Tungsten (W)
transition-metalSolid
표준 원자량
183.84 u전자 배치
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4녹는점
3421.85 °C끓는점
5554.85 °C밀도
1.93e+4 kg/m³산화 상태
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6전기 음성도(Pauling)
2.36제1 이온화 에너지
7.86403 eV발견 연도
1781원자 반지름
135 pm상세 정보
Tungsten is a dense, refractory transition metal in group 6. It has the highest melting point of any element and retains strength at temperatures where most engineering metals soften. Chemically it is best known for stable high oxidation states, especially +6, and for forming hard carbides and complex oxoanions. Natural tungsten occurs mainly in tungstate minerals rather than as the native metal.
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Very pure tungsten can be cut with a hacksaw, forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. The impure metal is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. The metal oxidizes in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The thermal expansion is about the same as borosilicate glass, which makes the metal useful for glass-to-metal seals.
The name derives from the Swedish tungsten for "heavy stone". The symbol W derives from the German wolfram, which was found with tin and interfered with the smelting of tin. It was said to eat up tin like a wolf eats up sheep. The element was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1781. Tungsten metal was first isolated by the Spanish chemists Fausto Elhuyar and his brother Juan José in 1783.
Tungsten was discovered by Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar, Spanish chemists and brothers, in 1783 in samples of the mineral wolframite ((Fe, Mn)WO4). Today, tungsten is primarily obtained from wolframite and scheelite (CaWO4) using the same basic method developed by José and Elhuyar. Tungsten ores are crushed, cleaned and treated with alkalis to form tungsten trioxide (WO3). Tungsten trioxide is then heated with carbon or hydrogen gas (H2), forming tungsten metal and carbon dioxide (CO2) or tungsten metal and water vapor (H2O).
From Swedish, tung sten meanig heavy stone. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now known as wolframite and concluded it must contain a new substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tungsten (a name first applied about 1758 to a mineral now known as scheelite). Scheele and Berman suggested the possibility of obtaining a new metal by reducing this acid. The de Elhuyar brothers found acid in wolframite in 1783 that was identical to the acid of tungsten (tungstic acid) of Scheele, and in that year they succeeded in obtaining the element by reduction of this acid with charcoal. Tungsten occurs in wolframite, scheelite, huebnertie, and ferberite. Important deposits of tungsten occur in California, Colorado, South Korea, Bolivia, Russia, and Portugal. China is reported to have about 75% of the world's tungsten resources. Natural tungsten contains five stable isotopes. Twenty one other unstable isotopes are recognized. The metal is obtained commercially be reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon.
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to silvery-white metal with a metallic luster. It is hard and brittle when impure or cold-worked, but sufficiently pure tungsten can be drawn into wire after suitable processing. The metal is solid under ordinary conditions and has an exceptionally high density.
Tungsten metal is used where very high temperature strength, low vapor pressure, and resistance to arc erosion are needed. Important uses include filaments and electrodes in specialized lamps and vacuum devices, contacts, heating elements, and parts for high-temperature furnaces. Tungsten carbide is central to cutting tools, mining bits, dies, and wear-resistant components. Heavy tungsten alloys are used for counterweights, radiation shielding, vibration damping, and some kinetic-energy applications.
Pure tungsten is a light gray or whitish metal that is soft enough to be cut with a hacksaw and ductile enough to be drawn into wire or extruded into various shapes. If contaminated with other materials, tungsten becomes brittle and difficult to work with. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metallic elements and is used to make filaments for incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent light bulbs and television tubes. Tungsten expands at nearly the same rate as borosilicate glass and is used to make metal to glass seals. Tungsten is also used as a target for X-ray production, as heating elements in electric furnaces and for parts of spacecraft and missiles which must withstand high temperatures.
Tungsten is alloyed with steel to form tough metals that are stable at high temperatures. Tungsten-steel alloys are used to make such things as high speed cutting tools and rocket engine nozzles.
Tungsten carbide (WC) is an extremely hard tungsten compound. It is used in the tips of drill bits, high speed cutting tools and in mining machinery. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a dry lubricant that can be used to temperatures as high as 500°C. Tungsten forms compounds with calcium and magnesium that have phosphorescent properties and are used in fluorescent light bulbs.
Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for metal evaporation work; for electrical contact points for automobile distributors; X-ray targets; windings and heating elements for electrical furnaces; and for numerous spacecraft and high-temperature applications. High-speed tool steels, Hastelloy(R), Stellite(R), and many other alloys contain tungsten. Tungsten carbide is of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries. Calcium and magnesium tungstates are widely used in fluorescent lighting; other salts of tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tungsten disulfide is a dry, high-temperature lubricant, stable to 500C. Tungsten bronzes and other tungsten compounds are used in paints.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
182W is the stable product of the decay of 182Hf, which has a half-life of 8.9×106 years. Although 182Hf was present at the dawn of the Solar System, this isotope has long since decayed. During the formation of the planets, including Earth, the elements hafnium and tungsten were partitioned into silicate minerals (rock forming minerals with silicon-oxygen bonds that constitute more than 90 percent of the Earth’s crust) and metal phases, respectively. The measurement of excessive amounts of 182W, arising from the decay of 182Hf that accumulated in silicate minerals, has been used to estimate the time that elapsed between the formation of the Solar System and accretion of the planets (Fig. IUPAC.74.1) [512] E. B. Norman, D. N. Schramm. Nature304, 515 (1983)., [513] C. Vockenhuber, F. Oberli, M. Bichler, I. Ahmad, G. Quitté, M. Meier, A. N. Halliday, D. C. Lee, W. Kutschera, P. Steier, R. J. Gehrke, R. G. Helmer. Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 172501-1 (2004)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
Tungsten-rhenium generators use 188W, which is produced from 186W, via the following double neutron capture reaction 186W (n, γ) 187W (n, γ) 188W.
Tungsten chemistry is dominated by oxidation states from 0 to +6, with +6 the most common in air-stable compounds. Tungsten(VI) oxide, WO₃, is an important oxide used in pigments, electrochromic devices, and as a precursor to metal powder. Tungstates contain the tungstate ion, WO₄²⁻, and include calcium tungstate, CaWO₄, and sodium tungstate, Na₂WO₄. Tungsten hexafluoride, WF₆, is a volatile +6 compound used in chemical vapor deposition. Tungsten carbide, WC, is a hard interstitial compound rather than a typical salt.
See more information at the Tungsten compound page.
Massive tungsten metal has low acute toxicity and is not easily absorbed, but fine powders can present dust, fire, or explosion hazards under some conditions. Soluble tungstate salts are more biologically available and should not be treated as harmless. Tungsten carbide tools may contain cobalt or nickel binders that add important occupational hazards. Tungsten is not radioactive as a natural element in practical terms, though artificial radioisotopes require isotope-specific controls.
Tungsten enters the environment mainly through weathering of tungstate minerals and through mining, milling, metalworking, and disposal of hard-metal products. In oxidizing waters it commonly forms tungstate species, which can be more mobile than many heavy-metal ions. Its biological role is limited but real in some microorganisms, where tungsten enzymes are known. Environmental behavior depends strongly on pH, redox conditions, and adsorption to iron or manganese oxides.
Tungsten is produced chiefly from scheelite and wolframite concentrates. Ore is converted to ammonium paratungstate and then to tungsten oxide or tungsten metal powder, with powder metallurgy used for many products because of the metal’s very high melting point. Supply is strategically important because deposits and refining capacity are geographically concentrated. Demand is led by cemented carbides, followed by alloy, mill-product, and chemical uses. Recycling of carbide scrap and heavy alloys is significant because tungsten is valuable and often recoverable from industrial products.
Occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4].
Tungsten is a rare heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are made mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar events, rather than by ordinary stellar fusion. In planets it is lithophile under oxidizing conditions but can partition into metal under reducing conditions. Hafnium-tungsten isotope systematics are used to study early Solar System chronology and core formation.
- The symbol W comes from wolfram, a name still reflected in wolframite ores.
- Tungsten wire was crucial to long-lived incandescent lamps after ductile wire production became practical.
- Tungsten has an unusually low vapor pressure at very high temperature.
- Cemented tungsten carbide is usually a composite with a metallic binder, not pure WC alone.
- The isotope ¹⁸²W is important in hafnium-tungsten geochronology.
- Tungsten compounds can form polyoxometalates with large, cage-like anions.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 135 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 162 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 210 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 130 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 1.93 × 104 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.00953 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 3421.85 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 5554.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 173 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.132 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 24.27 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 체심 입방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 2.36 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 1.47
- 전자 친화도
- 0.815 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 7.86403 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 16.370056 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 26.000089 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 38.200131 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 51.600178 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 6 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d4
열역학적 특성
- 융해열
- 0.36482355 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 8.360885 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 8.803441 eV
- 원자화열
- 8.803441 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 8.820024 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 74 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 110 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 41 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 0 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- W-184
- 발견 연도
- 1781
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 1.25 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 1 × 10−4 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 316 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7440-33-7 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 5D0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/W
- InChI 키
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
W: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
안정 동위원소가 없습니다.
