Tantalum (Ta)
transition-metalSolid
표준 원자량
180.94788 u전자 배치
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d3녹는점
3016.85 °C끓는점
5457.85 °C밀도
1.64e+4 kg/m³산화 상태
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5전기 음성도(Pauling)
1.5제1 이온화 에너지
7.549571 eV발견 연도
1802원자 반지름
145 pm상세 정보
Tantalum is a dense, refractory transition metal in group 5, closely associated geologically and chemically with niobium. It is noted for exceptional resistance to corrosion, a very high melting point, and the stable, high-permittivity oxide film that forms on its surface. Most natural tantalum is ¹⁸¹Ta, with a small contribution from the long-lived nuclear isomer ¹⁸⁰ᵐTa. Its chemistry is dominated by the +5 oxidation state.
Tantalum is a gray, heavy, and very hard metal. When pure, it is ductile and can be drawn into fine wire, which is used as a filament for evaporating metals such as aluminum. Tantalum is almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C, and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing the fluoride ion, and free sulfur trioxide. Alkalis attack it only slowly. At high temperatures, tantalum becomes much more reactive. The element has a melting point exceeded only by tungsten and rhenium. Tantalum is used to make a variety of alloys with desirable properties such as high melting point, high strength, good ductility, etc. Tantalum has a good "gettering" ability at high temperatures, and tantalum oxide films are stable and have good rectifying and dielectric properties.
The name derives from the Greek mythological character Tantalus who was banished to Hades, the region of lost souls where he was placed up to his chin in water, which receded whenever he tried to drink it, and under branches of fruit, which drew back whenever he tried to pick their fruit. This name was selected because of the insolubility of tantalum in acids; thus, when placed in the midst of acids, it is incapable of taking any of them up. Tantalum was discovered by the Swedish chemist and mineralogist Anders- Gustav Ekeberg in 1802.
Tantalum was discovered by Anders Gustaf Ekenberg, a Swedish chemist, in 1802 in minerals obtained from Ytterby, Sweden. Many scientists believed that he had only discovered an allotrope of niobium, an element that is chemically similar to tantalum. The issue was finally settled in 1866 when, Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, a Swiss chemist, proved that tantalum and niobium were two distinct elements. The first relatively pure samples of tantalum were first produced in 1907. Today, tantalum is primarily obtained from the minerals columbite ((Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Ta)2O6), tantalite ((Fe, Mn)(Ta, Nb)2O6) and euxenite ((Y, Ca, Er, La, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Ti)2O6).
Named after Tantalos, a Greek a mythological character, father of Niobe. Discovered in 1802 by Ekeberg, but many chemists thought niobium and tantalum were identical elements until Rowe in 1844, and Marignac, in 1866, showed that niobic and tantalic acids were two different acids. The early investigators only isolated the impure metal. The first relatively pure ductile tantalum was produced by von Bolton in 1903. Tantalum occurs principally in the mineral columbite-tantalite.
Pure tantalum is a hard, heavy, lustrous metal with a gray to blue-gray metallic surface. It is ductile when sufficiently pure but becomes less workable when contaminated by oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, or carbon. A thin oxide film passivates the surface in air.
Tantalum is widely used in solid electrolytic capacitors, where a porous metal anode and a thin tantalum pentoxide dielectric provide high capacitance per volume. It is also used in corrosion-resistant chemical equipment, heat exchangers, surgical implants, and high-temperature furnace parts. Tantalum carbide is important in hard materials, and tantalum additions improve some nickel- and cobalt-base superalloys. Because it absorbs little from body fluids and is corrosion resistant, the metal has had longstanding biomedical applications.
Tantalum is a strong, ductile metal that is nearly immune to chemical attack at room temperatures. It can be drawn into a fine wire that is used to evaporate metals, such as aluminum. It has a high melting point and is frequently used as a substitute for platinum, which is more expensive. Tantalum is used to make components for chemical plants, nuclear power plants, airplanes and missiles. Tantalum does not react with bodily fluids and is used to make surgical equipment. Tantalum also does not irritate the body and is used to make surgical sutures as well as implants, such as artificial joints and cranial plates. Tantalum is alloyed with steel to increase steel's ductility, strength and melting point.
Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), one of tantalum's compounds, is a dielectric material and is used to make capacitors. It is also used to make a glass with a high index of refraction that is used in camera lenses. A composite consisting of tantalum carbide (TaC) and graphite is one of the hardest materials known and is used on the cutting edges of high-speed machine tools.
