Niobium (Nb)
transition-metalSolid
표준 원자량
92.90637 u전자 배치
[Kr] 5s1 4d4녹는점
2476.85 °C끓는점
4743.85 °C밀도
8570 kg/m³산화 상태
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5전기 음성도(Pauling)
1.6제1 이온화 에너지
6.75885 eV발견 연도
1801원자 반지름
145 pm상세 정보
Niobium is a refractory transition metal of group 5, chemically similar to tantalum and commonly occurring with it in oxide minerals. It is valued for its ability to strengthen steel at very small additions and for forming superconducting intermetallic compounds. In most compounds niobium is pentavalent, but lower oxidation states are well established, especially in halides and cluster chemistry.
Niobium is a shiny, white, soft, and ductile metal, and takes on a bluish cast when exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. The metal starts to oxidize in air at 200°C, and when processed at even moderate temperatures must be placed in a protective atmosphere.
The name derives from the Greek mythological character Niobe, who was the daughter of Tantalus, because the elements niobium and tantalum were originally thought to be identical. Niobium was discovered in a black mineral from America called columbite by the British chemist and manufacturer Charles Hatchett in 1801 and he called the element columbium. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston claimed that columbium and tantalum were identical.
Forty years later, the German chemist and pharmacist, Heinrich Rose, determined that they were two different elements in 1846 and gave the name niobium because it was so difficult to distinguish it from tantalum. The name columbium continued to be used in America and niobium in Europe until IUPAC adopted the name niobium in 1949. Niobium was first isolated by the chemist C. W. Blomstrand in 1846.
The story of niobium's discovery is a bit confusing. The first governor of Connecticut, John Winthrop the Younger, discovered a new mineral around 1734. He named the mineral columbite ((Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Ta)2O6) and sent a sample of it to the British Museum in London, England. The columbite sat in the museum's mineral collection for years until it was analyzed by Charles Hatchett in 1801. Hatchett could tell that there was an unknown element in the columbite, but he was not able to isolate it. He named the new element columbium. The fate of columbium took a drastic turn in 1809 when William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist and physicist, compared the minerals columbite and tantalite ((Fe, Mn)(Ta, Nb)2O6) and declared that columbium was actually the element tantalum. This confusion arose because tantalum and niobium are similar metals, are always found together and are very difficult to isolate.
Niobium was rediscovered and renamed by Heinrich Rose in 1844 when he produced two new acids, niobic acid and pelopic acid, from samples of columbite and tantalite. These acids are very similar to each other and it took another twenty-two years and a Swiss chemist named Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac to prove that these were two distinct chemicals produced from two different elements. Metallic niobium was finally isolated by the Swedish chemist Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand in 1864. Today, niobium is primarily obtained from the minerals columbite and pyrochlore ((Ca, Na)2Nb2O6(O, OH, F)).
Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalu. Discovered in 1801 by Hatchett in an ore sent to England. The metal was first prepared in 1864 by Blomstrand, who reduced the chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. The name niobium was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemicstry (IUPAC) in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. Many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by this name. Most metallurgists, leading metal societies, and all but one of the leading U.S. commercial producers, however, still refer to the metal as "columbium."
Pure niobium is a soft, ductile, lustrous gray metal when freshly prepared. It is solid under ordinary conditions and develops a thin protective oxide film in air. The metal has a high melting point and can be worked when sufficiently pure, but interstitial oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen can make it less ductile.
The largest use of niobium is as ferroniobium in high-strength low-alloy steels, where small additions improve strength, toughness, and grain control. Niobium-bearing steels are used in pipelines, structural steel, automotive parts, and some pressure vessels. Niobium-titanium and niobium-tin superconductors are used in magnets for MRI systems, particle accelerators, and research instruments. Niobium is also used in some nickel-base superalloys, welding alloys, corrosion-resistant equipment, and electronic components such as niobium capacitors.
Niobium is used as an alloying agent and for jewelry, but perhaps its most interesting applications are in the field of superconductivity. Superconductive wire can be made from an alloy of niobium and titanium which can then be used to make superconductive magnets. Other alloys of niobium, such as those with tin and aluminum, are superconductive as well. Pure niobium is itself a superconductor when it is cooled below 9.25 K (-442.75°F). Superconductive niobium cavities are at the heart of a machine built at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. This machine, called an electron accelerator, is used by scientists to study the quark structure of matter. The accelerator's 338 niobium cavities are bathed in liquid helium and accelerate electrons to nearly the speed of light.
