Rhodium (Rh)
transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
102.9055 u電子配置
[Kr] 5s1 4d8融点
1963.85 °C沸点
3694.85 °C密度
1.24e+4 kg/m³酸化数
−3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7電気陰性度（Pauling）
2.28第1イオン化エネルギー
7.4589 eV発見年
1803原子半径
135 pm詳細
Rhodium is a very rare platinum-group transition metal. It is chemically noble, hard, highly reflective, and most often encountered in nature alloyed with platinum, palladium, and other platinum-group elements. Its industrial importance is dominated by catalysis, especially control of nitrogen oxides in automotive exhaust. Rhodium also forms stable coordination compounds, commonly with Rh(I) and Rh(III), that are important in homogeneous catalysis and organometallic chemistry.
The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the resquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. It is highly reflective, hard, and durable.
The name derives from the Greek rhodon for rose because of the rose color of dilute solutions of its salts. It was discovered by the English chemist and physicist William Hyde Wollaston in 1803 in a crude platinum ore.
Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 shortly after his discovery of the element palladium. He obtained rhodium from a sample of platinum ore that was obtained from South America. After removing the platinum and palladium from the sample, he was left with a dark red powder. The powder turned out to be sodium rhodium chloride (Na3RhCl6·12H2O). Wollaston obtained rhodium from the powder by treating it with hydrogen gas (H2). Rhodium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining platinum. Rhodium is also obtained as a byproduct of the nickel mining operation in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada.
From the Greek word rhodon, rose. Wollaston discovered rhodium between 1803 and 1804 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America.
Pure rhodium is a silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster. It is solid, hard, and corrosion-resistant under ordinary conditions, and it retains a high reflectance. Massive metal and electroplated coatings have a similar white appearance, although thin deposits depend on surface preparation.
The largest use of rhodium is in three-way catalytic converters, where it promotes reduction of nitrogen oxides in gasoline-engine exhaust. It is also used as a durable, bright electroplated coating on jewelry, optical parts, and electrical contacts. Rhodium-platinum alloys are used in high-temperature equipment such as thermocouple wires and some glass-fiber production components. Soluble rhodium complexes are valuable catalysts in selected industrial and laboratory reactions, including hydroformylation and hydrogenation.
Rhodium is used to make electrical contacts, as jewelry and in catalytic converters, but is most frequently used as an alloying agent in other materials, such as platinum and palladium. These alloys are used to make such things as furnace coils, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs and laboratory crucibles.
Rhodium's primary use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocoupling elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst.
Isotopes in Medicine
The beta particles of 105Rh (with a half-life of about 35 h) are used in target radiotherapy to kill cancer cells or cause cancer cell sterilization [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003).. The gamma rays from 105Rh enable in vivo tracking during radiotherapy [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003).. 105Rh has been used in the treatment of bone pain (Fig. IUPAC.45.1) [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003)., [337] Trace Sciences International Inc. Ruthenium Isotopes, Trace Sciences International Inc (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.tracesciences.com/ru.htm..
Ocular brachytherapy currently is performed using 125I (with a half-life of about 59 days) or 106Rh (with a half-life of about 30 s) seeds [338] A. P. Mourão, T. P. R. D. Campos. Radiol. Bras.42, 43 (2009).. Brachytherapy can allow a good spatial dose distribution over the ocular tumor with lower radiation on adjacent tissues. In the case of irradiation of the eyeball with 106Rh, 80 percent of the dose has been absorbed within a depth of 5.2 mm and 90 percent has been absorbed within 7.2 mm (Fig. IUPAC.45.2). This limits the application of 106Rh; however, when 106Rh can be used, the radiation dose can be lower, which is preferred.
Rhodium chemistry is strongly influenced by its noble-metal character and by coordination bonding. The most common oxidation states are +1 and +3, although other states occur in specialized compounds. Rhodium(III) chloride, RhCl₃, is a widely used precursor to coordination complexes and catalysts. Rhodium(III) oxide, Rh₂O₃, is a stable oxide under suitable conditions. Rh(I) complexes such as chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I), RhCl(PPh₃)₃, illustrate the element’s importance in homogeneous catalysis. Carbonyl and organometallic complexes are central to many of its reactions.
See more information at the Rhodium compound page.
Bulk rhodium metal is generally resistant to corrosion and is not highly reactive, but dusts and finely divided powders can present inhalation and fire hazards typical of metal particulates. Soluble rhodium salts and organometallic compounds should be treated as toxic or potentially sensitizing unless specifically characterized. Rhodium compounds used as catalysts may be hazardous because of their ligands, solvents, or decomposition products. Natural rhodium has one stable isotope, so radioactivity is not an intrinsic hazard of the element.
Exposure to rhodium (metal fume and dust, as Rh) should not exceed 1 mg/m^3 (8-hour time-weighted average, 40-hour week).
Rhodium occurs naturally at very low concentrations, mainly in ultramafic and mafic ore systems associated with other platinum-group elements and nickel-copper sulfides. In surface environments it is relatively immobile because the metal is noble and many compounds are sparingly soluble. Human releases come chiefly from mining, refining, catalyst manufacture, and abrasion or loss from catalytic converters. Its biological role is not known, and environmental concentrations are usually very low.
Rhodium is produced almost entirely as a by-product of platinum, palladium, nickel, and copper mining. It is not mined as a primary metal in ordinary commercial practice, so supply responds slowly to price signals and depends on ore grade, refining capacity, and platinum-group-metal operations. Demand is concentrated in emission-control catalysts, making substitution difficult where rhodium’s nitrogen oxide reduction performance is required. Recycling from spent automotive catalysts is a major secondary source and helps moderate the scarcity of primary supply.
Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons.
Rhodium is a heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from supernovae and neutron-rich stellar events. It is cosmically rare compared with iron and the lighter rock-forming elements. In planetary materials it is siderophile and chalcophile, so it tends to partition into metal or sulfide phases rather than common silicate minerals.
- Natural rhodium consists essentially of the single stable isotope ¹⁰³Rh.
- Rhodium is usually recovered only after complex separation of several similar platinum-group metals.
- A thin rhodium plate can make silver-colored jewelry more reflective and more resistant to tarnish.
- Rhodium catalysts are valued because small chemical changes around the metal can strongly alter selectivity.
- Its name comes from the rose-colored salts observed during its discovery.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 135 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 142 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 195 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 125 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 1.24 × 104 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0083 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 1963.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 3694.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 150 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.243 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 24.98 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 面心立方構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 2.28 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.56
- 電子親和力
- 1.137 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 7.4589 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 18.080062 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 31.060107 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 42.000145 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 63.000217 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 9 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Kr] 5s1 4d8
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.22490543 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 5.119967 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 5.762554 eV
- 原子化熱
- 5.762554 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 5.762554 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 45 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 58 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 41 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 1 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Rh-103
- 発見年
- 1803
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 0.001 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 380 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 16, 1 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-16-6 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 4F9/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Rh
- InChI Key
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Rh: 4d⁸ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁸ 5s¹原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 103 安定 | 102.905498 ± 0.0000026 | 100.0000% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（1963.85 °C）より1938.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全45件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rh I | 0 | 468 | 111 | 443 |
| Rh II | +1 | 34 | 0 | 31 |
| Rh III | +2 | 73 | 0 | 0 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Rh I | 0 | 138 |
| Rh II | +1 | 126 |
| Rh III | +2 | 196 |
| Rh IV | +3 | 2 |
| Rh V | +4 | 2 |
| Rh VI | +5 | 2 |
| Rh VII | +6 | 2 |
| Rh VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Rh IX | +8 | 2 |
| Rh X | +9 | 2 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | データなし | 66.5 pm |
| +4 | 6 | データなし | 60 pm |
| +5 | 6 | データなし | 55.00000000000001 pm |
化合物
同位体 (1)
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 103 安定 | 102.905498 ± 0.0000026 | 100.0000% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
全186件中50件を表示しています。 初期設定では、強度の測定値があるスペクトル線のみを表示します。
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 385.6513 nm | 5900 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 437.4809 nm | 4200 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 382.226 nm | 3800 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 395.8856 nm | 3800 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 421.1133 nm | 3300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 382.8478 nm | 2300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 413.5275 nm | 2100 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 383.3884 nm | 2000 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 393.4224 nm | 2000 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 412.8886 nm | 1500 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 380.6759 nm | 1300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 381.8186 nm | 1300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 412.1683 nm | 1100 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 428.8702 nm | 820 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 380.592 nm | 760 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 8* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 381.6474 nm | 760 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 394.271 nm | 590 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 408.278 nm | 560 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 387.0018 nm | 490 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 12* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 381.5021 nm | 470 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 13* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 387.7346 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 397.5313 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 399.6149 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 2P → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 419.6496 nm | 330 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 392.2195 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 398.4393 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 399.5602 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 415.4343 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d7.5s2 b 4F → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 559.9419 nm | 160 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 467.5022 nm | 150 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 409.7508 nm | 140 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 456.8993 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 535.4428 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* → 16 | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 598.3575 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d7.5s2 b 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 391.3508 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 402.3139 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 411.9679 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 381.2462 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p z 2S* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 395.8233 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 2P → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 437.9911 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 519.313 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* → 2 | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 539.0433 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 387.239 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 388.8331 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 407.758 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 411.6329 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 420.6613 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 429.6763 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 474.5116 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 509.064 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 125 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 110 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 106 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 244 pm
- UFF
- 292.9 pm
- MM3
- 234 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 233 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 134 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 64
- Pettifor
- 66
- Glawe
- 63
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 66 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 10 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 708 Ha·Bohr6
化学親和力
- プロトン親和力
- 768 kJ/mol
- 気相塩基性
- 745.4 kJ/mol
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 8.3 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 5
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 60
- 相対供給リスク
- 8
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 95
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 44
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 44
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 2236.15 K |
| 沸点 | 3968.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (10)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.9244 |
| 2 | p | 4.0596 |
| 2 | s | 11.8454 |
| 3 | d | 14.595 |
| 3 | p | 16.8456 |
| 3 | s | 16.5615 |
| 4 | d | 31.5576 |
| 4 | p | 27.8604 |
| 4 | s | 26.4184 |
| 5 | s | 38.3605 |
結晶半径の詳細 (3)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 80.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VI | 74 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 69 |
同位体の崩壊形式 (72)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 88 | B+ | — |
| 89 | B+ | — |
| 89 | B+p | — |
| 89 | p | — |
| 90 | B+ | 100% |
| 90 | B+p | 0.7% |
| 91 | B+ | 100% |
| 91 | B+p | 1.3% |
| 92 | B+ | 100% |
| 92 | B+p | 2% |
X線散乱因子 (508)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.17537 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.24044 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.30912 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.3816 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.4581 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.53883 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.62403 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.71394 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.80884 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.90899 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Rhodium https://periodic.lanl.gov/45.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Rhodium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.