Hafnium (Hf)
transition-metalSolid
표준 원자량
178.49 u전자 배치
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d2녹는점
2232.85 °C끓는점
4602.85 °C밀도
1.33e+4 kg/m³산화 상태
−2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4전기 음성도(Pauling)
1.3제1 이온화 에너지
6.82507 eV발견 연도
1911원자 반지름
155 pm상세 정보
Hafnium is a dense, corrosion-resistant transition metal in group 4, chemically close to zirconium. It occurs almost entirely with zirconium minerals and is difficult to separate because the two elements have similar ionic sizes and chemistry. A defining technological feature is its very large thermal-neutron absorption cross section, which contrasts with zirconium's low absorption and makes high-purity separation important for nuclear applications.
Hafnium is a ductile metal with a brilliant silver luster. Its properties are considerably influenced by presence of zirconium impurities. Of all the elements, zirconium and hafnium are two of the most difficult to separate. Although their chemistry is almost identical, the density of zirconium is about half of hafnium. Very pure hafnium has been produced, with zirconium being the major impurity.
Hafnium has been successfully alloyed with iron, titanium, niobium, tantalum, and other metals. Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary composition known, and the nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides (m.p. 3310C). At 700 degrees C hafnium rapidly absorbs hydrogen to form the composition HfH1.86.
Hafnium is resistant to concentrated alkalis, but at elevated temperatures reacts with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, and silicon. Halogens react directly to form tetrahalides.
The name derives from the Latin hafnia for Copenhagen. An element named celtium was erroneously claimed to have been discovered in 1911 by the French chemist Georges Urbain in rare earth samples, until the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, predicted hafnium's properties using his theory of electronic configuration of the elements. Bohr argued that hafnium would not be a rare earth element, but would be found in zirconium ore. Hafnium was discovered by the Dutch physicist Dirk Coster and the Hungarian physicist George von Hevesy in 1923, while working at Bohr's Institute in Copenhagen.
Hafnium was discovered by Dirk Coster, a Danish chemist, and George Charles de Hevesy, a Hungarian chemist, in 1923. They used a method known as X-ray spectroscopy to study the arrangement of the outer electrons of atoms in samples of zirconium ore. The electron structure of hafnium had been predicted by Niels Bohr and Coster and Hevesy found a pattern that matched. Hafnium is difficult to separate from zirconium and is present in all of its ores. It is obtained with the same methods used to extract zirconium.
From Hafinia, the Latin name for Copenhagen. Many years before its discovery in 1923 (credited to D. Coster and G. von Hevesey), Hafnium was thought to be present in various minerals and concentrations. On the basis of the Bohr theory, the new element was expected to be associated with zirconium.
It was finally identified in zircon from Norway, by means of X-ray spectroscope analysis. It was named in honor of the city in which the discovery was made. Most zirconium minerals contain 1 to 5 percent hafnium.
It was originally separated from zirconium by repeated recrystallization of the double ammonium or potassium fluorides by von Hevesey and Jantzen. Metallic hafnium was first prepared by van Arkel and deBoer by passing the vapor of the tetraiodide over a heated tungsten filament. Almost all hafnium metal now produced is made by reducing the tetrachloride with magnesium or with sodium (Kroll Process).
Pure hafnium is a lustrous, silvery-gray metal. It is solid and ductile under ordinary conditions and develops a thin protective oxide film in air. Finely divided hafnium can be much more reactive than bulk metal.
Hafnium is used chiefly where neutron absorption or high-temperature stability is valuable. Metallic hafnium is used in control rods and other neutron-absorbing components in some nuclear reactors. Hafnium-containing superalloys and refractory alloys can improve high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance. Hafnium dioxide, HfO₂, is used as a high-k dielectric material in semiconductor devices, replacing or supplementing silicon dioxide in advanced gate stacks. Hafnium compounds also appear in specialty ceramics, optical coatings, and catalysts, but these uses are smaller than zirconium-related industrial chemistry.