Niobium is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel. Thousands of pounds of niobium have been used in advanced air frame systems such as were used in the Gemini space program. The element has superconductive properties; superconductive magnets have been made with Nb-Zr wire, which retains its superconductivity in strong magnetic fields. This type of application offers hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Niobium is also commonly used for jewelry.
Isotopes in Biology
95Nb (with a half-life of 35 days) and 95Nb-oxalates have been used to study the absorption, retention and distribution of niobium in the body [309] F. R. Mraz, G. R. Eisele. Radiat. Res.72, 533 (1977)., [310] F. Paquet, P. Houpert, M. Verry, G. Grillon, J. D. Harrison, H. Métivier. Radiat. Prot. Dosim.79, 191 (1998)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Nuclear physicists are trying to study the generation of new isotopes and their elements in stars (astrophysical nucleosynthesis) via the rapid neutron capture process (r-process). Physicists at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Facility (RIBF) of the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Wako, Japan, have begun creating and studying highly neutron-rich isotopes that are thought to only be produced by the r-process. The data for many neutron-rich isotopes is incomplete, and the RIKEN team is filling in key missing information that is needed to simulate the r-process (including information on the half-lives of the neutron-rich isotopes). So far, the half-lives of 38 neutron-rich isotopes have been measured from krypton to technetium, including 111Nb and 112Nb. When the missing information has been obtained, physicists will have a better understanding of the r-process and how elements are created [311] RIKEN Research. The Importance of Fundamental Measurements, RIKEN Research (2017), Feb. 26; http://www.riken.jp/en/research/rikenresearch/highlights/6600/., [312] S. Nishimura, Z. Li, H. Watanabe, K. Yoshinaga, T. Sumikama, T. Tachibana, K. Yamaguchi, M. Kurata-Nishimura, G. Lorusso, Y. Miyashita, A. Odahara, H. Baba, J. S. Berryman, N. Blasi, A. Bracco, F. Camera, J. Chiba, P. Doornenbal, S. Go, T. Hashimoto, S. Hayakawa, C. Hinke, E. Ideguchi, T. Isobe, Y. Ito, D. G. Jenkins, Y. Kawada, N. Kobayashi, Y. Kondo, R. Krücken, S. Kubono, T. Nakano, H. J. Ong, S. Ota, Z. Podolyák, H. Sakurai, H. Scheit, K. Steiger, D. Steppenbeck, K. Sugimoto, S. Takano, A. Takashima, K. Tajiri, T. Teranishi, Y. Wakabayashi, P. M. Walker, O. Wieland, H. Yamaguchi. Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 052502 (2011)..
Isotopes in Medicine
95Nb and 95mNb (with a half-life of 3.6 days) have been used in tumor research and tumor imaging studies (Fig. IUPAC.41.1) [313] A. Ando, I. Ando. J. Radiat. Res.31, 97 (1990)., [314] A. Ando, I. Ando. Acta Radiol. Suppl.374, 65 (1990)., [315] V. Radchenko, P. Bouziotis, G. Loudos, S. Xanthopoulos, H. Hauser, M. Esienhut, B. Ponsard, F. Roesch. J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm.56, S69 (2013).. The m in the superscript of 95mNb indicates a metastable state of the isotope.
Niobium chemistry is dominated by the +5 oxidation state. Niobium pentoxide, Nb₂O₅, is the most important oxide and a common intermediate in extraction and materials processing. Niobium pentachloride, NbCl₅, is a volatile Lewis-acidic halide used in synthesis and as a precursor to other niobium compounds. Lower halides such as niobium tetrachloride, NbCl₄, and cluster compounds contain Nb–Nb bonding. Carbides and nitrides, including niobium carbide, NbC, and niobium nitride, NbN, are hard refractory materials; NbN can be superconducting depending on composition and structure.
See more information at the Niobium compound page.
