Antimony (Sb)
metalloidSolid
標準原子量
121.76 u電子配置
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3融点
630.63 °C沸点
1586.85 °C密度
6685 kg/m³酸化数
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5電気陰性度（Pauling）
2.05第1イオン化エネルギー
8.608389 eV発見年
1707原子半径
145 pm詳細
Antimony is a brittle p-block metalloid in group 15. It commonly shows oxidation states +3 and +5, with chemistry that bridges arsenic and bismuth. The element is best known as a hardening additive for lead alloys and as a component of flame-retardant systems through antimony trioxide. Natural antimony is usually encountered in sulfide minerals rather than as native metal.
Antimony is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic.
The name derives from the Greek, anti + monos for "not alone" or "not one" because it was found in many compounds. The symbol Sb comes from stibium, which is derived from the Greek stibi for "mark" because it was used for blackening eyebrows and eyelashes. The minerals stibnite (Sb2S3) and stibine (SbH3) are two of more than one hundred mineral species, which were known in the ancient world.
Antimony has been known since ancient times. It is sometimes found free in nature, but is usually obtained from the ores stibnite (Sb2S3) and valentinite (Sb2O3). Nicolas Lémery, a French chemist, was the first person to scientifically study antimony and its compounds. He published his findings in 1707. Antimony makes up about 0.00002% of the earth's crust.
From the Greek word anti plus monos - "a metal not found alone". Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier.
Pure antimony is a silvery white, lustrous solid with a crystalline, flaky fracture. It is hard enough to take a polish but is very brittle and can be pulverized. The stable form at ordinary conditions is metallic in appearance, although it has semimetallic electrical behavior.
The largest uses of antimony are tied to compounds rather than the pure element. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, is widely used as a synergist with halogenated flame retardants in plastics, textiles, and coatings. Metallic antimony hardens lead in lead-acid battery grids, ammunition, and some bearing or type-metal alloys. Smaller uses include glass fining, ceramic opacifiers or color modifiers, and antimony-containing semiconductors such as indium antimonide, InSb.
Antimony is a brittle metal and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Very pure antimony is used to make certain types of semiconductor devices, such as diodes and infrared detectors. Antimony is alloyed with lead to increase lead's durability. Antimony alloys are also used in batteries, low friction metals, type metal and cable sheathing, among other products. Antimony compounds are used to make flame-proofing materials, paints, ceramic enamels, glass and pottery. The ancient Egyptians used antimony, in the form of stibnite, for black eye make-up.
Antimony is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes and Hall-effect devices. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. Batteries, antifriction alloys, type metal, small arms and tracer bullets, cable sheathing, and minor products use about half the metal produced. Compounds taking up the other half are oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride. These are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of antimony possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable substantial variations in the isotopic abundances of antimony in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.51.1) [370] O. Rouxel, J. Ludden, Y. Fouquet. Chem. Geol.200, 25 (2003).. The stable isotopes 121Sb and 123Sb have been used to measure movement of sediments and rocks originating from locations high in antimony. 121Sb and 123Sb move with the sediments and have been used as tracers in areas low in antimony to determine the originating location of certain metal/metalloid contaminants in streams [371] B. Chauvenet, M. M. Be, M. N. Amiot, C. Bobin, M. C. Lepy, T. Branger, I. Laniece, A. Luca, M. Sahagia, A. C. Watjen, K. Kossert, O. Ott, O. Nahle, P. Dryak, J. Sochorova, P. Kovar, P. Auerbach, T. Altzitzoglou, S. Pomme, G. Sibbens, R. Van Ammel, J. Paepen, A. Iwahara, J. U. Delgado, R. Poledna, C. J. da Silva, L. Johansson, A. Stroak, C. Bailat, Y. Nedjadi, P. Spring. Appl. Radiat. Isot.68, 1207 (2010)., [372] M. Baeza, J. Ren, S. Krishnamurthy, T. C. Vaughan. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.8, 299 (2010)., [373] L. Wilson. “Determination of trace element provenance in the Rio Loa Basin, Chile”, in 2010 Geological Society of America Presentation..