Hafnium is a good absorber of neutrons and is used in the control rods of nuclear reactors. Hafnium is also used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes. Hafnium has been used as an alloying agent in iron, titanium, niobium and other metals.
Melting near 3890°C, hafnium carbide (HfC) has the highest melting point of any known two-element compound. Hafnium nitride (HfN) also has a high melting point, around 3305°C. Other hafnium compounds include: hafnium chloride (HfCl4), hafnium fluoride (HfF4) and hafnium oxide (HfO2).
Because the element not only has a good absorption cross section for thermal neutrons (almost 600 times that of zirconium), but also excellent mechanical properties and is extremely corrosion-resistant, hafnium is used for reactor control rods. Such rods are used in nuclear submarines.
Hafnium is used in gas-filled and incandescent lamps, and is an efficient getter for scavenging oxygen and nitrogen.
Isotopes in Geochronology
Some 176Hf is radiogenic as a result of it being formed as a product of beta decay of radioactive 176Lu (half-life of 3.73×1010 years) [301] G. Faure. Principles of Isotope Geology, 2nd Edition. p. 608. Wiley, New York (1986).. Thus, relations between the isotope-amount ratiosn(176Hf)/n(177Hf) and n(176Hf)/n(176Lu) have been used to determine the ages of minerals and rocks. Because of the long half-life of 176Lu, these ratios have been used in geochronology studies that document some of the oldest rocks in the Solar System and on Earth (Fig. IUPAC.72.1).
Hafnium isotopic compositions of terrestrial materials evolved differently depending on the relative rates of 176Hf production. Geologists can use calculated lutetium-hafnium ages and the initial isotope-amount ratio n(176Hf)/n(177Hf) along with other isotopic data from the oldest rocks in the Earth to infer that the Earth’s crust differentiated within the first few hundred million years after condensation of the oldest solid matter in the Solar System [502] E. Scherer, C. Münker, K. Mezger. Science293, 683 (2001)..
Radioactive 182Hf decays to 182W with a half-life of 8.9×106 years, which is much less than the age of meteorites and the Earth. Therefore, measurements of the amounts of hafnium and tungsten isotopes in meteorites and terrestrial samples reveal the earlier presence of 182Hf. As a result, this provides information about chemical differentiation and evolution of the early Solar System [503] T. Kleine, M. Touboul, B. Bourdon, F. Nimmo, K. Mezger, H. Palme, S. B. Jacobsen, Q. Z. Yin, A. N. Halliday. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta73, 5150 (2009)., [504] A. Schersten. Re-Os, Pt-Os and Hf-W Isotopes and Tracing the Core in Mantle Melts, MantlePlumes.org (2014), Feb. 25; http://www.mantleplumes.org/Os-W.html..
Hafnium chemistry is dominated by the +4 oxidation state, reflecting the stable Hf⁴⁺ ion and strong bonding to oxygen, halides, and other hard donor atoms. Hafnium dioxide, HfO₂, is a refractory, chemically durable oxide with high dielectric constant. Hafnium tetrachloride, HfCl₄, is a volatile moisture-sensitive chloride used in purification and chemical vapor or atomic layer deposition chemistry. Organometallic and amide precursors such as tetrakis(dimethylamido)hafnium, Hf[N(CH₃)₂]₄, are important for thin-film deposition. Lower oxidation states exist but are less common and often require specialized conditions.
See more information at the Hafnium compound page.
Bulk hafnium metal is generally of low acute chemical toxicity, but metal dust or powder can ignite and should be treated as a combustible solid. Hafnium compounds vary in hazard; soluble salts, halides, and organometallic precursors may be corrosive, moisture-sensitive, or toxic by inhalation or skin contact. Hafnium is not naturally radioactive in ordinary material, but reactor-exposed hafnium may contain activation products that require radiological control.
Finely divided hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air. Care should be taken when machining the metal or when handling hot sponge hafnium.
Hafnium is a trace lithophile element and follows zirconium in igneous rocks, sands, and resistant minerals. It is commonly hosted in zircon, ZrSiO₄, where hafnium substitutes for zirconium. The element has low mobility in most surface environments because its oxides and silicate-hosted forms are sparingly soluble. It has no known biological role, and environmental concentrations are normally controlled by the distribution and weathering resistance of zirconium minerals.
