Antimony (Sb)
metalloidSolid
표준 원자량
121.76 u전자 배치
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3녹는점
630.63 °C끓는점
1586.85 °C밀도
6685 kg/m³산화 상태
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5전기 음성도(Pauling)
2.05제1 이온화 에너지
8.608389 eV발견 연도
1707원자 반지름
145 pm상세 정보
Antimony is a brittle p-block metalloid in group 15. It commonly shows oxidation states +3 and +5, with chemistry that bridges arsenic and bismuth. The element is best known as a hardening additive for lead alloys and as a component of flame-retardant systems through antimony trioxide. Natural antimony is usually encountered in sulfide minerals rather than as native metal.
Antimony is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic.
The name derives from the Greek, anti + monos for "not alone" or "not one" because it was found in many compounds. The symbol Sb comes from stibium, which is derived from the Greek stibi for "mark" because it was used for blackening eyebrows and eyelashes. The minerals stibnite (Sb2S3) and stibine (SbH3) are two of more than one hundred mineral species, which were known in the ancient world.
Antimony has been known since ancient times. It is sometimes found free in nature, but is usually obtained from the ores stibnite (Sb2S3) and valentinite (Sb2O3). Nicolas Lémery, a French chemist, was the first person to scientifically study antimony and its compounds. He published his findings in 1707. Antimony makes up about 0.00002% of the earth's crust.
From the Greek word anti plus monos - "a metal not found alone". Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier.
Pure antimony is a silvery white, lustrous solid with a crystalline, flaky fracture. It is hard enough to take a polish but is very brittle and can be pulverized. The stable form at ordinary conditions is metallic in appearance, although it has semimetallic electrical behavior.
The largest uses of antimony are tied to compounds rather than the pure element. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, is widely used as a synergist with halogenated flame retardants in plastics, textiles, and coatings. Metallic antimony hardens lead in lead-acid battery grids, ammunition, and some bearing or type-metal alloys. Smaller uses include glass fining, ceramic opacifiers or color modifiers, and antimony-containing semiconductors such as indium antimonide, InSb.
Antimony is a brittle metal and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Very pure antimony is used to make certain types of semiconductor devices, such as diodes and infrared detectors. Antimony is alloyed with lead to increase lead's durability. Antimony alloys are also used in batteries, low friction metals, type metal and cable sheathing, among other products. Antimony compounds are used to make flame-proofing materials, paints, ceramic enamels, glass and pottery. The ancient Egyptians used antimony, in the form of stibnite, for black eye make-up.
Antimony is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes and Hall-effect devices. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. Batteries, antifriction alloys, type metal, small arms and tracer bullets, cable sheathing, and minor products use about half the metal produced. Compounds taking up the other half are oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride. These are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of antimony possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of antimony in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.51.1) [370] O. Rouxel, J. Ludden, Y. Fouquet. Chem. Geol.200, 25 (2003).. The stable isotopes 121Sb and 123Sb have been used to measure movement of sediments and rocks originating from locations high in antimony. 121Sb and 123Sb move with the sediments and have been used as tracers in areas low in antimony to determine the originating location of certain metal/metalloid contaminants in streams [371] B. Chauvenet, M. M. Be, M. N. Amiot, C. Bobin, M. C. Lepy, T. Branger, I. Laniece, A. Luca, M. Sahagia, A. C. Watjen, K. Kossert, O. Ott, O. Nahle, P. Dryak, J. Sochorova, P. Kovar, P. Auerbach, T. Altzitzoglou, S. Pomme, G. Sibbens, R. Van Ammel, J. Paepen, A. Iwahara, J. U. Delgado, R. Poledna, C. J. da Silva, L. Johansson, A. Stroak, C. Bailat, Y. Nedjadi, P. Spring. Appl. Radiat. Isot.68, 1207 (2010)., [372] M. Baeza, J. Ren, S. Krishnamurthy, T. C. Vaughan. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.8, 299 (2010)., [373] L. Wilson. “Determination of trace element provenance in the Rio Loa Basin, Chile”, in 2010 Geological Society of America Presentation..
