Tin (Sn)
post-transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
118.71 u電子配置
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2融点
231.93 °C沸点
2601.85 °C密度
7287 kg/m³酸化数
−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4電気陰性度（Pauling）
1.96第1イオン化エネルギー
7.343918 eV発見年
データなし原子半径
145 pm詳細
Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14, known for its low melting point, resistance to ordinary corrosion, and ability to form useful alloys and coatings. It occurs chiefly as cassiterite, a tin dioxide mineral, and has been worked since antiquity, especially in bronze. Chemically it is less reactive than many base metals but readily forms compounds in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, with organotin chemistry being especially important and sometimes hazardous.
Ordinary tin is composed of nine stable isotopes; 18 unstable isotopes are also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a "tin cry" is heard when a bar is bent.
The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon tin of unknown origin. The symbol Sn is derived from Latin stannum for alloys containing lead. The element was known in prehistoric times.
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using tin for at least 5500 years. Tin is primarily obtained from the mineral cassiterite (SnO2) and is extracted by roasting cassiterite in a furnace with carbon. Tin makes up only about 0.001% of the earth's crust and is chiefly mined in Malaysia. Two allotropes of tin occur near room temperature. The first form of tin is called gray tin and is stable at temperatures below 13.2°C (55.76°F). There are few, if any, uses for gray tin. At temperatures above 13.2°C, gray tin slowly turns into tin's second form, white tin. White tin is the normal form of the metal and has many uses. Unfortunately, white tin will turn into gray tin if its temperature falls below 13.2°C. This change can be prevented if small amounts of antimony or bismuth are added to white tin.
The Latin word for tin is stannum. Known to the ancients.
Pure tin is a soft, silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster. It is malleable at room temperature and melts at a relatively low temperature for a metal. Below about 13.2 °C, white tin can slowly transform to brittle gray tin under favorable conditions, a phenomenon known as tin pest.
Tin is used mainly as a protective coating on steel for food cans and other corrosion-resistant sheet products. It is an important constituent of solders, especially lead-free solders based on tin with silver, copper, antimony, or bismuth additions. Tin is also used in bronze, bearing metals, pewter, and some specialty alloys. Indium tin oxide, a mixed oxide material, is widely used as a transparent conducting coating in displays and touch panels.
Tin resists corrosion and is used as a protective coating on other metals. Tin cans are probably the most familiar example of this application. A tin can is actually made from steel. A thin layer of tin is applied to the inside and outside of the can to keep the steel from rusting. Once widely used, tin cans have largely been replaced with plastic and aluminum containers.
Tin is used in the Pilkington process to produce window glass. In the Pilkington process, molten glass is poured onto a pool of molten tin. The glass floats on the surface of the tin and cools, forming solid glass with flat, parallel surfaces. Most of the window glass produced today is made this way.
Tin is used to form many useful alloys. Bronze is an alloy of tin and copper. Tin and lead are alloyed to make pewter and solder. An alloy of tin and niobium is used to make superconductive wire. Type metal, fusible metal, bell metal and Babbitt metal are other examples of tin alloys.
Tin salts can be sprayed onto glass to make electrically conductive coatings. These can then be used to make panel lighting and frost-free windshields. Stannous fluoride (SnF2) is used in some types of toothpaste.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of tin possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of tin in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.50.1) [366] E. Yamazaki, S. Nakai, T. Yokoyama, S. Ishihara, H. Tang. Geochem. J.47, 21 (2013)..
Isotopes in Medicine
117mSn (with a half-life of 14 days) DTPA is routinely used for diagnostic bone imaging and for the treatment of bone pain caused by the spread of cancer to bones. The m in the superscript of 117mSn indicates a metastable state of the isotope. By using 117mSn DTPA, marrow toxicity can be reduced, and the therapeutic efficacy of using radionuclides is maintained [367] A. Bishayee, D. V. Rao, S. C. Srivastava, L. G. Bouchet, W. E. Bolch, R. W. Howell. J. Nucl. Med.41, 2043 (2000).. 117mSn is a promising radionuclide for therapeutic applications because the radionuclide decays in a way that causes less damage to healthy tissues and bone marrow than other available treatments. These properties of 117mSn make it useful for the treatment of inflammatory synovial disease (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis) [368] S. C. Srivastava. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol.50, 49 (2007)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
112Sn is used to produce the radioisotope 113Sn (with a half-life of 115 days) via the reaction 112Sn (n, γ) 113Sn. This is used for n(113Sn)/n(113mIn) generators for the elution (extracting one material from another) of 113mIn (with a half-life of 1.66 h) as chloride for blood pool imaging. The m the superscript of 113mIn indicates a metastable state of the isotope. 117mSn is a medical radioisotope that can be produced using 116Sn and 117Sn [369] B. Ponsard, S. C. Srivastava, L. F. Mausner, F. F. Knapp, M. A. Garland, S. Mirzadeh. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67 1158 (2009)..
