Palladium (Pd)
transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
106.42 u電子配置
[Kr] 4d10融点
1554.9 °C沸点
2962.85 °C密度
1.2e+4 kg/m³酸化数
+1, +2, +3, +4, +5電気陰性度（Pauling）
2.2第1イオン化エネルギー
8.336839 eV発見年
1803原子半径
140 pm詳細
Palladium is a silvery platinum-group metal with high catalytic activity and an unusual ability to absorb large amounts of hydrogen into its lattice. It is chemically noble in air at ordinary temperatures, but it forms many complexes and is readily used in surface chemistry. Its technological importance is dominated by vehicle emission control, fine-chemical catalysis, electronics, and hydrogen-related applications.
The element is a silvery-white metal, it does not tarnish in air, and it is the least dense and lowest melting of the platinum group of metals. When annealed, it is soft and ductile; cold-working greatly increases its strength and hardness. Palladium is attacked by nitric and sulfuric acid.
At room temperatures, the metal has the unusual property of absorbing up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen, possibly forming Pd2H. It is not yet clear if this is a true compound. Hydrogen readily diffuses through heated palladium, providing a means of purifying the gas.
The name derives from the second largest asteroid of the solar system Pallas (named after the goddess of wisdom and arts—Pallas Athene). The element was discovered by the English chemist and physicist William Hyde Wollaston in 1803, one year after the discovery of Pallas by the German astronomer Wilhelm Olbers in 1802. The discovery was originally published anonymously by Wollaston to obtain priority, while not disclosing any details about his preparation.
Palladium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 while analyzing samples of platinum ore that were obtained from South America. Although it is a rare element, palladium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum, nickel, copper, silver and gold and is recovered as a byproduct of mining these other metals.
Palladium was named after the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered at about the same time. Pallas was the Greek goddess of wisdom.
Pure palladium is a lustrous, silver-white metal. It is soft and ductile when annealed, can be rolled into thin foil, and does not tarnish rapidly in clean air. Finely divided palladium is gray to black and has much higher surface reactivity than the compact metal.
The largest use of palladium is in catalytic converters, especially for oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons and reduction reactions in exhaust systems. Palladium catalysts are also central to hydrogenation and carbon–carbon coupling reactions in chemical manufacture. The metal is used in multilayer ceramic capacitors, electrical contacts, dental alloys, some jewelry alloys, hydrogen purification membranes, and laboratory catalysts such as palladium on carbon.
Palladium is used to make springs for watches, surgical instruments, electrical contacts and dental fillings and crowns. Finely divided palladium acts as a catalyst and is used in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes. Palladium at room temperature can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen. Hydrogen will easily pass through heated palladium, a property that allows for the easy purification of hydrogen. Palladium alloys are used to make jewelry and, when alloyed with gold, forms a material known as white gold.
Palladium dichloride (PdCl2), a palladium compound, can absorb large amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) gas and is used in carbon monoxide detectors.
Finely divided palladium is a good catalyst and is used for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. It is alloyed and used in jewelry trades.
White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized by the addition of palladium. Like gold, palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250,000 in. The metal is used in dentistry, watch making, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Small palladium nucleosynthetic anomalies in isotopic composition (related to s-process variability) were identified in type IVB iron meteorites [340] B. Mayer, N. Wittig, M. Humayun, I. Leya. Astrophys. J.809, 180 (2015).. These nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies may represent spatial and/or temporal heterogeneity in the early solar nebula or may be due to chemical processing within the solar nebula [327] N. Dauphas, A. M. Davis, B. Marty, L. Reisberg. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.226, 465 (2004)., [341] A. Trinquier, T. Elliott, D. Ulfbeck, C. Coath, A. N. Krot, M. Bizzarro. Science324, 374 (2009).. Palladium and molybdenum isotopic compositions on selected iron meteorites are correlated (Fig. IUPAC.46.1). One possible conclusion is that “a common presolar carrier must have been thermally processed on which the more volatile (a measure of the tendency of a substance to vaporize) Pd was lost and homogenized in the solar nebula, resulting in the deviation from the s-process” variability [342] B. Mayer, K. R. Bermingham, E. A. Worsham, M. Humayun, R. J. Walker. “Correlated nucleosynthetic anomalies in Mo, Ru, and Pd from iron meteorites”, in 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.. Because these palladium (and other element) anomalies are persistent throughout the measured iron meteorites, the thermal processing must have occurred prior to the formation of the parent body that produced iron meteorites [342] B. Mayer, K. R. Bermingham, E. A. Worsham, M. Humayun, R. J. Walker. “Correlated nucleosynthetic anomalies in Mo, Ru, and Pd from iron meteorites”, in 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The isotope-amount ratio n(107Pd)/n(107Ag) is used in geochronology to help date major thermal events in the Solar System. Although 107Ag is naturally occurring, 107Ag is also the daughter product of the beta decay of 107Pd. If both excess 107Ag and 107Pd (with a half-life of 6.5×106 years) are present in a sample of extraterrestrial origin, then the material would have formed sometime after 107Pd decayed. The n(107Pd)/n(107Ag) amount ratio can be measured to help determine when the 107Pd decay process began and how much time has elapsed since the material was formed [344] W. R. Kelly, G. J. Wasserburg. Geophys. Res. Lett.5 1079 (1978)., [345] G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou. Some Short-Lived Nuclides in the Early Solar-System – A Connection with the Placental ISM, in Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics, C. A. Barnes, D. D. Clayton, and D. N. Schramm. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1982)., [346] J. H. Chen, G. J. Wasserburg. Live 107Pd in the Early Solar System and Implications on Planetary Evolution, in Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code, Geophysical Monograph 95, A. Basu and S. Hart. Amer. Geophys. U., Washington (1996)., [347] J. H. Chen, G. J. Wasserburg. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta54, 1729 (1990)., [348] A. P. Dicken. Radiogenic Isotope Geology, Cambridge University Press, New York (1995)..