Isotopes in Industry
In the 1950s, 124Sb and 125Sb (with half-lives of 60 days and about 1000 days, respectively) were used commercially as tracers. They were injected into oil pipelines as a way to detect the residence time and flow rate of the substance through the pipeline. The presence of these isotopes could be detected by means of a Geiger counter held above the pipeline. If the pipeline had a leak, the tracer would escape and its contamination and movement could be detected in the soil. 124Sb and 125Sb are now both treated as environmental contaminants [375] R. Gibbs. Popular Mech.117, 117 (1955)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
123Sb is used to produce 124I (with a half-life of 100 h), which is used in radioimmunotherapy and also in positron emission tomography. It can be produced from the 123Sb (3He, 2n) 124I reaction [376] M. S. Uddin, A. Hermanne, S. Sudár, M. N. Aslam, B. Scholten, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.69, 699 (2010).. 121Sb and 123Sb can both be used for the production of 123I (with a half-life of 13.2 h) via 3He and alpha particle-induced reactions with 121Sb and 123Sb, although the most common production route is via 124Xe or 123Te [377] K. F. Hassan, S. M. Qaim, Z. A. Saleh, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.64, 101 (2006)..
Antimony forms stable trivalent and pentavalent compounds, with Sb(III) generally more common. Stibnite, Sb₂S₃, is the principal ore mineral and a representative sulfide. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, is amphoteric and dissolves in strong acids or bases under suitable conditions. Antimony pentachloride, SbCl₅, is a strong Lewis acid, while antimony trifluoride, SbF₃, is a useful fluorinating reagent. Complex antimonates contain Sb(V) in oxide frameworks.
See more information at the Antimony compound page.
Elemental antimony is less readily absorbed than many soluble compounds, but dust and fumes can irritate the respiratory tract and should be controlled. Soluble antimony(III) compounds are generally more toxic than many antimony(V) compounds. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, has occupational inhalation concerns and is classified in several jurisdictions as a suspected or possible carcinogenic hazard. Stibine, SbH₃, is a highly toxic gas.
Antimony is a trace element in the crust and is concentrated mainly in sulfide deposits. Weathering of antimony minerals can release antimony species to soils and waters, where mobility depends strongly on pH, redox state, and adsorption to iron and manganese oxides. Mining, smelting, coal combustion, waste incineration, and wear or disposal of antimony-containing products can add local contamination. It has no known essential biological role.
Antimony supply is based mainly on mining and processing stibnite ores, with additional recovery as a by-product from some complex lead, copper, and precious-metal operations. Concentrates are roasted or otherwise converted to oxides and then reduced or refined, depending on the desired product. Demand is dominated by flame-retardant applications and lead-alloy use, especially batteries. Supply is relatively concentrated geographically, so recycling from lead-acid batteries and substitution in flame-retardant systems are important industrial considerations.
Antimony is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found natively, but more frequently it is found as the sulfide stibnite.
Antimony is a relatively uncommon heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are produced chiefly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, including slow neutron capture in evolved stars and rapid neutron capture in explosive events. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile element, tending to associate with sulfur-rich phases rather than silicate minerals.
- The symbol Sb comes from stibium, a Latin name associated with antimony sulfide.
- Antimony expands slightly on solidifying, a property useful in sharp-casting alloys.
- Stibnite crystals can form long metallic-gray blades with a very low hardness.
- Indium antimonide, InSb, has a very narrow band gap and is used in infrared detectors.
