Tin (Sn)
post-transition-metalSolid
표준 원자량
118.71 u전자 배치
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2녹는점
231.93 °C끓는점
2601.85 °C밀도
7287 kg/m³산화 상태
−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4전기 음성도(Pauling)
1.96제1 이온화 에너지
7.343918 eV발견 연도
해당 없음원자 반지름
145 pm상세 정보
Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14, known for its low melting point, resistance to ordinary corrosion, and ability to form useful alloys and coatings. It occurs chiefly as cassiterite, a tin dioxide mineral, and has been worked since antiquity, especially in bronze. Chemically it is less reactive than many base metals but readily forms compounds in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, with organotin chemistry being especially important and sometimes hazardous.
Ordinary tin is composed of nine stable isotopes; 18 unstable isotopes are also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a "tin cry" is heard when a bar is bent.
The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon tin of unknown origin. The symbol Sn is derived from Latin stannum for alloys containing lead. The element was known in prehistoric times.
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using tin for at least 5500 years. Tin is primarily obtained from the mineral cassiterite (SnO2) and is extracted by roasting cassiterite in a furnace with carbon. Tin makes up only about 0.001% of the earth's crust and is chiefly mined in Malaysia. Two allotropes of tin occur near room temperature. The first form of tin is called gray tin and is stable at temperatures below 13.2°C (55.76°F). There are few, if any, uses for gray tin. At temperatures above 13.2°C, gray tin slowly turns into tin's second form, white tin. White tin is the normal form of the metal and has many uses. Unfortunately, white tin will turn into gray tin if its temperature falls below 13.2°C. This change can be prevented if small amounts of antimony or bismuth are added to white tin.
The Latin word for tin is stannum. Known to the ancients.
Pure tin is a soft, silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster. It is malleable at room temperature and melts at a relatively low temperature for a metal. Below about 13.2 °C, white tin can slowly transform to brittle gray tin under favorable conditions, a phenomenon known as tin pest.
Tin is used mainly as a protective coating on steel for food cans and other corrosion-resistant sheet products. It is an important constituent of solders, especially lead-free solders based on tin with silver, copper, antimony, or bismuth additions. Tin is also used in bronze, bearing metals, pewter, and some specialty alloys. Indium tin oxide, a mixed oxide material, is widely used as a transparent conducting coating in displays and touch panels.
Tin resists corrosion and is used as a protective coating on other metals. Tin cans are probably the most familiar example of this application. A tin can is actually made from steel. A thin layer of tin is applied to the inside and outside of the can to keep the steel from rusting. Once widely used, tin cans have largely been replaced with plastic and aluminum containers.
Tin is used in the Pilkington process to produce window glass. In the Pilkington process, molten glass is poured onto a pool of molten tin. The glass floats on the surface of the tin and cools, forming solid glass with flat, parallel surfaces. Most of the window glass produced today is made this way.
Tin is used to form many useful alloys. Bronze is an alloy of tin and copper. Tin and lead are alloyed to make pewter and solder. An alloy of tin and niobium is used to make superconductive wire. Type metal, fusible metal, bell metal and Babbitt metal are other examples of tin alloys.
Tin salts can be sprayed onto glass to make electrically conductive coatings. These can then be used to make panel lighting and frost-free windshields. Stannous fluoride (SnF2) is used in some types of toothpaste.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of tin possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of tin in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.50.1) [366] E. Yamazaki, S. Nakai, T. Yokoyama, S. Ishihara, H. Tang. Geochem. J.47, 21 (2013)..
Isotopes in Medicine
117mSn (with a half-life of 14 days) DTPA is routinely used for diagnostic bone imaging and for the treatment of bone pain caused by the spread of cancer to bones. The m in the superscript of 117mSn indicates a metastable state of the isotope. By using 117mSn DTPA, marrow toxicity can be reduced, and the therapeutic efficacy of using radionuclides is maintained [367] A. Bishayee, D. V. Rao, S. C. Srivastava, L. G. Bouchet, W. E. Bolch, R. W. Howell. J. Nucl. Med.41, 2043 (2000).. 117mSn is a promising radionuclide for therapeutic applications because the radionuclide decays in a way that causes less damage to healthy tissues and bone marrow than other available treatments. These properties of 117mSn make it useful for the treatment of inflammatory synovial disease (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis) [368] S. C. Srivastava. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol.50, 49 (2007)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
112Sn is used to produce the radioisotope 113Sn (with a half-life of 115 days) via the reaction 112Sn (n, γ) 113Sn. This is used for n(113Sn)/n(113mIn) generators for the elution (extracting one material from another) of 113mIn (with a half-life of 1.66 h) as chloride for blood pool imaging. The m the superscript of 113mIn indicates a metastable state of the isotope. 117mSn is a medical radioisotope that can be produced using 116Sn and 117Sn [369] B. Ponsard, S. C. Srivastava, L. F. Mausner, F. F. Knapp, M. A. Garland, S. Mirzadeh. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67 1158 (2009)..
