Molybdenum (Mo)
transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
95.95 u電子配置
[Kr] 5s1 4d5融点
2622.85 °C沸点
4638.85 °C密度
1.02e+4 kg/m³酸化数
−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6電気陰性度（Pauling）
2.16第1イオン化エネルギー
7.09243 eV発見年
1778原子半径
145 pm詳細
Molybdenum is a hard refractory transition metal of group 6. It is notable for its high melting point, useful alloying behavior, and rich redox chemistry. In nature it occurs mainly as molybdenite, and industrially it is important in steels, superalloys, catalysts, and lubricating sulfide materials. In biology, molybdenum is an essential trace element because several enzymes use molybdenum cofactors for oxygen-atom transfer and related redox reactions.
The metal is silvery white, very hard, but is softer and more ductile than tungsten. It has a high elastic modulus, and only tungsten and tantalum, of the more readily available metals, have higher melting points. It is a valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardenability and toughness of quenched and tempered steels. It also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures.
The name derives from the Greek molybdos for "lead". The ancients used the term "lead" for any black mineral that leaves a mark on paper. Molybdenum was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1778. It was first isolated by the Swedish chemist Peter-Jacob Hjelm in 1781.
Molybdenum was discovered by Carl Welhelm Scheele, a Swedish chemist, in 1778 in a mineral known as molybdenite (MoS2) which had been confused as a lead compound. Molybdenum was isolated by Peter Jacob Hjelm in 1781. Today, most molybdenum is obtained from molybdenite, wulfenite (PbMoO4) and powellite (CaMoO4). These ores typically occur in conjunction with ores of tin and tungsten. Molybdenum is also obtained as a byproduct of mining and processing tungsten and copper.
From the Greek word molybdo, lead. Before Scheele recognized molybdenite as a distinct ore of a new element in 1778, it was confused with graphite and lead ore. The metal was prepared in impure form in 1782 by Hjelm. Molybdenum does not occur natively, but is obtained principally from molybdenite. Wulfenite, and Powellite are also minor commercial ores.
Pure molybdenum is a silvery gray metal with a bright metallic luster when freshly prepared. It is solid under ordinary conditions, dense, and mechanically strong at elevated temperature. Massive metal is much less reactive than fine powder, which has a larger surface area and oxidizes more readily.
Molybdenum is used chiefly as an alloying element in steels and cast irons, where it improves hardenability, high-temperature strength, creep resistance, and resistance to some forms of corrosion. Molybdenum metal and alloys are used in high-temperature furnace parts, electrical contacts, glass-melting electrodes, and sputtering targets. Molybdenum disulfide, MoS₂, is a solid lubricant. Molybdenum compounds are also used in petroleum refining catalysts, pigments, corrosion inhibitors, and as sources for producing the medical isotope technetium-99m from molybdenum-99.
Molybdenum has a high melting point and is used to make the electrodes of electrically heated glass furnaces. Some electrical filaments are also made from molybdenum. The metal is used to make some missile and aircraft parts and is used in the nuclear power industry. Molybdenum is also used as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum.
Molybdenum is primarily used as an alloying agent in steel. When added to steel in concentrations between 0.25% and 8%, molybdenum forms ultra-high strength steels that can withstand pressures up to 300,000 pounds per square inch. Molybdenum also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures. When alloyed with nickel, molybdenum forms heat and corrosion resistant materials used in the chemical industry.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), one of molybdenum's compounds, is used as a high temperature lubricant. Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), another molybdenum compound, is used to adhere enamels to metals. Other molybdenum compounds include: molybdic acid (H2MoO4), molybdenum hexafluoride (MoF6) and molybdenum phosphide (MoP2).