- Antimony has two stable natural isotopes, ¹²¹Sb and ¹²³Sb.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 145 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 139 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 206 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 139 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 6685 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0184 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 630.63 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 1586.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 24.43 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.207 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 25.23 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 능면체 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 2.05 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 1.984
- 전자 친화도
- 1.07 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 8.608389 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 16.626057 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 25.323587 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 43.804151 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 55.000189 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 5 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 동소체
- ["gray"]
- 전자 배치
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3
열역학적 특성
- 융해열
- 0.20417682 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 0.70477276 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 2.02104 eV
- 원자화열
- 2.715448 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 2.740322 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 51 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 70 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 41 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 2 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Sb-121
- 발견 연도
- 1707
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 0.2 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 2.4 × 10−4 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 451 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7440-36-0 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sb
- InChI 키
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Sb: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 안정 | 120.903812 ± 0.000003 | 57.2100% | 안정 |
| 123 안정 | 122.9042132 ± 0.0000023 | 42.7900% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(630.63 °C)보다 605.6 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
원자 스펙트럼
전체 51개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sb I | 0 | 135 | 10 | 128 |
| Sb II | +1 | 90 | 2 | 61 |
| Sb III | +2 | 61 | 0 | 0 |
| Sb IV | +3 | 14 | 0 | 0 |
| Sb V | +4 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Sb I | 0 | 153 |
| Sb II | +1 | 110 |
| Sb III | +2 | 24 |
| Sb IV | +3 | 29 |
| Sb V | +4 | 9 |
| Sb VI | +5 | 60 |
| Sb VII | +6 | 2 |
| Sb VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Sb IX | +8 | 2 |
| Sb X | +9 | 2 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 76 pm |
| +3 | 5 | 해당 없음 | 80 pm |
| +3 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 76 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 60 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (2)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 121 안정 | 120.903812 ± 0.000003 | 57.2100% ± 0.0500% | 안정 | stable | |
| 123 안정 | 122.9042132 ± 0.0000023 | 42.7900% ± 0.0500% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 403.35367 nm | 200 | Sb I | emission | 5p3 2P* → 5p2.(3P).6s 4P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 475.77494 nm | 20 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,3/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 549.02252 nm | 해당 없음 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 555.60108 nm | 해당 없음 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(1D<2>).6p (2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 560.20647 nm | 해당 없음 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<1>).7p (1,3/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 563.19352 nm | 해당 없음 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<0>).7p (0,3/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 573.02392 nm | 해당 없음 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,3/2)* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 661.1381 nm | 20 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(1D<2>).6p (2,1/2)* | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 140 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 133 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 127 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Bragg)
- 140 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Truhlar
- 206 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 247 pm
- UFF
- 442 pm
- MM3
- 252 pm
- Dreiding
- 435 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 246 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 166 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 96
- Pettifor
- 88
- Glawe
- 91
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 43 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 2 a.u.
- C₆
- 492 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 504 Ha·Bohr6
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 16.95 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 2
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 88
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 9
- 매장량 분포
- 53
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 24
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 24
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 903.78 K |
| 끓는점 | 1860.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (11)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.0256 |
| 2 | p | 4.1274 |
| 2 | s | 13.4046 |
| 3 | d | 14.2002 |
| 3 | p | 17.8161 |
| 3 | s | 17.7909 |
| 4 | d | 32.0256 |
| 4 | p | 28.8188 |
| 4 | s | 27.4564 |
| 5 | p | 41.0055 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (4)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | IVPY | 90 | ||
| 3 | V | 94 | ||
| 3 | VI | 90 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 5 | VI | 74 |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (61)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 102 | p | — |
| 103 | p | — |
| 104 | B+ | — |
| 104 | B+p | 7% |
| 104 | p | 7% |
| 104 | A | — |
| 105 | B+ | 100% |
| 105 | p | 0.1% |
| 105 | B+p | — |
| 106 | B+ | 100% |
X선 산란 인자 (508)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 9.95091 |
| 10.1617 | — | 10.0681 |
| 10.3261 | — | 9.92927 |
| 10.4931 | — | 9.42377 |
| 10.6628 | — | 8.92685 |
| 10.8353 | — | 8.35287 |
| 11.0106 | — | 7.84004 |
| 11.1886 | — | 7.4678 |
| 11.3696 | — | 7.10503 |
| 11.5535 | — | 6.73907 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Antimony https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele051.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2.4×10-4 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Antimony https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele051.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Antimony is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found natively, but more frequently it is found as the sulfide stibnite.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Antimony https://periodic.lanl.gov/51.shtml
참고 문헌
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Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Antimony.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.