Compact niobium metal is generally of low chemical toxicity, but fine powder can burn and presents a dust exposure hazard. Machining dusts, fumes from welding, and soluble or reactive niobium compounds should be handled as industrial particulates or corrosive chemicals according to their form. Natural niobium consists essentially of stable ⁹³Nb, while radioactive niobium isotopes are mainly research or activation products and have isotope-specific radiological hazards.
Niobium occurs at low concentrations in the crust, chiefly in resistant oxide minerals such as pyrochlore and columbite rather than as native metal. It is not known to have an essential biological role. Under surface conditions niobium is relatively immobile because pentavalent niobium forms insoluble oxides and strongly sorbs to mineral surfaces. Mining and processing residues are the main localized environmental concern.
Niobium is produced mainly from pyrochlore concentrates, commonly converted to ferroniobium for direct steelmaking use. Separation from tantalum can be important in ores where both elements occur, but the dominant niobium supply is tied to large carbonatite-hosted deposits. Demand is strongly linked to steel production and infrastructure. Recycling occurs indirectly through niobium-bearing steel scrap and specialty alloy scrap, although dilute additions make full element-specific recovery difficult. Substitution is possible in some steels with vanadium, titanium, or molybdenum, but performance and processing trade-offs limit direct replacement.
The element is found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, parochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of parochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Nigeria, Zaire, and in Russia.
Niobium is a trace cosmic element produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars. It is less abundant than neighboring lighter transition metals and is not a major rock-forming element in planetary materials. In meteorites and terrestrial rocks it behaves as a refractory lithophile element and tends to remain with oxide and silicate phases rather than metallic iron.
- Niobium was long known as columbium, and that name persisted in parts of industry for many years.
- The stable isotope ⁹³Nb makes natural niobium nearly monoisotopic.
- Niobium microalloying can change steel properties at additions well below one percent.
- Niobium and tantalum are difficult to separate because their ionic sizes and chemistry are very similar.
- The superconducting compound niobium-tin is Nb₃Sn.
이미지
특성
물리적 특성
- 원자 반지름(경험값)
- 145 pm 모든 원소의 원자 반지름(경험값) 비교 →
- 공유 결합 반지름
- 164 pm 모든 원소의 공유 결합 반지름 비교 →
- 반데르발스 반지름
- 207 pm 모든 원소의 반데르발스 반지름 비교 →
- 금속 반지름
- 134 pm 모든 원소의 금속 반지름 비교 →
- 밀도
- 8570 kg/m³ 모든 원소의 밀도 비교 →
- 몰 부피
- 0.0108 L/mol
- STP에서의 상
- 고체 모든 원소의 STP에서의 상 비교 →
- 녹는점
- 2476.85 °C 모든 원소의 녹는점 비교 →
- 끓는점
- 4743.85 °C 모든 원소의 끓는점 비교 →
- 열전도율
- 53.7 W/(m·K) 모든 원소의 열전도율 비교 →
- 비열
- 0.265 J/(g·K) 모든 원소의 비열 비교 →
- 몰 열용량
- 24.6 J/(mol·K) 모든 원소의 몰 열용량 비교 →