It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the "Hastelloys(R)" which are heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions. Molybdenum oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces and forehearths. The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts. Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum. It has found applications as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications. Molybdenum is an essential trace element in plant nutrition; some lands are barren for lack of this element in the soil. Molybdenum sulfide is useful as a lubricant, especially at high temperatures where oils would decompose. Almost all ultra-high strength steels with minimum yield points up to 300,000 psi (lb/in.2) contain molybdenum in amounts from 0.25 to 8%. Biologically, molybdenum as a trace element is necessary for nitrogen fixation and other metabolic processes.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molybdenites display a variation in isotopic composition (Fig. IUPAC.42.1) [316] A. J. Pietruszka, R. J. Walker, P. A. Candela. Chem. Geol.225, 121 (2006).. The isotopic composition of molybdenum in ocean sediments depends on oxygen levels in the ocean. When oxygen levels are high, the lighter isotopes of molybdenum are scavenged by iron and manganese oxides into sediments. However, when oxygen levels are low, the mechanism for molybdenum removal becomes more efficient and more of the heavier isotopes of molybdenum are found in iron and manganese oxides. Thus, the molybdenum isotopic composition of these sediments can be used as a proxy for oxygen levels in the paleo oceans (history of the oceans in the geological past) to gain insights into mechanisms that may have been responsible for mass-extinction events in the Earth’s history [317] B. C. Proemse, S. E. Grasby, M. E. Wieser, B. Mayer, B. Beauchamp. Geology41, 967 (2013)..
Isotopes in Industry
Depleted 95Mo has been used in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Tennessee, USA). The use of U-10Mo fuel elements (90 percent uranium, 10 percent molybdenum) would allow the conversion from high-enrichment uranium (HEU) fuel, 92 percent, to low-enrichment uranium (LEU) fuel, below 20 percent, for nuclear non-proliferation purposes [319] S. Mirzadeh, F. F. Knapp Jr., E. D. Collins. 5774782, Filed..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
95Mo is used to produce medical radioisotope 97Ru via the 95Mo (4He, 2n) 97Ru reaction. The isotope 99Mo is commercially produced by the fission of 235U and is the parent radionuclide of 99mTc, which is the most widely used radiopharmaceutical in the world. The much longer half-life of 99Mo (about 66 h) enables the radionuclide to be transported more easily than the short-lived (6 h half-life) 99mTc. The n(99Mo)/n(99mTc) amount-ratio generator was originally developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (Fig. IUPAC.42.2) in the early 1960s and is now a patented system [320] U. Abram, R. Alberto. J. Braz. Chem. Soc.17, 1486 (2006)..
Molybdenum chemistry is dominated by oxidation states from 0 to +6, with +4, +5, and +6 especially common. Molybdenum trioxide, MoO₃, and molybdates such as sodium molybdate, Na₂MoO₄, contain Mo(VI) and are important industrial and laboratory materials. Molybdenum disulfide, MoS₂, has a layered structure and is both a mineral and a useful solid lubricant. The element also forms halides such as molybdenum pentachloride, MoCl₅, organometallic carbonyls such as molybdenum hexacarbonyl, Mo(CO)₆, and many cluster compounds with metal-metal bonding.
See more information at the Molybdenum compound page.
Massive molybdenum metal is not highly hazardous in normal handling, but dusts and fumes can irritate the respiratory tract and may present combustible-dust risks under some conditions. Soluble molybdates can be toxic at elevated exposure, and excessive intake interferes with copper metabolism in animals. Molybdenum-99 is radioactive and must be handled with isotope-specific controls. Strong oxidizing or volatile molybdenum compounds require compound-specific precautions.
Molybdenum is a trace element in rocks, soils, waters, and living organisms. Weathering releases molybdate species, which are relatively mobile under neutral to alkaline oxidizing conditions and less mobile where adsorption or sulfide formation is favored. It is an essential micronutrient for plants and microorganisms, especially in nitrogen metabolism, but high soil molybdenum can contribute to copper deficiency in grazing animals.