Scientists at Los Alamos have produced a tantalum carbide graphite composite material, which is said to be one of the hardest materials ever made. The compound has a melting point of 3738°C. Tantalum is used to make electrolytic capacitors and vacuum furnace parts, which account for about 60% of its use. The metal is also widely used to fabricate chemical process equipment, nuclear reactors, aircraft, and missile parts. Tantalum is completely immune to body liquids and is a nonirritating material. It has, therefore, found wide use in making surgical appliances. Tantalum oxide is used to make special glass with high index of refraction for camera lenses. The metal has many other uses.
Isotopes in Medicine
178 Ta (with a half-life of 9.3 min) is used in medical studies, such as first-pass radionuclide angiography of mice, to better understand cardiovascular disease. Radionuclide angiography uses a pinhole lens fitted to a high-speed multiwire proportional camera and a n(178W)/n(178Ta) amount-ratio generator for minimally invasive quantification of murine ventricular (heart) functions (Fig. IUPAC.73.1) [506] J. Lacy, T. Nanavaty, D. Dai, N. Nayak, N. Haynes, C. Martin. J. Nucl. Cardiol.8, 171 (2001)., [507] C. J. Hartley, G. E. Taffet, A. K. Reddy, M. L. Entman, L. H. Michael. ILAR J.43, 147 (2002).. The multiwire gamma camera has a 178Ta generator incorporated in its housing, and it provides portable and laboratory ventricular function assessments for cardiovascular patients [507] C. J. Hartley, G. E. Taffet, A. K. Reddy, M. L. Entman, L. H. Michael. ILAR J.43, 147 (2002)., [508] J. L. Lacy, A. D. LeBlanc, J. W. Babich, M. W. Bungo, L. A. Latson, R. M. Lewis, L. R. Poliner, R. H. Jones, P. C. Johnson. J. Nucl. Med.25, 1003 (1984).. Intravenous injections of 178Ta are used in gated equilibrium blood pool imaging [509] R. A. Wilson, S. Y. Kopiwoda, R. J. Callahan, R. H. Moore, C. A. Boucher, H. Manspeaker, F. P. Castronovo, H. W. Strauss. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging13, 82 (1987).. 183Ta (with a half-life of 5.1 days) has potential for use in radionuclide pharmaceuticals and as a tracer for toxicity studies of ecosystems [510] N. Shigeta, R. M. Lambrecht, H. Matsuoka, A. Osa, M. Koizumi, K. Kobayashi, M. Izumo, K. Hashimoto, T. Sekine. Appl. Radiat. Isot.47, 171 (1996)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
181Ta is used to produce 178W, which decays to 178Ta via the reaction 181Ta (p, 4 n) 178W, which is followed by a subsequent electron capture decay reaction of 178W to finally yield 178Ta. 178Ta is important for medical studies as noted in Section 4.73.1.
Tantalum forms strongly oxophilic compounds and is most stable in the +5 oxidation state. Tantalum pentoxide, Ta₂O₅, is the most important oxide and forms the dielectric film used in capacitors. Tantalum pentachloride, TaCl₅, is a volatile chloride used in synthesis and deposition chemistry. Tantalates contain TaO₆ octahedra in many minerals and ceramic materials. Lower oxidation states exist in halides and cluster compounds, but they are less common in ordinary aqueous chemistry. Tantalum carbide, TaC, is an extremely hard refractory ceramic.
See more information at the Tantalum compound page.
Massive tantalum metal is generally of low chemical toxicity and is valued for biocompatibility, but fine powder can burn and should be treated as a combustible metal dust. Soluble tantalum compounds are uncommon but should not be assumed harmless. Processing hazards often come from associated acids, fluorides, chlorides, and fine particulates rather than from the bulk metal itself. Natural tantalum is only very weakly radioactive because of trace ¹⁸⁰ᵐTa.
Tantalum occurs in resistant oxide minerals and is not abundant in surface waters. Weathering can move small amounts in heavy-mineral sediments, while much remains in insoluble phases. It has no known essential biological role. Environmental concerns are usually linked to mining, mineral concentration, tailings, and the handling of associated elements rather than to high mobility of tantalum ions in natural waters.
Tantalum is produced mainly from tantalite- and columbite-bearing ores, from complex lithium-cesium-tantalum pegmatites, and as a by-product of tin or lithium mineral processing. Separation from niobium is a central refining step because the two elements have similar chemistry. Demand is strongly influenced by electronics, especially capacitors, but superalloys, carbides, and corrosion-resistant equipment also matter. Supply can be constrained by ore concentration, co-production relationships, conflict-mineral controls, and the need for specialized refining. Recycling from capacitor scrap and superalloy residues contributes but does not fully replace mined supply.
Tantalum ores are found in Australia, Brazil, Mozambique, Thailand, Portugal, Nigeria, Zaire, and Canada.
