Flerovium (Fl)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
प्रमाणित अणुभार
[289]इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
[Rn] 7s2 7p2 5f14 6d10 (भाकीत केलेले)द्रवणांक
उपलब्ध नाहीउत्कलनांक
-63.15 °Cघनता
9928 kg/m³ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
0, +1, +2, +4, +6विद्युतऋणता (पॉलिंग)
उपलब्ध नाहीआयनीकरण ऊर्जा (पहिली)
उपलब्ध नाहीशोधाचे वर्ष
1998अणुत्रिज्या
180 pmतपशील
Flerovium is a synthetic superheavy element in group 14, below lead. It has been made only atom by atom in heavy-ion fusion reactions, and all confirmed isotopes are radioactive and short-lived. Its chemistry is dominated by strong relativistic effects, so it is not expected to behave as a simple heavier analogue of lead. Experimental chemical information is sparse, but it points to unusually weak metallic bonding and high volatility for a group 14 element.
Flerovium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Flerovium was named for the Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JIRN). In 1999, a collaboration of scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia (Figs. 4.114.1 and 4.114.2) and the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in the USA synthesized flerovium. They used nuclear reaction experiments to eventually produce 287Fl by cross-bombardments of 48Ca with both (even-A) 242Pu and (odd-A) 245Cm. The intermediate nuclide 283Cn was observed with known decay characteristics that established the synthesis of flerovium [668], [669]. Flerovium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
Flerovium was first produced by scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia in 1998. They bombarded atoms of plutonium with ions of calcium. This produced a single atom of flerovium-289, an isotope with a half-life of about 21 seconds. Flerovium's most stable isotope, flerovium-289, has a half-life of about 0.97 seconds. It decays into copernicium-285 through alpha decay.
Flerovium is radioactive and has the symbol Fl and the atomic number 114. The element is named after Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov, who founded the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was first discovered in 1999.
Element 114 has a 30-second half-life, which is much longer than element 112's. This is evidence of the "island of stability" that was predicted to occur around element 114 (where the combination of protons and neutrons would combine to make a stable structure).
A beam containing 48Ca was aimed into a244Pu target to make this atom.
The name Flerovium was adopted by IUPAC on May 31, 2012.
No macroscopic sample of flerovium has ever been prepared, so its appearance is not known. Calculations generally predict a dense metal, possibly with comparatively low cohesive energy, but color, texture, and ordinary bulk properties remain unobserved.
Flerovium has no practical use outside basic scientific research. Individual atoms are produced to study nuclear stability, decay chains, and the chemistry of superheavy elements near the predicted island of stability. Its isotopes are too short-lived and too difficult to make for use in materials, medicine, industry, or routine analytical standards. Reported applications are experimental targets, detectors, and chemical-separation studies rather than uses of stored flerovium material.
Since only a few atoms of flerovium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
Flerovium chemistry has been probed only with single atoms, mainly by observing adsorption behavior after production and decay. It is placed in group 14, but relativistic stabilization of the 7p₁/₂ electrons is expected to make the +2 state more accessible and the +4 state less robust than in lighter congeners such as lead. Specific compounds have not been isolated in weighable amounts. Theoretical studies consider species such as flerovium dioxide, FlO₂, and flerovium tetrachloride, FlCl₄, but their stability and structures are predictions rather than established preparative chemistry.
See more information at the Flerovium compound page.
The direct radiological hazard of flerovium is isotope-specific, but any produced atom decays rapidly by alpha emission or spontaneous fission through radioactive daughter nuclides. Macroscopic handling hazards are not characterized because no bulk material exists. In practice, safety concerns belong to accelerator operations, intense ion beams, radioactive targets, recoil products, and contaminated experimental hardware rather than to stored flerovium compounds.
Flerovium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no known environmental cycle. Atoms made in laboratories decay long before they could disperse as a persistent environmental contaminant. Any environmental relevance is tied to small amounts of target materials and activation products from nuclear research facilities, not to flerovium itself as a mobile or bioavailable element.
Flerovium has no commodity market, industrial supply chain, or recoverable stock. It is produced only in specialized accelerator experiments, commonly by bombarding actinide targets with heavy ions and identifying a few atoms through their decay sequences. The limiting costs are accelerator time, target preparation, radiochemical and detector infrastructure, and the rarity of successful fusion-evaporation events. There is no recycling economy for flerovium, because produced atoms decay before collection as material.
Made by bombarding plutonium-244 with calcium-48.
Flerovium is not known as a naturally occurring cosmic or planetary element. Superheavy nuclei may be formed transiently in extreme neutron-rich events, but isotopes of flerovium with known or expected half-lives would not survive over geological or cosmic timescales. Its significance is mainly as a laboratory probe of nuclear shell effects in very heavy atoms.
- Flerovium was named for the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna.
- Only single atoms have been used in chemical experiments on flerovium.
- Its group placement does not guarantee lead-like chemistry because relativistic effects are large.
- Gas-phase studies suggest unusually weak interaction with gold surfaces, but the data set is very small.
- Decay-chain identification is central to confirming flerovium production.