Tin commonly forms Sn²⁺ and Sn⁴⁺ compounds. Tin dioxide, SnO₂, is the principal ore mineral and is also used in ceramics, glass polishing, and some conductive or catalytic materials. Tin(II) chloride, SnCl₂, is a reducing agent and a reagent in plating and dyeing processes, while tin(IV) chloride, SnCl₄, is a volatile Lewis acid used in chemical synthesis and surface treatment. Organotin compounds contain Sn–C bonds; some, such as tributyltin oxide, C₂₄H₅₄OSn₂, were formerly used as biocides but are tightly restricted because of toxicity.
The element has two allotropic forms at normal pressure. On warming, gray, or alpha tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2°C into white, or beta tin, the ordinary form of the metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. When tin is cooled below 13.2°C, it changes slowly from white to gray. This change is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by small additions of antimony or bismuth. This change from the alpha to beta form is called the tin pest. There are few if any uses for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Such tin plate over steel is used in the so-called tin can for preserving food.
Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, White metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the important alloys using tin.
Tin resists distilled sea and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. When heated in air, tin forms Sn2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride, which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process).
Also interesting is a crystalline tin-niobium alloy that is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Such magnets, made of tin-niobium wire, weigh only a few pounds and produce magnetic fields that, when started with a small battery, are comparable to that of a 100 ton electromagnet operated continuously with a large power supply.
See more information at the Tin compound page.
Metallic tin has low acute toxicity and is commonly used in food-contact coatings, although excessive intake of soluble tin salts can irritate the gastrointestinal tract. Tin dusts and fumes from melting, soldering, or industrial processing can present inhalation hazards. Organotin compounds vary widely in toxicity; several are potent neurotoxic or endocrine-disrupting substances and require strict control. Radioactive tin isotopes are mainly research or fission-product concerns, not a property of natural tin as a whole.
The small amount of tin found in canned foods is quite harmless. The agreed limit of tin content in U.S. foods is 300 mg/kg. The trialkyl and triaryl tin compounds are used as biocides and must be handled carefully.
Tin is present in the crust mostly in resistant oxide minerals, especially cassiterite, and is not highly mobile under many natural surface conditions. Mining and smelting can release tin-bearing particulates and associated metals, depending on the ore and waste management. Inorganic tin compounds usually show limited bioavailability compared with many organotin compounds. Persistent organotin residues in sediments have been a major concern in harbors and shipyard areas where antifouling paints were used.
Tin is produced chiefly by mining cassiterite from hard-rock and alluvial deposits, followed by concentration, smelting, and refining. Supply is geographically concentrated in a limited number of producing regions, and some production comes from small-scale or artisanal mining. Demand is dominated by solder, tinplate, chemicals, and alloy uses. Recycling is important, especially from solder-bearing electronic scrap and tinplate residues, but recovery can be technically diffuse because tin is often present in thin coatings or complex assemblies. Substitution is possible in some coatings and solders, but performance, food-contact requirements, and processing temperatures limit replacements.
Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world's supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.
Tin is a relatively heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture nucleosynthesis in earlier generations of stars. It is far less abundant cosmically than lighter rock-forming elements, but it is present in meteorites and planetary materials at trace levels. In differentiated planets, tin tends to behave as a lithophile to mildly chalcophile element, concentrating in crustal minerals and some sulfide-associated systems rather than forming abundant native metal.
- Tin has ten stable isotopes, more than any other element.
- The symbol Sn comes from the Latin name stannum.
- The crackling sound of bent tin is called tin cry and comes from crystal deformation.
- Tin pest is promoted by low temperature and can be inhibited by alloying additions.
- Most modern food cans are steel cans with a very thin tin coating, not solid tin.