Tin commonly forms Sn²⁺ and Sn⁴⁺ compounds. Tin dioxide, SnO₂, is the principal ore mineral and is also used in ceramics, glass polishing, and some conductive or catalytic materials. Tin(II) chloride, SnCl₂, is a reducing agent and a reagent in plating and dyeing processes, while tin(IV) chloride, SnCl₄, is a volatile Lewis acid used in chemical synthesis and surface treatment. Organotin compounds contain Sn–C bonds; some, such as tributyltin oxide, C₂₄H₅₄OSn₂, were formerly used as biocides but are tightly restricted because of toxicity.
The element has two allotropic forms at normal pressure. On warming, gray, or alpha tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2°C into white, or beta tin, the ordinary form of the metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. When tin is cooled below 13.2°C, it changes slowly from white to gray. This change is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by small additions of antimony or bismuth. This change from the alpha to beta form is called the tin pest. There are few if any uses for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Such tin plate over steel is used in the so-called tin can for preserving food.
Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, White metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the important alloys using tin.
Tin resists distilled sea and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. When heated in air, tin forms Sn2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride, which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process).
Also interesting is a crystalline tin-niobium alloy that is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Such magnets, made of tin-niobium wire, weigh only a few pounds and produce magnetic fields that, when started with a small battery, are comparable to that of a 100 ton electromagnet operated continuously with a large power supply.
See more information at the Tin compound page.
Metallic tin has low acute toxicity and is commonly used in food-contact coatings, although excessive intake of soluble tin salts can irritate the gastrointestinal tract. Tin dusts and fumes from melting, soldering, or industrial processing can present inhalation hazards. Organotin compounds vary widely in toxicity; several are potent neurotoxic or endocrine-disrupting substances and require strict control. Radioactive tin isotopes are mainly research or fission-product concerns, not a property of natural tin as a whole.
The small amount of tin found in canned foods is quite harmless. The agreed limit of tin content in U.S. foods is 300 mg/kg. The trialkyl and triaryl tin compounds are used as biocides and must be handled carefully.
Tin is present in the crust mostly in resistant oxide minerals, especially cassiterite, and is not highly mobile under many natural surface conditions. Mining and smelting can release tin-bearing particulates and associated metals, depending on the ore and waste management. Inorganic tin compounds usually show limited bioavailability compared with many organotin compounds. Persistent organotin residues in sediments have been a major concern in harbors and shipyard areas where antifouling paints were used.
Tin is produced chiefly by mining cassiterite from hard-rock and alluvial deposits, followed by concentration, smelting, and refining. Supply is geographically concentrated in a limited number of producing regions, and some production comes from small-scale or artisanal mining. Demand is dominated by solder, tinplate, chemicals, and alloy uses. Recycling is important, especially from solder-bearing electronic scrap and tinplate residues, but recovery can be technically diffuse because tin is often present in thin coatings or complex assemblies. Substitution is possible in some coatings and solders, but performance, food-contact requirements, and processing temperatures limit replacements.
Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world's supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.
Tin is a relatively heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture nucleosynthesis in earlier generations of stars. It is far less abundant cosmically than lighter rock-forming elements, but it is present in meteorites and planetary materials at trace levels. In differentiated planets, tin tends to behave as a lithophile to mildly chalcophile element, concentrating in crustal minerals and some sulfide-associated systems rather than forming abundant native metal.
- Tin has ten stable isotopes, more than any other element.
- The symbol Sn comes from the Latin name stannum.
- The crackling sound of bent tin is called tin cry and comes from crystal deformation.
- Tin pest is promoted by low temperature and can be inhibited by alloying additions.