प्रतिमा
गुणधर्म
भौतिक
- अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित)
- 180 pm सर्व घटकांच्या अणुत्रिज्या (अनुभवाधारित) ची तुलना करा →
- घनता
- 9928 kg/m³ सर्व घटकांच्या घनता ची तुलना करा →
- STP येथे अवस्था
- वायू सर्व घटकांच्या STP येथे अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- उत्कलनांक
- -63.15 °C सर्व घटकांच्या उत्कलनांक ची तुलना करा →
रासायनिक
- इलेक्ट्रॉन आसक्ती
- -0.5 eV (नकारात्मक मूल्य — अणूने अतिरिक्त इलेक्ट्रॉन बांधण्याचा अंदाज नाही)
- ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था
- 0, +1, +2, +4, +6 सर्व घटकांच्या ऑक्सिडीकरण अवस्था ची तुलना करा →
- संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 27 सर्व घटकांच्या संयुजा इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण
- [Rn] 7s2 7p2 5f14 6d10 (भाकीत केलेले)
उष्मागतिक
उपलब्ध नाही
केंद्रकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 114 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रोटॉन ची तुलना करा →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 176 सर्व घटकांच्या न्यूट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिके
- 8 सर्व घटकांच्या ज्ञात समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- स्थिर समस्थानिके
- 0 सर्व घटकांच्या स्थिर समस्थानिके ची तुलना करा →
- वस्तुमानांक (सर्वाधिक स्थिर)
- 289
- सर्वाधिक स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Fl-290
- शोधाचे वर्ष
- 1998
विपुलता
उपलब्ध नाही
स्फटिक संरचना
उपलब्ध नाही
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरचना
- प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 14, 10, 27 सर्व घटकांच्या प्रत्येक कवचातील इलेक्ट्रॉन ची तुलना करा →
ओळखचिन्हे
- CAS क्रमांक
- 54085-16-4 सर्व घटकांच्या CAS क्रमांक ची तुलना करा →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Fl
- InChI की
- WIHJCBVMYKIGOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण भाकीत केलेले
——या आयनासाठी इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपणाची माहिती उपलब्ध नाही.
अणुप्रतिमान
समस्थानिकांमुळे न्यूट्रॉन संख्या, वस्तुमान आणि स्थैर्य बदलते — विद्युतदृष्ट्या उदासीन अणूचे इलेक्ट्रॉन संरूपण बदलत नाही.
उपलब्ध नाही
योजनात्मक अणुप्रतिमान, प्रमाणानुसार नाही.
अणूची विशिष्ट ओळख
उत्सर्जन / शोषण वर्णपट
समस्थानिक वितरण
स्थिर समस्थानिके नाहीत.
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य |
|---|---|---|---|
| 288 किरणोत्सारी | २८८.१८७५७ ± ०.०००९१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 653 ms |
| 287 किरणोत्सारी | २८७.१८६७८ ± ०.०००६६ | उपलब्ध नाही | 510 ms |
| 285 किरणोत्सारी | २८५.१८३६४ ± ०.०००४७ | उपलब्ध नाही | 210 ms |
| 286 किरणोत्सारी | २८६.१८४२३ ± ०.०००७१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 130 ms |
| 290 किरणोत्सारी | २९०.१९१८७५ ± ०.०००७५२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 80 सेकंद |
अवस्था / स्थिती
कारण: उत्कलनांकापेक्षा (-63.15 °C) 88.1 °C अधिक
योजनात्मक, प्रमाणानुसार नाही
अवस्थांतर बिंदू
घनता
प्रमाणित परिस्थितीत
सध्याच्या T येथे आदर्श वायू नियमाने अंदाजित
घन अवस्थेसाठी स्फटिक संरचनेची माहिती उपलब्ध नाही
समस्थानिके (5)
| वस्तुमानांक | अणुवस्तुमान (u) | नैसर्गिक विपुलता | अर्धायुष्य | क्षय प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 288 किरणोत्सारी | २८८.१८७५७ ± ०.०००९१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 653 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 287 किरणोत्सारी | २८७.१८६७८ ± ०.०००६६ | उपलब्ध नाही | 510 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 285 किरणोत्सारी | २८५.१८३६४ ± ०.०००४७ | उपलब्ध नाही | 210 ms | α ≈100%SF<20% | |
| 286 किरणोत्सारी | २८६.१८४२३ ± ०.०००७१ | उपलब्ध नाही | 130 ms | α =59±1.1%SF =41±1.1% | |
| 290 किरणोत्सारी | २९०.१९१८७५ ± ०.०००७५२ | उपलब्ध नाही | 80 सेकंद | α ≈100%SF ?β+<50% |
विस्तारित गुणधर्म
सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (विस्तारित)
- सहसंयुजी त्रिज्या (प्युक्को)
- 143 pm
क्रमांकन मापनपट्ट्या
- Mendeleev
- 92
ध्रुवणक्षमता आणि अपस्करण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता
- 31 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणक्षमता (अनिश्चितता)
- 4 a.u.
प्रगत संदर्भ माहिती
समस्थानिक क्षय प्रकार (17)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 284 | SF | 100% |
| 284 | A | — |
| 285 | A | 100% |
| 285 | SF | 20% |
| 286 | A | 59% |
| 286 | SF | 41% |
| 287 | A | 100% |
| 287 | SF | — |
| 288 | A | 100% |
| 288 | SF | — |
अतिरिक्त माहिती
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Flerovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele114.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Flerovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele114.html
संदर्भ
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Flerovium.