- 결정 구조
- 체심 입방 모든 원소의 결정 구조 비교 →
화학적 특성
- 전기 음성도(Pauling)
- 1.6 모든 원소의 전기 음성도(Pauling) 비교 →
- 전기 음성도(Allen)
- 1.41
- 전자 친화도
- 0.893 eV
- 제1 이온화 에너지
- 6.75885 eV 모든 원소의 제1 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제2 이온화 에너지
- 14.320049 eV 모든 원소의 제2 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제3 이온화 에너지
- 25.040086 eV 모든 원소의 제3 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제4 이온화 에너지
- 37.611129 eV 모든 원소의 제4 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 제5 이온화 에너지
- 50.572974 eV 모든 원소의 제5 이온화 에너지 비교 →
- 산화 상태
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 모든 원소의 산화 상태 비교 →
- 원자가 전자
- 5 모든 원소의 원자가 전자 비교 →
- 전자 배치
- [Kr] 5s1 4d4
열역학적 특성
- 융해열
- 0.27776338 eV 모든 원소의 융해열 비교 →
- 기화열
- 7.151371 eV 모든 원소의 기화열 비교 →
- 승화열
- 7.617764 eV
- 원자화열
- 7.617764 eV
- 원자화 엔탈피
- 7.597036 eV
핵 특성
- 양성자 수
- 41 모든 원소의 양성자 수 비교 →
- 중성자 수
- 52 모든 원소의 중성자 수 비교 →
- 알려진 동위원소 수
- 38 모든 원소의 알려진 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 안정 동위원소 수
- 1 모든 원소의 안정 동위원소 수 비교 →
- 가장 안정한 동위원소
- Nb-93
- 발견 연도
- 1801
존재비
- 존재비(지각)
- 20 mg/kg 모든 원소의 존재비(지각) 비교 →
- 존재비(해양)
- 1 × 10−5 mg/L 모든 원소의 존재비(해양) 비교 →
결정 구조
- 격자 상수 a
- 330 pm
전자 구조
- 전자껍질별 전자 수
- 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 모든 원소의 전자껍질별 전자 수 비교 →
식별자
- CAS 등록 번호
- 7440-03-1 모든 원소의 CAS 등록 번호 비교 →
- 항 기호
- 6D1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Nb
- InChI 키
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
전자 배치 측정값
Nb: 4d⁴ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁴ 5s¹원자 모형
동위원소에 따라 중성자 수, 질량, 안정성은 달라지지만, 중성 원자의 전자 배치는 달라지지 않습니다.
개략적인 원자 모형이며 실제 비율과 다릅니다.
원자 지문
방출 / 흡수 스펙트럼
동위원소 분포
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 93 안정 | 92.906373 ± 0.000002 | 100.0000% | 안정 |
상 / 상태
이유: 녹는점(2476.85 °C)보다 2451.8 °C 낮음
개략도이며 실제 비율과 다름
상전이점
전이 에너지
녹는점에서 1 mol을 녹이는 데 필요한 에너지
끓는점에서 1 mol을 기화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
승화점에서 1 mol을 승화시키는 데 필요한 에너지
밀도
표준 조건에서
표준 조건에서
원자 스펙트럼
전체 41개 중 10개를 표시합니다. 이온 전하순으로 정렬되었습니다(오름차순).
보유 스펙트럼선 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 총 스펙트럼선 수 | 전이 확률 | 준위 표기 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nb I | 0 | 509 | 0 | 0 |
| Nb II | +1 | 150 | 0 | 0 |
| Nb III | +2 | 108 | 0 | 0 |
| Nb IV | +3 | 819 | 819 | 819 |
| Nb V | +4 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
보유 에너지 준위 데이터 ?
| 이온 | 전하 | 준위 |
|---|---|---|
| Nb I | 0 | 395 |
| Nb II | +1 | 354 |
| Nb III | +2 | 189 |
| Nb IV | +3 | 183 |
| Nb V | +4 | 31 |
| Nb VI | +5 | 105 |
| Nb VII | +6 | 32 |
| Nb VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Nb IX | +8 | 2 |
| Nb X | +9 | 2 |
이온 반지름
| 전하 | 배위 | 스핀 | 반지름 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 72 pm |
| +4 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 68 pm |
| +4 | 8 | 해당 없음 | 79 pm |
| +5 | 4 | 해당 없음 | 48 pm |
| +5 | 6 | 해당 없음 | 64 pm |
| +5 | 7 | 해당 없음 | 69 pm |
| +5 | 8 | 해당 없음 | 74 pm |
화합물
동위원소 (1)
Eighteen isotopes of niobium are known. The metal can be isolated from tantalum, and prepared in several ways.