Hafnium is not usually mined as a primary product. It is recovered during the processing of zirconium minerals, especially when nuclear-grade zirconium is purified to remove neutron-absorbing impurities. Separation from zirconium is the central cost and supply constraint, commonly involving solvent extraction or related chemical fractionation followed by conversion to metal or compounds. Demand is concentrated in nuclear control materials, semiconductor precursors, and specialized high-temperature alloys. Supply is therefore tied to zirconium processing capacity and to the need for very low-hafnium zirconium in reactor fuel cladding, rather than to abundant independent hafnium ores.
Obtained from mineral zircon or baddeleyite.
Hafnium is a heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from both slow and rapid neutron capture. It is far less abundant cosmically than lighter rock-forming elements. In planetary materials it behaves as a refractory lithophile element, condensing into high-temperature solids and concentrating with zirconium-bearing minerals rather than in metallic cores or volatile phases.
- Hafnium was one of the last stable elements to be identified in nature.
- Its name comes from Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.
- Zircon can contain enough hafnium to make separation important even when hafnium is not the desired product.
- Hafnium and zirconium are chemically so similar that early analytical work often missed hafnium.
- Hafnium carbide and tantalum hafnium carbide are noted for extremely high melting behavior.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 155 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 175 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 212 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 144 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 1.33 × 104 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0136 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 2232.85 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 4602.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 23 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.144 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 25.73 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 육방 조밀 충전 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 1.3 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 1.16
- 전자 친화도
- 0.178 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 6.82507 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 14.61005 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 22.550078 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 33.370115 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 68.370235 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 4 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d2
열역학적 특성
- 융해열
- 0.26667358 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 5.959476 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 6.436234 eV
- 원자화열
- 6.436234 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 6.409286 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 72 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 108 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 38 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 4 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Hf-180
- 발견 연도
- 1911
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 3 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 7 × 10−6 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 320 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7440-58-6 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 3F2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Hf
- InChI 키
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Hf: 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 176 안정 | 175.9414076 ± 0.0000022 | 5.2600% | 안정 |
| 178 안정 | 177.9437058 ± 0.000002 | 27.2800% | 안정 |
| 179 안정 | 178.9458232 ± 0.000002 | 13.6200% | 안정 |
| 180 안정 | 179.946557 ± 0.000002 | 35.0800% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(2232.85 °C)보다 2207.8 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
원자 스펙트럼
전체 72개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hf I | 0 | 5341 | 187 | 3821 |
| Hf II | +1 | 218 | 2 | 10 |
| Hf III | +2 | 37 | 0 | 0 |
| Hf IV | +3 | 27 | 0 | 0 |
| Hf V | +4 | 82 | 0 | 0 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Hf I | 0 | 333 |
| Hf II | +1 | 125 |
| Hf III | +2 | 2 |
| Hf IV | +3 | 2 |
| Hf V | +4 | 2 |
| Hf VI | +5 | 2 |
| Hf VII | +6 | 2 |
| Hf VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Hf IX | +8 | 2 |
| Hf X | +9 | 2 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 71 pm |
| +4 | 7 | 해당 없음 | 76 pm |
| +4 | 8 | 해당 없음 | 83 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (4)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 176 안정 | 175.9414076 ± 0.0000022 | 5.2600% ± 0.0700% | 안정 | stable | |
| 178 안정 | 177.9437058 ± 0.000002 | 27.2800% ± 0.0700% | 안정 | stable | |
| 179 안정 | 178.9458232 ± 0.000002 | 13.6200% ± 0.0200% | 안정 | stable | |
| 180 안정 | 179.946557 ± 0.000002 | 35.0800% ± 0.1600% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
전체 1890개 중 50개를 표시합니다. 기본적으로 세기가 측정된 스펙트럼선만 표시됩니다.
