Molybdenum (Mo)
transition-metalSolid
표준 원자량
95.95 u전자 배치
[Kr] 5s1 4d5녹는점
2622.85 °C끓는점
4638.85 °C밀도
1.02e+4 kg/m³산화 상태
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6전기 음성도(Pauling)
2.16제1 이온화 에너지
7.09243 eV발견 연도
1778원자 반지름
145 pm상세 정보
Molybdenum is a hard refractory transition metal of group 6. It is notable for its high melting point, useful alloying behavior, and rich redox chemistry. In nature it occurs mainly as molybdenite, and industrially it is important in steels, superalloys, catalysts, and lubricating sulfide materials. In biology, molybdenum is an essential trace element because several enzymes use molybdenum cofactors for oxygen-atom transfer and related redox reactions.
The metal is silvery white, very hard, but is softer and more ductile than tungsten. It has a high elastic modulus, and only tungsten and tantalum, of the more readily available metals, have higher melting points. It is a valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardenability and toughness of quenched and tempered steels. It also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures.
The name derives from the Greek molybdos for "lead". The ancients used the term "lead" for any black mineral that leaves a mark on paper. Molybdenum was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1778. It was first isolated by the Swedish chemist Peter-Jacob Hjelm in 1781.
Molybdenum was discovered by Carl Welhelm Scheele, a Swedish chemist, in 1778 in a mineral known as molybdenite (MoS2) which had been confused as a lead compound. Molybdenum was isolated by Peter Jacob Hjelm in 1781. Today, most molybdenum is obtained from molybdenite, wulfenite (PbMoO4) and powellite (CaMoO4). These ores typically occur in conjunction with ores of tin and tungsten. Molybdenum is also obtained as a byproduct of mining and processing tungsten and copper.
From the Greek word molybdo, lead. Before Scheele recognized molybdenite as a distinct ore of a new element in 1778, it was confused with graphite and lead ore. The metal was prepared in impure form in 1782 by Hjelm. Molybdenum does not occur natively, but is obtained principally from molybdenite. Wulfenite, and Powellite are also minor commercial ores.
Pure molybdenum is a silvery gray metal with a bright metallic luster when freshly prepared. It is solid under ordinary conditions, dense, and mechanically strong at elevated temperature. Massive metal is much less reactive than fine powder, which has a larger surface area and oxidizes more readily.
Molybdenum is used chiefly as an alloying element in steels and cast irons, where it improves hardenability, high-temperature strength, creep resistance, and resistance to some forms of corrosion. Molybdenum metal and alloys are used in high-temperature furnace parts, electrical contacts, glass-melting electrodes, and sputtering targets. Molybdenum disulfide, MoS₂, is a solid lubricant. Molybdenum compounds are also used in petroleum refining catalysts, pigments, corrosion inhibitors, and as sources for producing the medical isotope technetium-99m from molybdenum-99.
Molybdenum has a high melting point and is used to make the electrodes of electrically heated glass furnaces. Some electrical filaments are also made from molybdenum. The metal is used to make some missile and aircraft parts and is used in the nuclear power industry. Molybdenum is also used as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum.
Molybdenum is primarily used as an alloying agent in steel. When added to steel in concentrations between 0.25% and 8%, molybdenum forms ultra-high strength steels that can withstand pressures up to 300,000 pounds per square inch. Molybdenum also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures. When alloyed with nickel, molybdenum forms heat and corrosion resistant materials used in the chemical industry.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), one of molybdenum's compounds, is used as a high temperature lubricant. Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), another molybdenum compound, is used to adhere enamels to metals. Other molybdenum compounds include: molybdic acid (H2MoO4), molybdenum hexafluoride (MoF6) and molybdenum phosphide (MoP2).
