such as sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), is predicted to be less stable for livermorium because of strong relativistic effects. Specific compounds such as livermorium dioxide (LvO₂) or livermorium hydride (LvH₂) remain theoretical.
See more information at the Livermorium compound page.
Livermorium presents a radiological hazard in principle, but only minute numbers of atoms have been made. Its known isotopes decay rapidly by alpha emission and spontaneous fission pathways within decay chains. Laboratory risk is governed mainly by accelerator targets, intense beams, recoil separators, and the radioactive daughter products, rather than by chemical exposure to livermorium itself.
Livermorium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no known environmental cycle. Atoms made in laboratories decay too quickly and in too small a number to produce measurable environmental concentrations. Any release would be negligible in chemical terms, with radiological relevance limited to the immediate experimental context and its decay products.
Livermorium has no commodity market, commercial supply, or industrial demand. Production requires heavy-ion accelerators, rare target materials, and specialized detection systems capable of identifying single atoms through their decay chains. The cost is therefore embedded in large-scale nuclear research rather than in the price of a material. There is no recycling or stockpiling of livermorium, because produced atoms decay before any macroscopic inventory could exist.
Made by bombardng curium-248 with calcium-48.
Livermorium is not expected to occur in ordinary cosmic or planetary matter. If formed in extreme nucleosynthetic events, its known isotopes would decay far too quickly to survive to the present. Searches for long-lived superheavy nuclei concern possible islands of stability, but no naturally occurring livermorium isotope has been confirmed.
- Livermorium was named for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
- Confirmed livermorium atoms have been identified through decay chains, not by weighing a sample.
- Its chemistry is expected to be strongly affected by relativistic electron behavior.
- The element lies below polonium but is not simply a heavier ordinary chalcogen.
- Even the longest-lived known livermorium isotopes have half-lives measured on very short experimental timescales.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 183 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 1.29 × 104 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- STP येथे अवस्था
- घन सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- द्रवणांक
- 506.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या द्रवणांक ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- 861.85 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- 0.7 eV
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- −2, +2, +4 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 6 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Rn] 7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (भाकीत केलेले)
उष्मागतिक
उपलब्ध नाही
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 116 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 177 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 5 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 0 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- वस्तुमानांक (सर्वाधिक स्थिर)
- 293
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Lv-293
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 2000
विपुलता
उपलब्ध नाही
स्फटिक संरचना
उपलब्ध नाही
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 14, 10, 6 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 54100-71-9 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Lv
- InChI की
- ONFASNXETZOODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण भाकीत केलेले
——या आयनासाठी इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपणाची माहिती उपलब्ध नाही.
अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
उपलब्ध नाही
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
स्थिर समस्थानिके नाहीत.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 289 किरणोत्सारी | २८९.१९८१६ ± ०.०००५७ | उपलब्ध नाही | 16 ms |
| 290 किरणोत्सारी | २९०.१९८६४ ± ०.०००७१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 9 ms |
| 291 किरणोत्सारी | २९१.२०१०८ ± ०.०००६६ | उपलब्ध नाही | 26 ms |
| 292 किरणोत्सारी | २९२.२०१७४ ± ०.०००९१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 16 ms |
| 293 किरणोत्सारी | २९३.२०४४९ ± ०.०००६ | उपलब्ध नाही | 70 ms |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: द्रवणांकापेक्षा (506.85 °C) 481.9 °C कमी
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
स्फटिक संरचनेची माहिती उपलब्ध नाही
समस्थानिके (5)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 289 किरणोत्सारी | २८९.१९८१६ ± ०.०००५७ | उपलब्ध नाही | 16 ms | α ? | |
| 290 किरणोत्सारी | २९०.१९८६४ ± ०.०००७१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 9 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 291 किरणोत्सारी | २९१.२०१०८ ± ०.०००६६ | उपलब्ध नाही | 26 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 292 किरणोत्सारी | २९२.२०१७४ ± ०.०००९१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 16 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 293 किरणोत्सारी | २९३.२०४४९ ± ०.०००६ | उपलब्ध नाही | 70 ms | α ≈100%SF ? |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 175 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 104
ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्थांचे वर्ग
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (9)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 289 | A | — |
| 290 | A | 100% |
| 290 | SF | — |
| 291 | A | 100% |
| 291 | SF | — |
| 292 | A | 100% |
| 292 | SF | — |
| 293 | A | 100% |
| 293 | SF | — |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Livermorium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele116.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Livermorium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele116.html
संदर्भ
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Livermorium.