- Most modern food cans are steel cans with a very thin tin coating, not solid tin.
- Cassiterite is dense, which makes gravity separation useful in ore concentration.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 145 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 139 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 217 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 142 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 7287 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0163 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 231.93 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 2601.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 66.8 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.227 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 26.99 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 정방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 1.96 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 1.824
- 전자 친화도
- 1.112 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 7.343918 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 14.63312 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 30.506105 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 40.74014 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 77.030265 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 4 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 동소체
- ["gray", "white"]
- 전자 배치
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2
열역학적 특성
- 융해열
- 0.07286107 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 3.067834 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 3.131057 eV
- 원자화열
- 3.131057 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 3.121729 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 50 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 70 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 42 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 9 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Sn-120
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 2.3 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 4 × 10−6 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 582 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7440-31-5 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 3P0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sn
- InChI 키
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Sn: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 112 안정 | 111.90482387 ± 0.00000061 | 0.9700% | 안정 |
| 114 안정 | 113.9027827 ± 0.000001 | 0.6600% | 안정 |
| 115 안정 | 114.903344699 ± 0.000000016 | 0.3400% | 안정 |
| 116 안정 | 115.9017428 ± 0.0000001 | 14.5400% | 안정 |
| 117 안정 | 116.90295398 ± 0.00000052 | 7.6800% | 안정 |
| 118 안정 | 117.90160657 ± 0.00000054 | 24.2200% | 안정 |
| 119 안정 | 118.90331117 ± 0.00000078 | 8.5900% | 안정 |
| 120 안정 | 119.90220163 ± 0.00000097 | 32.5800% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(231.93 °C)보다 206.9 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
원자 스펙트럼
전체 50개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sn I | 0 | 227 | 55 | 226 |
| Sn II | +1 | 215 | 141 | 215 |
| Sn III | +2 | 259 | 0 | 259 |
| Sn IV | +3 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| Sn V | +4 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Sn I | 0 | 228 |
| Sn II | +1 | 77 |
| Sn III | +2 | 86 |
| Sn IV | +3 | 24 |
| Sn V | +4 | 26 |
| Sn VI | +5 | 37 |
| Sn VII | +6 | 2 |
| Sn VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Sn IX | +8 | 2 |
| Sn X | +9 | 2 |
결정 구조 데이터 없음
결정 구조: tetragonal
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 55.00000000000001 pm |
| +4 | 5 | 해당 없음 | 62 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 69 pm |
| +4 | 7 | 해당 없음 | 75 pm |
| +4 | 8 | 해당 없음 | 81 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (9)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 112 안정 | 111.90482387 ± 0.00000061 | 0.9700% ± 0.0100% | 안정 | stable | |
| 114 안정 | 113.9027827 ± 0.000001 | 0.6600% ± 0.0100% | 안정 | stable | |
| 115 안정 | 114.903344699 ± 0.000000016 | 0.3400% ± 0.0100% | 안정 | stable | |
| 116 안정 | 115.9017428 ± 0.0000001 | 14.5400% ± 0.0900% | 안정 | stable | |
| 117 안정 | 116.90295398 ± 0.00000052 | 7.6800% ± 0.0700% | 안정 | stable | |
| 118 안정 | 117.90160657 ± 0.00000054 | 24.2200% ± 0.0900% | 안정 | stable | |
| 119 안정 | 118.90331117 ± 0.00000078 | 8.5900% ± 0.0400% | 안정 | stable | |
| 120 안정 | 119.90220163 ± 0.00000097 | 32.5800% ± 0.0900% | 안정 | stable | |
| 122 안정 | 121.9034438 ± 0.0000026 | 4.6300% ± 0.0300% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
전체 96개 중 50개를 표시합니다. 기본적으로 세기가 측정된 스펙트럼선만 표시됩니다.