Isotopes in Medicine
Seeds of the radioactive isotope 103Pd are internally placed in the body to fight prostate and other cancers locally. 103Pd has a half-life of 16.99 days and releases energy at about 80 X-rays and 186 Auger electrons per 100 decays of 103Pd. Therefore, this makes this isotope an ideal candidate for internal radiotherapy for the treatment of cancers [349] M. Hussain, S. Sudar, M. N. Aslam, H. A. Shah, R. Ahmad, A. A. Malik, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67, 1842 (2009)..
The radioisotope 109Pd (with a half-life of 13.5 h) can be used as a form of cancer therapy. For example, 109Pd-labeled porphyrins or porphyrin-like substances are used as diagnostic and therapeutic techniques to help locate and address areas of tumorous growth. Porphyrins accumulate in tumors of the body and when radiolabeled porphyrins are introduced to the body, the X-rays and energy released can help determine the location and even treat the cancerous tumors [350] T. Das, S. Chakraborty, H. D. Sarma, S. Banerjee. Radiochim. Acta96, 427 (2008)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
104Pd is the major target used for cyclotron production of the medically important radioactive isotope 103Pd via the reaction 104Pd (p, p n) 103Pd [349] M. Hussain, S. Sudar, M. N. Aslam, H. A. Shah, R. Ahmad, A. A. Malik, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67, 1842 (2009)..
Palladium most often shows oxidation states +2 and 0, with +4 important in some fluorides and complex salts. Palladium(II) chloride, PdCl₂, is a common starting material for coordination compounds and catalysts. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), Pd[P(C₆H₅)₃]₄, is a widely used homogeneous catalyst precursor. Palladium(II) acetate, Pd(CH₃COO)₂, and palladium on carbon are frequent sources of active palladium species in organic synthesis.
See more information at the Palladium compound page.
Compact palladium metal is not highly reactive and presents low acute toxicity, but dusts and finely divided catalysts can be irritating and may ignite adsorbed hydrogen or organic material under unfavorable conditions. Soluble palladium salts and organopalladium compounds can cause skin sensitization and other toxic effects. Spent catalysts may contain hazardous residues from the processes in which they were used.
Palladium occurs naturally at low concentrations, mainly with other platinum-group elements in sulfide and chromite-associated ores. Environmental releases are increased by abrasion and loss from automotive catalysts, creating fine particles in road dust and nearby soils. Palladium is generally sparingly soluble in many natural waters, but complexing ligands such as chloride and organic matter can increase mobility.
Palladium is obtained chiefly as a by-product of nickel, copper, and platinum-group metal mining and refining, so supply cannot respond as independently as demand for a primary metal. Major demand comes from emission-control catalysts, with electronics, chemical catalysts, dentistry, and jewelry making smaller contributions. Recycling from spent automotive catalysts is an important secondary source. Substitution with platinum or rhodium is possible in some catalyst systems but depends on performance, regulation, and relative availability.
Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, Palladium is found with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in placer deposits of Russia, South America, North America, Ethiopia, and Australia. It is also found associated with the nickel-copper deposits of South Africa and Ontario. Palladium's separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found.
Palladium is a heavy element produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars. It is much less abundant cosmically than iron or nickel but is present in meteorites and planetary materials with other siderophile and chalcophile elements. On Earth it was partly concentrated into the core during differentiation, leaving crustal concentrations low.
- Palladium can absorb hydrogen to form non-stoichiometric palladium hydride without becoming a simple fixed-ratio salt.
- The element was named after the asteroid Pallas, which had been discovered shortly before palladium.
- Palladium-gold alloys are used to make white gold in some jewelry.
- Carbon monoxide binds strongly to palladium surfaces, a key feature of exhaust catalysis.