Isotopes in Industry
In the 1950s, 124Sb and 125Sb (with half-lives of 60 days and about 1000 days, respectively) were used commercially as tracers. They were injected into oil pipelines as a way to detect the residence time and flow rate of the substance through the pipeline. The presence of these isotopes could be detected by means of a Geiger counter held above the pipeline. If the pipeline had a leak, the tracer would escape and its contamination and movement could be detected in the soil. 124Sb and 125Sb are now both treated as environmental contaminants [375] R. Gibbs. Popular Mech.117, 117 (1955)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
123Sb is used to produce 124I (with a half-life of 100 h), which is used in radioimmunotherapy and also in positron emission tomography. It can be produced from the 123Sb (3He, 2n) 124I reaction [376] M. S. Uddin, A. Hermanne, S. Sudár, M. N. Aslam, B. Scholten, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.69, 699 (2010).. 121Sb and 123Sb can both be used for the production of 123I (with a half-life of 13.2 h) via 3He and alpha particle-induced reactions with 121Sb and 123Sb, although the most common production route is via 124Xe or 123Te [377] K. F. Hassan, S. M. Qaim, Z. A. Saleh, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.64, 101 (2006)..
Antimony forms stable trivalent and pentavalent compounds, with Sb(III) generally more common. Stibnite, Sb₂S₃, is the principal ore mineral and a representative sulfide. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, is amphoteric and dissolves in strong acids or bases under suitable conditions. Antimony pentachloride, SbCl₅, is a strong Lewis acid, while antimony trifluoride, SbF₃, is a useful fluorinating reagent. Complex antimonates contain Sb(V) in oxide frameworks.
See more information at the Antimony compound page.
Elemental antimony is less readily absorbed than many soluble compounds, but dust and fumes can irritate the respiratory tract and should be controlled. Soluble antimony(III) compounds are generally more toxic than many antimony(V) compounds. Antimony trioxide, Sb₂O₃, has occupational inhalation concerns and is classified in several jurisdictions as a suspected or possible carcinogenic hazard. Stibine, SbH₃, is a highly toxic gas.
Antimony is a trace element in the crust and is concentrated mainly in sulfide deposits. Weathering of antimony minerals can release antimony species to soils and waters, where mobility depends strongly on pH, redox state, and adsorption to iron and manganese oxides. Mining, smelting, coal combustion, waste incineration, and wear or disposal of antimony-containing products can add local contamination. It has no known essential biological role.
Antimony supply is based mainly on mining and processing stibnite ores, with additional recovery as a by-product from some complex lead, copper, and precious-metal operations. Concentrates are roasted or otherwise converted to oxides and then reduced or refined, depending on the desired product. Demand is dominated by flame-retardant applications and lead-alloy use, especially batteries. Supply is relatively concentrated geographically, so recycling from lead-acid batteries and substitution in flame-retardant systems are important industrial considerations.
Antimony is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found natively, but more frequently it is found as the sulfide stibnite.
Antimony is a relatively uncommon heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are produced chiefly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, including slow neutron capture in evolved stars and rapid neutron capture in explosive events. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile element, tending to associate with sulfur-rich phases rather than silicate minerals.
- The symbol Sb comes from stibium, a Latin name associated with antimony sulfide.
- Antimony expands slightly on solidifying, a property useful in sharp-casting alloys.
- Stibnite crystals can form long metallic-gray blades with a very low hardness.
- Indium antimonide, InSb, has a very narrow band gap and is used in infrared detectors.