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 183 방사성 | 182.95022275 ± 0.0000009 | 14.3100% | 670 Ey |
| 161 방사성 | 160.9672 ± 0.00021 | 해당 없음 | 409 ms |
| 157 방사성 | 156.97884 ± 0.00043 | 해당 없음 | 275 ms |
| 177 방사성 | 176.946643 ± 0.00003 | 해당 없음 | 132.4 분 |
| 181 방사성 | 180.9481978 ± 0.0000051 | 해당 없음 | 120.956 일 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(3421.85 °C)보다 3396.8 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
원자 스펙트럼
전체 74개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| W I | 0 | 7049 | 522 | 5852 |
| W II | +1 | 2838 | 211 | 2838 |
| W III | +2 | 2644 | 37 | 2644 |
| W IV | +3 | 791 | 0 | 791 |
| W V | +4 | 193 | 0 | 193 |
| W VI | +5 | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| W VII | +6 | 397 | 0 | 397 |
| W VIII | +7 | 193 | 187 | 193 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| W I | 0 | 509 |
| W II | +1 | 264 |
| W III | +2 | 236 |
| W IV | +3 | 106 |
| W V | +4 | 60 |
| W VI | +5 | 15 |
| W VII | +6 | 113 |
| W VIII | +7 | 103 |
| W IX | +8 | 3 |
| W X | +9 | 2 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 66 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 62 pm |
| +6 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 42 pm |
| +6 | 5 | 해당 없음 | 51 pm |
| +6 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 60 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (5)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 183 방사성 | 182.95022275 ± 0.0000009 | 14.3100% ± 0.0400% | 670 Ey | IS =14.31±0.4%α ? | |
| 161 방사성 | 160.9672 ± 0.00021 | 해당 없음 | 409 ms | α =73±0.3%β+ =27±0.3% | |
| 157 방사성 | 156.97884 ± 0.00043 | 해당 없음 | 275 ms | β+ =100%α =0% | |
| 177 방사성 | 176.946643 ± 0.00003 | 해당 없음 | 132.4 분 | β+ =100% | |
| 181 방사성 | 180.9481978 ± 0.0000051 | 해당 없음 | 120.956 일 | ε =100% |
스펙트럼선
전체 2460개 중 50개를 표시합니다. 기본적으로 세기가 측정된 스펙트럼선만 표시됩니다.
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 400.8749 nm | 1000 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 429.4605 nm | 800 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 386.7982 nm | 600 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 407.4357 nm | 600 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 381.7484 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 484.381 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 505.328 nm | 400 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 384.6213 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 525.9338 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 551.4684 nm | 300 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 383.5052 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 388.1394 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 522.4661 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 524.2973 nm | 250 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3G → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 424.4367 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 426.9384 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 430.2103 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 488.6902 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 498.2586 nm | 200 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 380.9234 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 384.749 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 505.4594 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 507.1736 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 523.352 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3P2 → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527.5538 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 549.2315 nm | 150 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 381.0796 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 506.9123 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 525.5401 nm | 120 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4D).6s 5D → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 434.811303 nm | 109 | W II | emission | 5d4.(5D).6s 4D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 381.0385 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 401.5216 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 404.56 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(6S).6s 7S → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 410.2701 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 424.1444 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3D → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 427.4553 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 525.4544 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3D → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 526.3195 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4D).6s 5D → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 526.9315 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 543.5042 nm | 100 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 395.105951 nm | 91 | W II | emission | 5d4.(5D).6s 4D → 5d3.(4F).6s.(5F).6p 6G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 406.9948 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 413.7464 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d5.(6S).6p 7P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 421.9375 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 425.9363 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7F* → 5d4.6s.(6D).7s 7D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 468.0513 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 5D → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 7D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 498.6924 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3H → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 526.8545 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3F2 → * | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 547.7798 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d4.6s2 3P2 → 5d4.6s.(6D).6p 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 667.838 nm | 80 | W I | emission | 5d5.(4G).6s 5G → * | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 137 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 120 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 115 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 257 pm
- UFF
- 309.6 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 253 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 139 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 53
- Pettifor
- 56
- Glawe
- 57
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 68 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 15 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 757 Ha·Bohr6
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 9.55 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 6
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 84
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 10
- 매장량 분포
- 61
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 24
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 24
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 3687.15 K |
| 끓는점 | 5828.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (14)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.4343 |
| 2 | p | 4.4258 |
| 2 | s | 19.3302 |
| 3 | d | 13.5476 |
| 3 | p | 21.3824 |
| 3 | s | 22.13 |
| 4 | d | 36.8268 |
| 4 | f | 39.2892 |
| 4 | p | 34.4516 |
| 4 | s | 33.4412 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (5)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | VI | 80 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 76 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | IV | 56 | ||
| 6 | V | 65 | ||
| 6 | VI | 74 |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (54)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 157 | B+ | 100% |
| 157 | A | 0% |
| 158 | A | 100% |
| 159 | A | 100% |
| 159 | B+ | — |
| 160 | A | 87% |
| 160 | B+ | — |
| 161 | A | 73% |
| 161 | B+ | 27% |
| 162 | B+ | — |
X선 산란 인자 (541)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.92551 |
| 10.1617 | — | 2.00949 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.09714 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.18428 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.26758 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.35405 |
| 11.0105 | — | 2.44381 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.537 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.63375 |
| 11.5535 | — | 2.73418 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.25 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Tungsten https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-4 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Tungsten https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele074.html
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tungsten.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.