Tantalum is a rare heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable and long-lived isotopes are made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from slow and rapid capture pathways. In planetary materials it is lithophile and refractory, so it concentrates in silicate reservoirs and resists volatilization during high-temperature condensation.
- Tantalum and niobium are so similar chemically that their separation shaped much of their early metallurgy.
- ¹⁸⁰ᵐTa is the rarest naturally occurring long-lived nuclear isomer known.
- The dielectric layer in tantalum capacitors is grown directly from the metal surface.
- Tantalum resists many acids but is attacked by hydrofluoric acid and fluoride-containing mixtures.
- Its name refers to Tantalus, reflecting the early difficulty of dissolving its oxide.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 145 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 170 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 217 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 134 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 1.64 × 104 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0109 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 3016.85 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 5457.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 57.5 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.14 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 25.36 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 체심 입방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 1.5 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 1.34
- 전자 친화도
- 0.322 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 7.549571 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 16.200056 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 23.10008 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 35.00012 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 48.272166 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 5 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d3
열역학적 특성
- 융해열
- 0.37902265 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 7.804322 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 8.104887 eV
- 원자화열
- 8.104887 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 8.104887 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 73 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 108 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 40 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 1 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Ta-181
- 발견 연도
- 1802
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 2 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 2 × 10−6 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 331 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7440-25-7 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 4F3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ta
- InChI 키
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Ta: 4f¹⁴ 5d³ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d³ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d³ 6s²원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 181 안정 | 180.9479958 ± 0.000002 | 99.9880% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(3016.85 °C)보다 2991.8 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
원자 스펙트럼
전체 73개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ta I | 0 | 526 | 200 | 510 |
| Ta II | +1 | 141 | 0 | 13 |
| Ta IV | +3 | 83 | 0 | 0 |
| Ta V | +4 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Ta I | 0 | 301 |
| Ta II | +1 | 134 |
| Ta III | +2 | 2 |
| Ta IV | +3 | 2 |
| Ta V | +4 | 2 |
| Ta VI | +5 | 2 |
| Ta VII | +6 | 2 |
| Ta VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Ta IX | +8 | 2 |
| Ta X | +9 | 2 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 72 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 68 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 64 pm |
| +5 | 7 | 해당 없음 | 69 pm |
| +5 | 8 | 해당 없음 | 74 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (1)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 181 안정 | 180.9479958 ± 0.000002 | 99.9880% ± 0.0003% | 안정 | stable |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 146 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 126 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 119 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 253 pm
- UFF
- 317 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 258 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 146 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 49
- Pettifor
- 53
- Glawe
- 52
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 74 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 20 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 887 Ha·Bohr6
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 10.81 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 4
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 25
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 7
- 매장량 분포
- 54
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 48
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 48
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 3290.15 K |
| 끓는점 | 5728.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (14)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.4163 |
| 2 | p | 4.4136 |
| 2 | s | 19.0702 |
| 3 | d | 13.5589 |
| 3 | p | 21.1996 |
| 3 | s | 21.9085 |
| 4 | d | 36.676 |
| 4 | f | 39.5296 |
| 4 | p | 34.2652 |
| 4 | s | 33.2412 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (5)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 86 | estimated, | |
| 4 | VI | 82 | estimated, | |
| 5 | VI | 78 | ||
| 5 | VII | 83 | ||
| 5 | VIII | 88 |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (52)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 155 | p | 100% |
| 156 | p | 71% |
| 156 | B+ | 29% |
| 157 | A | 96.6% |
| 157 | p | 3.4% |
| 157 | B+ | — |
| 158 | A | 100% |
| 158 | B+ | — |
| 159 | B+ | 66% |
| 159 | A | 34% |
X선 산란 인자 (716)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 3.16064 |
| 10.1152 | — | 3.23709 |
| 10.2317 | — | 3.31539 |
| 10.3496 | — | 3.39558 |
| 10.4688 | — | 3.47772 |
| 10.5894 | — | 3.56683 |
| 10.7114 | — | 3.65875 |
| 10.8348 | — | 3.75304 |
| 10.9596 | — | 3.84976 |
| 11.0859 | — | 3.94897 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Tantalum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele073.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-6 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Tantalum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele073.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Tantalum ores are found in Australia, Brazil, Mozambique, Thailand, Portugal, Nigeria, Zaire, and Canada.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Tantalum https://periodic.lanl.gov/73.shtml
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
Separation of tantalum from niobium requires several complicated steps. Several methods are used to commercially produce the element, including electrolysis of molten potassium fluorotantalate, reduction of potassium fluorotantalate with sodium, or reacting tantalum carbide with tantalum oxide. Twenty five isotopes of tantalum are known to exist. Natural tantalum contains two isotopes.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Tantalum https://periodic.lanl.gov/73.shtml
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tantalum.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.