- Antimony has two stable natural isotopes, ¹²¹Sb and ¹²³Sb.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 145 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 139 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 206 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 139 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 6685 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0184 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 630.63 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 1586.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 24.43 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.207 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 25.23 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 菱面体構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 2.05 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.984
- 電子親和力
- 1.07 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 8.608389 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 16.626057 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 25.323587 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 43.804151 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 55.000189 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 5 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 同素体
- ["gray"]
- 電子配置
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.20417682 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 0.70477276 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 2.02104 eV
- 原子化熱
- 2.715448 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 2.740322 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 51 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 70 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 41 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 2 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Sb-121
- 発見年
- 1707
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 0.2 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 2.4 × 10−4 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 451 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-36-0 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sb
- InChI Key
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Sb: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 安定 | 120.903812 ± 0.000003 | 57.2100% | 安定 |
| 123 安定 | 122.9042132 ± 0.0000023 | 42.7900% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（630.63 °C）より605.6 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全51件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sb I | 0 | 135 | 10 | 128 |
| Sb II | +1 | 90 | 2 | 61 |
| Sb III | +2 | 61 | 0 | 0 |
| Sb IV | +3 | 14 | 0 | 0 |
| Sb V | +4 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Sb I | 0 | 153 |
| Sb II | +1 | 110 |
| Sb III | +2 | 24 |
| Sb IV | +3 | 29 |
| Sb V | +4 | 9 |
| Sb VI | +5 | 60 |
| Sb VII | +6 | 2 |
| Sb VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Sb IX | +8 | 2 |
| Sb X | +9 | 2 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 4 | データなし | 76 pm |
| +3 | 5 | データなし | 80 pm |
| +3 | 6 | データなし | 76 pm |
| +5 | 6 | データなし | 60 pm |
化合物
同位体 (2)
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 121 安定 | 120.903812 ± 0.000003 | 57.2100% ± 0.0500% | 安定 | stable | |
| 123 安定 | 122.9042132 ± 0.0000023 | 42.7900% ± 0.0500% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 403.35367 nm | 200 | Sb I | emission | 5p3 2P* → 5p2.(3P).6s 4P | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 475.77494 nm | 20 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,3/2)* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 549.02252 nm | データなし | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,1/2)* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 555.60108 nm | データなし | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(1D<2>).6p (2,1/2)* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 560.20647 nm | データなし | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<1>).7p (1,3/2)* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 563.19352 nm | データなし | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5p2.(3P<0>).7p (0,3/2)* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 573.02392 nm | データなし | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(3P<2>).7p (2,3/2)* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 661.1381 nm | 20 | Sb I | emission | 5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5p2.(1D<2>).6p (2,1/2)* | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 140 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 133 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 127 pm
- 共有結合半径（Bragg）
- 140 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Truhlar
- 206 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 247 pm
- UFF
- 442 pm
- MM3
- 252 pm
- Dreiding
- 435 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 246 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 166 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 96
- Pettifor
- 88
- Glawe
- 91
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 43 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 2 a.u.
- C₆
- 492 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 504 Ha·Bohr6
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 16.95 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 2
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 88
- 相対供給リスク
- 9
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 53
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 24
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 24
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 903.78 K |
| 沸点 | 1860.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (11)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.0256 |
| 2 | p | 4.1274 |
| 2 | s | 13.4046 |
| 3 | d | 14.2002 |
| 3 | p | 17.8161 |
| 3 | s | 17.7909 |
| 4 | d | 32.0256 |
| 4 | p | 28.8188 |
| 4 | s | 27.4564 |
| 5 | p | 41.0055 |
結晶半径の詳細 (4)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | IVPY | 90 | ||
| 3 | V | 94 | ||
| 3 | VI | 90 | Ahrens (1952) ionic radius, | |
| 5 | VI | 74 |
同位体の崩壊形式 (61)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 102 | p | — |
| 103 | p | — |
| 104 | B+ | — |
| 104 | B+p | 7% |
| 104 | p | 7% |
| 104 | A | — |
| 105 | B+ | 100% |
| 105 | p | 0.1% |
| 105 | B+p | — |
| 106 | B+ | 100% |
X線散乱因子 (508)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 9.95091 |
| 10.1617 | — | 10.0681 |
| 10.3261 | — | 9.92927 |
| 10.4931 | — | 9.42377 |
| 10.6628 | — | 8.92685 |
| 10.8353 | — | 8.35287 |
| 11.0106 | — | 7.84004 |
| 11.1886 | — | 7.4678 |
| 11.3696 | — | 7.10503 |
| 11.5535 | — | 6.73907 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2×10-1 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Antimony https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele051.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2.4×10-4 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Antimony https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele051.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Antimony is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found natively, but more frequently it is found as the sulfide stibnite.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Antimony https://periodic.lanl.gov/51.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Antimony.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.