- Palladium leaf can be made, but it is less familiar than gold leaf because the metal is far rarer and costlier.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 140 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 139 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 202 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 128 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 1.2 × 104 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0089 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 1554.9 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 2962.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 71.8 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.246 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 25.98 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 面心立方構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 2.2 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.58
- 電子親和力
- 0.557 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 8.336839 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 19.430067 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 32.930113 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 46.000158 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 61.00021 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 10 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Kr] 4d10
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.17349847 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 3.700057 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 3.907343 eV
- 原子化熱
- 3.907343 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 3.903197 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 46 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 60 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 42 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 4 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Pd-106
- 発見年
- 1803
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 0.015 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 389 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 18 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-05-3 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Pd
- InChI Key
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Pd: 4d¹⁰[Kr] 4d¹⁰1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 104 安定 | 103.9040305 ± 0.0000014 | 11.1400% | 安定 |
| 105 安定 | 104.9050796 ± 0.0000012 | 22.3300% | 安定 |
| 106 安定 | 105.9034804 ± 0.0000012 | 27.3300% | 安定 |
| 108 安定 | 107.9038916 ± 0.0000012 | 26.4600% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（1554.9 °C）より1529.9 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全46件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Pd I | 0 | 145 |
| Pd II | +1 | 186 |
| Pd III | +2 | 177 |
| Pd IV | +3 | 2 |
| Pd V | +4 | 2 |
| Pd VI | +5 | 2 |
| Pd VII | +6 | 2 |
| Pd VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Pd IX | +8 | 2 |
| Pd X | +9 | 2 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 2 | データなし | 59 pm |
| +2 | 4 | データなし | 64 pm |
| +2 | 6 | データなし | 86 pm |
| +3 | 6 | データなし | 76 pm |
| +4 | 6 | データなし | 61.5 pm |
化合物
同位体 (4)
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 104 安定 | 103.9040305 ± 0.0000014 | 11.1400% ± 0.0800% | 安定 | stable | |
| 105 安定 | 104.9050796 ± 0.0000012 | 22.3300% ± 0.0800% | 安定 | stable | |
| 106 安定 | 105.9034804 ± 0.0000012 | 27.3300% ± 0.0300% | 安定 | stable | |
| 108 安定 | 107.9038916 ± 0.0000012 | 26.4600% ± 0.0900% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 383.2286 nm | 1500 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 389.41982 nm | 2200 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 395.86229 nm | 1500 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 408.73428 nm | 290 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 416.98387 nm | 90 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 421.29533 nm | 2500 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 447.35846 nm | 180 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 478.81874 nm | データなし | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 481.75067 nm | データなし | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 487.54251 nm | 35 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[1/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 511.08092 nm | 55 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 511.70072 nm | 75 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 516.38405 nm | 160 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 523.48612 nm | 55 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 529.56266 nm | 120 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 531.25867 nm | 18 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 534.51048 nm | 15 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 539.52204 nm | 35 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 554.28067 nm | 55 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 554.70204 nm | 35 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 561.94631 nm | 27 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 564.27039 nm | 15 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[1/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 565.54366 nm | 14 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 567.00702 nm | 75 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 569.0128 nm | 11 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[1/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 569.50921 nm | データなし | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 573.66175 nm | 18 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 677.45174 nm | 23 | Pd I | emission | 4d8.5s2 3F → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 678.44893 nm | 65 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 683.3446 nm | データなし | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 701.6446 nm | 11 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[1/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 731.0053 nm | データなし | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 736.8096 nm | 75 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 739.19 nm | 27 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 748.6909 nm | 16 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 120 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 117 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 112 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 215 pm
- UFF
- 289.9 pm
- MM3
- 237 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 215 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 137 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 68
- Pettifor
- 69
- Glawe
- 65
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 26.14 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 0.1 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 628 Ha·Bohr6
化学親和力
- プロトン親和力
- 696 kJ/mol
- 気相塩基性
- 673.4 kJ/mol
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 8.9 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 5
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 60
- 相対供給リスク
- 8
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 95
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 44
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 44
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 1827.95 K |
| 沸点 | 3236.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (9)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.9411 |
| 2 | p | 4.07 |
| 2 | s | 12.1172 |
| 3 | d | 14.5489 |
| 3 | p | 16.9804 |
| 3 | s | 16.7788 |
| 4 | d | 32.3824 |
| 4 | p | 28.2768 |
| 4 | s | 27.014 |
結晶半径の詳細 (5)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II | 73 | ||
| 2 | IVSQ | 78 | ||
| 2 | VI | 100 | ||
| 3 | VI | 90 | ||
| 4 | VI | 75.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
同位体の崩壊形式 (62)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 90 | B+ | — |
| 90 | B+p | — |
| 90 | 2p | — |
| 91 | B+ | 100% |
| 91 | B+p | 3.1% |
| 92 | B+ | 100% |
| 92 | B+p | 1.6% |
| 93 | B+ | 100% |
| 93 | B+p | 7.4% |
| 94 | B+ | 100% |
X線散乱因子 (507)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.15058 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.2095 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.27144 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.33655 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.40499 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.47694 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.54695 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.61473 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.68548 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.75934 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Palladium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele046.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Palladium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele046.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, Palladium is found with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in placer deposits of Russia, South America, North America, Ethiopia, and Australia. It is also found associated with the nickel-copper deposits of South Africa and Ontario. Palladium's separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Palladium https://periodic.lanl.gov/46.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Palladium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.