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 417.433998 nm | 48000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 380.03629 nm | 36000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 382.072307 nm | 34000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 723.71003 nm | 34000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 384.917811 nm | 32000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 2F).6p y 1D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 713.1807 nm | 32000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 389.993003 nm | 29000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 395.181289 nm | 26000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 385.830632 nm | 25000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 724.0873 nm | 21000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 393.137246 nm | 19000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 480.049829 nm | 17000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 397.347912 nm | 15000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 706.38474 nm | 15000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 381.177553 nm | 14000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 3G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 555.06011 nm | 14000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 555.211884 nm | 14000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 456.593715 nm | 13000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3P).6s.(a 4P).6p y 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 435.630591 nm | 12000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 445.734411 nm | 12000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 459.87979 nm | 12000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 462.086529 nm | 12000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 465.518924 nm | 12000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d2.(a 3P).6s.(a 4P).6p z 3S* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 380.044548 nm | 11000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3P).6s.(a 4P).6p z 5S* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 429.477692 nm | 11000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 681.89395 nm | 11000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 396.799621 nm | 10000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 406.28356 nm | 10000 | Hf I | emission | 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1D* → 3512 | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 497.525232 nm | 10000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 454.093108 nm | 8400 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 443.80364 nm | 8300 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d2.(a 3P).6s.(a 4P).6p z 3S* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 446.117576 nm | 8300 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3P).6s.(a 4P).6p z 3S* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 459.891547 nm | 8300 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 408.33549 nm | 8000 | Hf I | emission | 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1D* → 3499 | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 571.91718 nm | 7300 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 403.225898 nm | 7200 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 478.27405 nm | 7100 | Hf I | emission | 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 3F* → 6p2.(3P).5d.(2D).6s c 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 383.001314 nm | 6700 | Hf I | emission | 5d3.(b 4F).6s a 5F → 5d2.(b 1D).6s.(b 2D).6p v 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 504.743848 nm | 6500 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 485.92338 nm | 6400 | Hf I | emission | 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 3F* → 3512 | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 386.09058 nm | 6300 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 2F).6p y 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 441.790242 nm | 6200 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 388.935622 nm | 5900 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3P).6s.(a 4P).6p y 5D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 469.90048 nm | 5900 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5G* → 5d2.(3F).6s.(a 4F).7s b 5F | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 678.92714 nm | 5900 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5G* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 433.027751 nm | 5800 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 410.65431 nm | 5600 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1G → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 2F).6p y 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 426.34428 nm | 5400 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 477.37157 nm | 5400 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 590.29382 nm | 5400 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5G* | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 152 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 128 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 122 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Batsanov
- 225 pm
- Alvarez
- 263 pm
- UFF
- 314.1 pm
- MM3
- 253 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 264 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 159 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 45
- Pettifor
- 50
- Glawe
- 50
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 103 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 6 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1040 Ha·Bohr6
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 13.45 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 3
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 2506.15 K |
| 끓는점 | 4873.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (14)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.3984 |
| 2 | p | 4.4012 |
| 2 | s | 18.8102 |
| 3 | d | 13.5702 |
| 3 | p | 21.0168 |
| 3 | s | 21.6885 |
| 4 | d | 36.476 |
| 4 | f | 39.7904 |
| 4 | p | 34.0704 |
| 4 | s | 33.0228 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (4)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | IV | 72 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VI | 85 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VII | 90 | ||
| 4 | VIII | 97 |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (46)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 153 | B+ | — |
| 154 | B+ | 100% |
| 154 | A | 0% |
| 155 | B+ | 100% |
| 155 | A | — |
| 156 | A | 100% |
| 156 | B+ | — |
| 157 | A | 94% |
| 157 | B+ | 14% |
| 158 | B+ | 55.7% |
X선 산란 인자 (514)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2.62338 |
| 10.1617 | — | 2.71485 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.80951 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.90326 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.98247 |
| 10.8353 | — | 3.06384 |
| 11.0106 | — | 3.14744 |
| 11.1886 | — | 3.21346 |
| 11.3696 | — | 3.27509 |
| 11.5535 | — | 3.33789 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.0 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
7×10-6 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Hafnium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.