It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the "Hastelloys(R)" which are heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions. Molybdenum oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces and forehearths. The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts. Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum. It has found applications as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications. Molybdenum is an essential trace element in plant nutrition; some lands are barren for lack of this element in the soil. Molybdenum sulfide is useful as a lubricant, especially at high temperatures where oils would decompose. Almost all ultra-high strength steels with minimum yield points up to 300,000 psi (lb/in.2) contain molybdenum in amounts from 0.25 to 8%. Biologically, molybdenum as a trace element is necessary for nitrogen fixation and other metabolic processes.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molybdenites display a variation in isotopic composition (Fig. IUPAC.42.1) [316] A. J. Pietruszka, R. J. Walker, P. A. Candela. Chem. Geol.225, 121 (2006).. The isotopic composition of molybdenum in ocean sediments depends on oxygen levels in the ocean. When oxygen levels are high, the lighter isotopes of molybdenum are scavenged by iron and manganese oxides into sediments. However, when oxygen levels are low, the mechanism for molybdenum removal becomes more efficient and more of the heavier isotopes of molybdenum are found in iron and manganese oxides. Thus, the molybdenum isotopic composition of these sediments can be used as a proxy for oxygen levels in the paleo oceans (history of the oceans in the geological past) to gain insights into mechanisms that may have been responsible for mass-extinction events in the Earth’s history [317] B. C. Proemse, S. E. Grasby, M. E. Wieser, B. Mayer, B. Beauchamp. Geology41, 967 (2013)..
Isotopes in Industry
Depleted 95Mo has been used in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Tennessee, USA). The use of U-10Mo fuel elements (90 percent uranium, 10 percent molybdenum) would allow the conversion from high-enrichment uranium (HEU) fuel, 92 percent, to low-enrichment uranium (LEU) fuel, below 20 percent, for nuclear non-proliferation purposes [319] S. Mirzadeh, F. F. Knapp Jr., E. D. Collins. 5774782, Filed..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
95Mo is used to produce medical radioisotope 97Ru via the 95Mo (4He, 2n) 97Ru reaction. The isotope 99Mo is commercially produced by the fission of 235U and is the parent radionuclide of 99mTc, which is the most widely used radiopharmaceutical in the world. The much longer half-life of 99Mo (about 66 h) enables the radionuclide to be transported more easily than the short-lived (6 h half-life) 99mTc. The n(99Mo)/n(99mTc) amount-ratio generator was originally developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (Fig. IUPAC.42.2) in the early 1960s and is now a patented system [320] U. Abram, R. Alberto. J. Braz. Chem. Soc.17, 1486 (2006)..
Molybdenum chemistry is dominated by oxidation states from 0 to +6, with +4, +5, and +6 especially common. Molybdenum trioxide, MoO₃, and molybdates such as sodium molybdate, Na₂MoO₄, contain Mo(VI) and are important industrial and laboratory materials. Molybdenum disulfide, MoS₂, has a layered structure and is both a mineral and a useful solid lubricant. The element also forms halides such as molybdenum pentachloride, MoCl₅, organometallic carbonyls such as molybdenum hexacarbonyl, Mo(CO)₆, and many cluster compounds with metal-metal bonding.
See more information at the Molybdenum compound page.
Massive molybdenum metal is not highly hazardous in normal handling, but dusts and fumes can irritate the respiratory tract and may present combustible-dust risks under some conditions. Soluble molybdates can be toxic at elevated exposure, and excessive intake interferes with copper metabolism in animals. Molybdenum-99 is radioactive and must be handled with isotope-specific controls. Strong oxidizing or volatile molybdenum compounds require compound-specific precautions.
Molybdenum is a trace element in rocks, soils, waters, and living organisms. Weathering releases molybdate species, which are relatively mobile under neutral to alkaline oxidizing conditions and less mobile where adsorption or sulfide formation is favored. It is an essential micronutrient for plants and microorganisms, especially in nitrogen metabolism, but high soil molybdenum can contribute to copper deficiency in grazing animals.
Commercial molybdenum is obtained mainly from molybdenite concentrates, either from primary molybdenum mines or as a by-product of copper porphyry operations. Roasting converts molybdenite to molybdenum trioxide, MoO₃, which can be purified, reduced to metal, or converted to ferro-molybdenum for steelmaking. Demand is closely tied to alloy steel, stainless steel, energy, chemical processing, and catalyst markets. Recycling occurs from alloy scrap and spent catalysts, although recovery depends on grade, contamination, and processing economics.
Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate.
Molybdenum is a moderately rare heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are produced by several nucleosynthetic processes, including slow and rapid neutron capture, with some proton-rich isotopes associated with rarer p-process pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a refractory and siderophile to chalcophile element, so its distribution records metal-silicate separation and sulfide chemistry.
- Molybdenum has seven naturally occurring stable isotopes.
- The name comes from an old term for lead-like minerals, because molybdenite was once confused with graphite and lead ore
- Molybdenum disulfide keeps lubricating in vacuum better than many oils.
- Molybdenum enzymes are essential for nitrate reduction in many plants.
- Ferro-molybdenum is often the practical form added to steel melts.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 145 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 154 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 209 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 130 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 1.02 × 104 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0094 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 2622.85 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 4638.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.251 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 24.06 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 체심 입방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 2.16 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 1.47
- 전자 친화도
- 0.744 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 7.09243 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 16.160056 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 27.130093 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 40.330139 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 54.417187 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 6 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Kr] 5s1 4d5
열역학적 특성
- 융해열
- 0.29020055 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 5.088874 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 6.819713 eV
- 원자화열
- 6.819713 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 6.82987 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 42 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 54 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 39 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 4 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Mo-96
- 발견 연도
- 1778
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 1.2 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 0.01 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 315 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7439-98-7 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 7S3
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mo
- InChI 키
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Mo: 4d⁵ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁵ 5s¹원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 94 안정 | 93.9050849 ± 0.00000048 | 9.1500% | 안정 |
| 95 안정 | 94.90583877 ± 0.00000047 | 15.8400% | 안정 |
| 96 안정 | 95.90467612 ± 0.00000047 | 16.6700% | 안정 |
| 97 안정 | 96.90601812 ± 0.00000049 | 9.6000% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(2622.85 °C)보다 2597.8 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
원자 스펙트럼
전체 42개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mo I | 0 | 818 | 721 | 808 |
| Mo II | +1 | 209 | 0 | 0 |
| Mo III | +2 | 62 | 0 | 0 |
| Mo IV | +3 | 29 | 0 | 0 |
| Mo V | +4 | 966 | 923 | 929 |
| Mo VI | +5 | 245 | 245 | 245 |
| Mo VII | +6 | 413 | 0 | 413 |
| Mo VIII | +7 | 109 | 0 | 109 |
| Mo IX | +8 | 231 | 0 | 231 |
| Mo X | +9 | 120 | 0 | 120 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Mo I | 0 | 428 |
| Mo II | +1 | 249 |
| Mo III | +2 | 120 |
| Mo IV | +3 | 81 |
| Mo V | +4 | 258 |
| Mo VI | +5 | 113 |
| Mo VII | +6 | 96 |
| Mo VIII | +7 | 77 |
| Mo IX | +8 | 93 |
| Mo X | +9 | 48 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 69 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 65 pm |
| +5 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 46 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 61 pm |
| +6 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 41 pm |
| +6 | 5 | 해당 없음 | 50 pm |
| +6 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 59 pm |
| +6 | 7 | 해당 없음 | 73 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (4)
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 94 안정 | 93.9050849 ± 0.00000048 | 9.1500% ± 0.0900% | 안정 | stable | |
| 95 안정 | 94.90583877 ± 0.00000047 | 15.8400% ± 0.1100% | 안정 | stable | |
| 96 안정 | 95.90467612 ± 0.00000047 | 16.6700% ± 0.1500% | 안정 | stable | |
| 97 안정 | 96.90601812 ± 0.00000049 | 9.6000% ± 0.1400% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.2548 nm | 290 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 383.9084 nm | 360 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 386 nm | 해당 없음 | ID 915 | emission | 1s.5s 3S → 1s.5p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 393.8911 nm | 1400 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 394.8336 nm | 50 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 400.9437 nm | 35 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 403.6485 nm | 40 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7f 2F* → 4p6.8g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 405.4556 nm | 50 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7f 2F* → 4p6.8g 2G | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 406.1547 nm | 210 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 406.2019 nm | 15000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 406.4706 nm | 14 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 406.527 nm | 3500 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 407.1568 nm | 2800 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 407.4773 nm | 3100 