| 질량수 | 원자 질량(u) | 천연 존재비 | 반감기 | 붕괴 방식 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 93 안정 | 92.906373 ± 0.000002 | 100.0000% | 안정 | stable |
스펙트럼선
| 파장(nm) | 세기 | 이온화 단계 | 유형 | 전이 | 정확도 | 출처 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.5416 nm | 5000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3P → 4d.6p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 382.5694 nm | 200000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1F* → 4d.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 382.5875 nm | 250000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 383.106 nm | 15000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3D → 4d.6p 1D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 385.2874 nm | 60000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 385.5325 nm | 10000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1P* → 4d.6d 3P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 386.9546 nm | 8000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 1P | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 387.5455 nm | 100000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3G → 4d.6p 1D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 388.2203 nm | 60000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1P* → 4d.6d 1S | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 389.8028 nm | 100000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3S → 4d.6p 3P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 390.0115 nm | 25000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 391.6922 nm | 8000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 1F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 392.1878 nm | 5000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 1P → 4d.6p 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 394.057 nm | 25000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 394.3315 nm | 20000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 398.5759 nm | 5000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4d.6p 1P* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 400.1839 nm | 4000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 403.2233 nm | 40000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 404.998 nm | 10000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 405.2616 nm | 15000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 1P → 4d.6p 1D* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 406.3412 nm | 200000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3F* | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 406.4694 nm | 해당 없음 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1P* → 4d.6d 1D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 409.6529 nm | 7000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | 측정값 | NIST | |
| 459.6 nm | 해당 없음 | ID 841 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | 측정값 | NIST |
확장 특성
공유 결합 반지름(확장)
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö)
- 147 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 이중 결합)
- 125 pm
- 공유 결합 반지름(Pyykkö, 삼중 결합)
- 116 pm
반데르발스 반지름
- Batsanov
- 215 pm
- Alvarez
- 256 pm
- UFF
- 316.5 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
원자 및 금속 반지름
- 원자 반지름(Rahm)
- 251 pm
- 금속 반지름(C12)
- 146 pm
번호 척도
- Mendeleev
- 48
- Pettifor
- 52
- Glawe
- 53
전기 음성도 척도
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
분극률 및 분산
- 쌍극자 분극률
- 98 a.u.
- 쌍극자 분극률(불확도)
- 8 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1140 Ha·Bohr6
미데마 매개변수
- 미데마 몰 부피
- 10.87 cm3/mol
- 미데마 전자 밀도
- 4
공급 위험 및 경제성
- 생산 집중도
- 98
- 상대적 공급 위험
- 8
- 매장량 분포
- 97
- 정치적 안정성(최대 생산국)
- 48
- 정치적 안정성(최대 매장국)
- 48
상전이 및 동소체
| 녹는점 | 2750.15 K |
| 끓는점 | 5014.15 K |
산화 상태 분류
심화 참고 데이터
차폐 상수 (10)
| n | 오비탈 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.8577 |
| 2 | p | 4.0178 |
| 2 | s | 10.8748 |
| 3 | d | 14.753 |
| 3 | p | 16.3844 |
| 3 | s | 15.8285 |
| 4 | d | 29.7624 |
| 4 | p | 26.9156 |
| 4 | s | 25.7172 |
| 5 | s | 35.079 |
결정 반지름 상세 정보 (7)
| 전하 | CN | 스핀 | rcrystal (pm) | 기원 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 86 | ||
| 4 | VI | 82 | from r^3 vs V plots, estimated, | |
| 4 | VIII | 93 | ||
| 5 | IV | 62 | calculated, | |
| 5 | VI | 78 | ||
| 5 | VII | 83 | calculated, | |
| 5 | VIII | 88 |
동위원소 붕괴 방식 (67)
| 동위원소 | 모드 | 세기 |
|---|---|---|
| 79 | p | — |
| 79 | B+ | — |
| 79 | B+p | — |
| 80 | p | — |
| 80 | B+ | — |
| 80 | B+p | — |
| 81 | p | — |
| 81 | B+ | — |
| 81 | B+p | — |
| 82 | B+ | 100% |
X선 산란 인자 (757)
| 에너지 (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | — | 0.09113 |
| 0.5079 | — | 0.09258 |
| 0.516 | — | 0.09406 |
| 0.5242 | — | 0.09557 |
| 0.5325 | — | 0.0971 |
| 0.5409 | — | 0.09865 |
| 0.5495 | — | 0.10023 |
| 0.5582 | — | 0.10161 |
| 0.5671 | — | 0.103 |
| 0.5761 | — | 0.10441 |
추가 데이터
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
참고 문헌 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-5 milligrams per liter
참고 문헌 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The element is found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, parochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of parochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Nigeria, Zaire, and in Russia.
참고 문헌 (1)
- [6] Niobium https://periodic.lanl.gov/41.shtml
참고 문헌
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Niobium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.