- Cassiterite is dense, which makes gravity separation useful in ore concentration.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 145 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 139 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 217 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 142 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 7287 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0163 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 231.93 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 2601.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 66.8 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.227 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 26.99 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 正方晶系 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 1.96 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.824
- 電子親和力
- 1.112 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 7.343918 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 14.63312 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 30.506105 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 40.74014 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 77.030265 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 4 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 同素体
- ["gray", "white"]
- 電子配置
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.07286107 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 3.067834 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 3.131057 eV
- 原子化熱
- 3.131057 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 3.121729 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 50 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 70 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 42 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 9 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Sn-120
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 2.3 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 4 × 10−6 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 582 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-31-5 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 3P0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sn
- InChI Key
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Sn: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 112 安定 | 111.90482387 ± 0.00000061 | 0.9700% | 安定 |
| 114 安定 | 113.9027827 ± 0.000001 | 0.6600% | 安定 |
| 115 安定 | 114.903344699 ± 0.000000016 | 0.3400% | 安定 |
| 116 安定 | 115.9017428 ± 0.0000001 | 14.5400% | 安定 |
| 117 安定 | 116.90295398 ± 0.00000052 | 7.6800% | 安定 |
| 118 安定 | 117.90160657 ± 0.00000054 | 24.2200% | 安定 |
| 119 安定 | 118.90331117 ± 0.00000078 | 8.5900% | 安定 |
| 120 安定 | 119.90220163 ± 0.00000097 | 32.5800% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（231.93 °C）より206.9 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全50件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sn I | 0 | 227 | 55 | 226 |
| Sn II | +1 | 215 | 141 | 215 |
| Sn III | +2 | 259 | 0 | 259 |
| Sn IV | +3 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| Sn V | +4 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Sn I | 0 | 228 |
| Sn II | +1 | 77 |
| Sn III | +2 | 86 |
| Sn IV | +3 | 24 |
| Sn V | +4 | 26 |
| Sn VI | +5 | 37 |
| Sn VII | +6 | 2 |
| Sn VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Sn IX | +8 | 2 |
| Sn X | +9 | 2 |
結晶構造のデータはありません
結晶構造: tetragonal
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 4 | データなし | 55.00000000000001 pm |
| +4 | 5 | データなし | 62 pm |
| +4 | 6 | データなし | 69 pm |
| +4 | 7 | データなし | 75 pm |
| +4 | 8 | データなし | 81 pm |
化合物
同位体 (9)
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 112 安定 | 111.90482387 ± 0.00000061 | 0.9700% ± 0.0100% | 安定 | stable | |
| 114 安定 | 113.9027827 ± 0.000001 | 0.6600% ± 0.0100% | 安定 | stable | |
| 115 安定 | 114.903344699 ± 0.000000016 | 0.3400% ± 0.0100% | 安定 | stable | |
| 116 安定 | 115.9017428 ± 0.0000001 | 14.5400% ± 0.0900% | 安定 | stable | |
| 117 安定 | 116.90295398 ± 0.00000052 | 7.6800% ± 0.0700% | 安定 | stable | |
| 118 安定 | 117.90160657 ± 0.00000054 | 24.2200% ± 0.0900% | 安定 | stable | |
| 119 安定 | 118.90331117 ± 0.00000078 | 8.5900% ± 0.0400% | 安定 | stable | |
| 120 安定 | 119.90220163 ± 0.00000097 | 32.5800% ± 0.0900% | 安定 | stable | |
| 122 安定 | 121.9034438 ± 0.0000026 | 4.6300% ± 0.0300% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
全96件中50件を表示しています。 初期設定では、強度の測定値があるスペクトル線のみを表示します。
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 556.19094 nm | 2700 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.6d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 579.88578 nm | 2700 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 558.88153 nm | 2600 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 645.35421 nm | 2500 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6s 2S → 5s2.6p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 452.47334 nm | 2200 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p2 1S → 5s2.5p.6s 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 533.23391 nm | 1600 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.6d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 607.97742 nm | 1400 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.6g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 684.41863 nm | 1300 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6s 2S → 5s2.6p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 719.07778 nm | 1100 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.7s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 666.11 nm | 1000 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6d 2D → 5s2.6f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 676.08103 nm | 840 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.7s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 656.851 nm | 830 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.9d 2D → 5s.5p.(3P*).5d 4P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 642.908 nm | 760 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.8s 2S → 5s.5p.(3P*).6s 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 723.005 nm | 670 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.8d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 690.47 nm | 538 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6d 3D → 4d10.5s.5f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 731.417 nm | 500 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7d 2D → 5s.5p.