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 556.19094 nm | 2700 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.6d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 579.88578 nm | 2700 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 558.88153 nm | 2600 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 645.35421 nm | 2500 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6s 2S → 5s2.6p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 452.47334 nm | 2200 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p2 1S → 5s2.5p.6s 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 533.23391 nm | 1600 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.6d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 607.97742 nm | 1400 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.6g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 684.41863 nm | 1300 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6s 2S → 5s2.6p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 719.07778 nm | 1100 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.7s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 666.11 nm | 1000 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6d 2D → 5s2.6f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 676.08103 nm | 840 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.7s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 656.851 nm | 830 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.9d 2D → 5s.5p.(3P*).5d 4P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 642.908 nm | 760 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.8s 2S → 5s.5p.(3P*).6s 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 723.005 nm | 670 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.8d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 690.47 nm | 538 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6d 3D → 4d10.5s.5f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 731.417 nm | 500 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7d 2D → 5s.5p.(3P*).6s 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 579.69075 nm | 490 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 707.93 nm | 485 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6d 3D → 4d10.5s.5f 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 738.71637 nm | 480 | Sn II | emission | 5s.5p2 2D → 5s2.6p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 529.083 nm | 448 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 384.13749 nm | 440 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.8s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 536.929 nm | 421 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 601.34 nm | 419 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 1S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 624.113 nm | 380 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6d 2D → 5s2.9p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 740.827 nm | 380 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.8d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 719.9 nm | 373 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.7p 3P* → 4d10.5s.7d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 507.26 nm | 360 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.7g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 429.433 nm | 340 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.9g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 433.013 nm | 309 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 502.038 nm | 302 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 534.881 nm | 271 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 563.16738 nm | 270 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p2 1S → 5s2.5p.6s 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 467.046 nm | 241 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 396.169 nm | 231 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6p 3P* → 4d10.5s.7s 3S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 522.464 nm | 225 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 1S → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 411.13 nm | 180 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 390.698 nm | 170 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 1D → 4d10.4f.5s 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 471.558 nm | 164 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 494.42561 nm | 150 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 510.022 nm | 145 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 458.025 nm | 140 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.8g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 614.96038 nm | 140 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p.6s 3P* → 5s2.5p.7p 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 492.435 nm | 131 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 457.432 nm | 120 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 487.7209 nm | 100 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.7p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 606.91169 nm | 95 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p.6s 3P* → 5s2.5p.7p 3P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 457.553 nm | 91 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 461.82363 nm | 90 | Sn II | emission | 5s.5p2 4P → 5s2.6p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 485.827 nm | 89 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 491.78 nm | 83 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.11d 2D | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 140 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 130 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 132 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Bragg)
- 140 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Bondi
- 217 pm
- Batsanov
- 225 pm
- Alvarez
- 242 pm
- UFF
- 439.2 pm
- MM3
- 259 pm
- Dreiding
- 447 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 248 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 163 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 90
- Pettifor
- 83
- Glawe
- 83
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 53 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 6 a.u.
- C₆
- 659 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 715 Ha·Bohr6
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 16.3 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 2
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 46
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 7
- 매장량 분포
- 31
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 24
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 24
상전이 및 동소체
| 전이 온도 | 286.35 K |
| 끓는점 | 2859.15 K |
| 녹는점 | 505.08 K |
| 끓는점 | 2859.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (11)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.008 |
| 2 | p | 4.1146 |
| 2 | s | 13.1406 |
| 3 | d | 14.2583 |
| 3 | p | 17.6468 |
| 3 | s | 17.5802 |
| 4 | d | 32.03 |
| 4 | p | 28.7348 |
| 4 | s | 27.342 |
| 5 | p | 40.898 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (5)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | IV | 69 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | V | 76 | calculated, | |
| 4 | VI | 83 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VII | 89 | ||
| 4 | VIII | 95 | calculated, |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (54)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 99 | B+ | 100% |
| 99 | B+p | 5% |
| 100 | B+ | 100% |
| 100 | B+p | 17% |
| 101 | B+ | 100% |
| 101 | B+p | 21% |
| 102 | B+ | 100% |
| 103 | B+ | 100% |
| 103 | B+p | 1.2% |
| 104 | B+ | 100% |
X선 산란 인자 (510)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 3.97344 |
| 10.1617 | — | 3.94095 |
| 10.3261 | — | 3.90871 |
| 10.4931 | — | 3.87675 |
| 10.6628 | — | 3.84504 |
| 10.8353 | — | 3.81359 |
| 11.0106 | — | 3.7824 |
| 11.1886 | — | 3.75146 |
| 11.3696 | — | 3.72078 |
| 11.5535 | — | 3.64688 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.3 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4×10-6 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world's supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.
참고 문헌 (1)
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tin.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.