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 416.4901 nm | 75 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.6g 2G → 4p6.7f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 418.4284 nm | 60 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.6g 2G → 4p6.7f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 418.6616 nm | 2700 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 422.59 nm | 해당 없음 | ID 896 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 423.2026 nm | 40000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 427.2928 nm | 100 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 433.4926 nm | 840 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 436 nm | 해당 없음 | ID 915 | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 438.442 nm | 2900 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 439.9605 nm | 28 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 446.6307 nm | 79 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 447.4143 nm | 63 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 454.3076 nm | 570 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 462.464 nm | 840 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 463.7675 nm | 41 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 466.0971 nm | 100 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.5f 2F* → 4p6.6d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 468.7277 nm | 22 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 474.6519 nm | 8000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.5f 2F* → 4p6.6d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 504.622 nm | 해당 없음 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7g 2G → 4p6.8h 2H* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 504.622 nm | 해당 없음 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7g 2G → 4p6.8h 2H* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 524.749 nm | 해당 없음 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7h 2H* → 4p6.8i 2I | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 524.749 nm | 해당 없음 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7h 2H* → 4p6.8i 2I | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527.675 nm | 해당 없음 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7i 2I → 4p6.8k 2K* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 527.675 nm | 해당 없음 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7i 2I → 4p6.8k 2K* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 558.5 nm | 200 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.8d 2D → 4p6.8f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 562 nm | 350 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.8d 2D → 4p6.8f 2F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 587.138 nm | 300 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7d 2D → 4p6.8p 2P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 603.562 nm | 10 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.4f 2F* → 4p6.5d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 618.867 nm | 1400 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.4f 2F* → 4p6.5d 2D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 633.604 nm | 1000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.4f 2F* → 4p6.5d 2D | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 138 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 121 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 113 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 245 pm
- UFF
- 305.2 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 244 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 139 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 52
- Pettifor
- 55
- Glawe
- 56
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 87 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 6 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1030 Ha·Bohr6
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 9.4 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 6
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 40
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 9
- 매장량 분포
- 43
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 24
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 24
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 2895.15 K |
| 끓는점 | 4912.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (10)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.8744 |
| 2 | p | 4.0282 |
| 2 | s | 11.1232 |
| 3 | d | 14.7717 |
| 3 | p | 16.5264 |
| 3 | s | 16.0185 |
| 4 | d | 30.6076 |
| 4 | p | 27.0232 |
| 4 | s | 25.9036 |
| 5 | s | 35.894 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (8)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 83 | estimated, | |
| 4 | VI | 79 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | IV | 60 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 75 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | IV | 55 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | V | 64 | ||
| 6 | VI | 73 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | VII | 87 |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (58)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 81 | B+ | — |
| 81 | B+p | — |
| 82 | B+ | — |
| 82 | B+p | — |
| 83 | B+ | 100% |
| 83 | B+p | — |
| 84 | B+ | 100% |
| 84 | B+p | — |
| 85 | B+ | 100% |
| 85 | B+p | 0.1% |
X선 산란 인자 (909)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2.2382 |
| 10.1447 | — | 2.20464 |
| 10.3088 | — | 2.17288 |
| 10.4756 | — | 2.14408 |
| 10.645 | — | 2.11566 |
| 10.8172 | — | 2.09307 |
| 10.9921 | — | 2.12057 |
| 11.1699 | — | 2.20711 |
| 11.3506 | — | 2.32651 |
| 11.5342 | — | 2.50051 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.2 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Molybdenum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-2 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
- [5] Molybdenum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Molybdenum https://periodic.lanl.gov/42.shtml
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Molybdenum.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.