(3P*).6s 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 579.69075 nm | 490 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.4f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 707.93 nm | 485 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6d 3D → 4d10.5s.5f 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 738.71637 nm | 480 | Sn II | emission | 5s.5p2 2D → 5s2.6p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 529.083 nm | 448 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 384.13749 nm | 440 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6p 2P* → 5s2.8s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 536.929 nm | 421 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 601.34 nm | 419 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 1S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 624.113 nm | 380 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.6d 2D → 5s2.9p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 740.827 nm | 380 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.8d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 719.9 nm | 373 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.7p 3P* → 4d10.5s.7d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 507.26 nm | 360 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.7g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 429.433 nm | 340 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.9g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 433.013 nm | 309 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 502.038 nm | 302 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 534.881 nm | 271 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 563.16738 nm | 270 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p2 1S → 5s2.5p.6s 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.046 nm | 241 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 396.169 nm | 231 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6p 3P* → 4d10.5s.7s 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 522.464 nm | 225 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 1S → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 411.13 nm | 180 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 390.698 nm | 170 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 1D → 4d10.4f.5s 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 471.558 nm | 164 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 494.42561 nm | 150 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.7p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 510.022 nm | 145 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.5d 3D → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 458.025 nm | 140 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.8g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 614.96038 nm | 140 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p.6s 3P* → 5s2.5p.7p 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 492.435 nm | 131 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 457.432 nm | 120 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 487.7209 nm | 100 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.5d 2D → 5s2.7p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 606.91169 nm | 95 | Sn I | emission | 5s2.5p.6s 3P* → 5s2.5p.7p 3P | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 457.553 nm | 91 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.4f 2F* → 5s2.10d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 461.82363 nm | 90 | Sn II | emission | 5s.5p2 4P → 5s2.6p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 485.827 nm | 89 | Sn III | emission | 4d10.5s.6s 3S → 4d10.5s.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 491.78 nm | 83 | Sn II | emission | 5s2.7p 2P* → 5s2.11d 2D | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 140 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 130 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 132 pm
- 共有結合半径（Bragg）
- 140 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Bondi
- 217 pm
- Batsanov
- 225 pm
- Alvarez
- 242 pm
- UFF
- 439.2 pm
- MM3
- 259 pm
- Dreiding
- 447 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 248 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 163 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 90
- Pettifor
- 83
- Glawe
- 83
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 53 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 6 a.u.
- C₆
- 659 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 715 Ha·Bohr6
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 16.3 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 2
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 46
- 相対供給リスク
- 7
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 31
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 24
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 24
相転移と同素体
| 転移温度 | 286.35 K |
| 沸点 | 2859.15 K |
| 融点 | 505.08 K |
| 沸点 | 2859.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (11)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.008 |
| 2 | p | 4.1146 |
| 2 | s | 13.1406 |
| 3 | d | 14.2583 |
| 3 | p | 17.6468 |
| 3 | s | 17.5802 |
| 4 | d | 32.03 |
| 4 | p | 28.7348 |
| 4 | s | 27.342 |
| 5 | p | 40.898 |
結晶半径の詳細 (5)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | IV | 69 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | V | 76 | calculated, | |
| 4 | VI | 83 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VII | 89 | ||
| 4 | VIII | 95 | calculated, |
同位体の崩壊形式 (54)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 99 | B+ | 100% |
| 99 | B+p | 5% |
| 100 | B+ | 100% |
| 100 | B+p | 17% |
| 101 | B+ | 100% |
| 101 | B+p | 21% |
| 102 | B+ | 100% |
| 103 | B+ | 100% |
| 103 | B+p | 1.2% |
| 104 | B+ | 100% |
X線散乱因子 (510)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 3.97344 |
| 10.1617 | — | 3.94095 |
| 10.3261 | — | 3.90871 |
| 10.4931 | — | 3.87675 |
| 10.6628 | — | 3.84504 |
| 10.8353 | — | 3.81359 |
| 11.0106 | — | 3.7824 |
| 11.1886 | — | 3.75146 |
| 11.3696 | — | 3.72078 |
| 11.5535 | — | 3.64688 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.3 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4×10-6 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world's supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace.
参考文献 (1)
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tin.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.