Commercial molybdenum is obtained mainly from molybdenite concentrates, either from primary molybdenum mines or as a by-product of copper porphyry operations. Roasting converts molybdenite to molybdenum trioxide, MoO₃, which can be purified, reduced to metal, or converted to ferro-molybdenum for steelmaking. Demand is closely tied to alloy steel, stainless steel, energy, chemical processing, and catalyst markets. Recycling occurs from alloy scrap and spent catalysts, although recovery depends on grade, contamination, and processing economics.
Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate.
Molybdenum is a moderately rare heavy element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes are produced by several nucleosynthetic processes, including slow and rapid neutron capture, with some proton-rich isotopes associated with rarer p-process pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a refractory and siderophile to chalcophile element, so its distribution records metal-silicate separation and sulfide chemistry.
- Molybdenum has seven naturally occurring stable isotopes.
- The name comes from an old term for lead-like minerals, because molybdenite was once confused with graphite and lead ore
- Molybdenum disulfide keeps lubricating in vacuum better than many oils.
- Molybdenum enzymes are essential for nitrate reduction in many plants.
- Ferro-molybdenum is often the practical form added to steel melts.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 145 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 154 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 209 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 130 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 1.02 × 104 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0094 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 2622.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 4638.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.251 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 24.06 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 体心立方構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 2.16 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.47
- 電子親和力
- 0.744 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 7.09243 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 16.160056 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 27.130093 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 40.330139 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 54.417187 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 6 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Kr] 5s1 4d5
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.29020055 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 5.088874 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 6.819713 eV
- 原子化熱
- 6.819713 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 6.82987 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 42 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 54 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 39 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 4 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Mo-96
- 発見年
- 1778
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 1.2 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 0.01 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 315 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7439-98-7 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 7S3
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mo
- InChI Key
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Mo: 4d⁵ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁵ 5s¹原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 94 安定 | 93.9050849 ± 0.00000048 | 9.1500% | 安定 |
| 95 安定 | 94.90583877 ± 0.00000047 | 15.8400% | 安定 |
| 96 安定 | 95.90467612 ± 0.00000047 | 16.6700% | 安定 |
| 97 安定 | 96.90601812 ± 0.00000049 | 9.6000% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（2622.85 °C）より2597.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全42件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mo I | 0 | 818 | 721 | 808 |
| Mo II | +1 | 209 | 0 | 0 |
| Mo III | +2 | 62 | 0 | 0 |
| Mo IV | +3 | 29 | 0 | 0 |
| Mo V | +4 | 966 | 923 | 929 |
| Mo VI | +5 | 245 | 245 | 245 |
| Mo VII | +6 | 413 | 0 | 413 |
| Mo VIII | +7 | 109 | 0 | 109 |
| Mo IX | +8 | 231 | 0 | 231 |
| Mo X | +9 | 120 | 0 | 120 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Mo I | 0 | 428 |
| Mo II | +1 | 249 |
| Mo III | +2 | 120 |
| Mo IV | +3 | 81 |
| Mo V | +4 | 258 |
| Mo VI | +5 | 113 |
| Mo VII | +6 | 96 |
| Mo VIII | +7 | 77 |
| Mo IX | +8 | 93 |
| Mo X | +9 | 48 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | データなし | 69 pm |
| +4 | 6 | データなし | 65 pm |
| +5 | 4 | データなし | 46 pm |
| +5 | 6 | データなし | 61 pm |
| +6 | 4 | データなし | 41 pm |
| +6 | 5 | データなし | 50 pm |
| +6 | 6 | データなし | 59 pm |
| +6 | 7 | データなし | 73 pm |
化合物
同位体 (4)
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 94 安定 | 93.9050849 ± 0.00000048 | 9.1500% ± 0.0900% | 安定 | stable | |
| 95 安定 | 94.90583877 ± 0.00000047 | 15.8400% ± 0.1100% | 安定 | stable | |
| 96 安定 | 95.90467612 ± 0.00000047 | 16.6700% ± 0.1500% | 安定 | stable | |
| 97 安定 | 96.90601812 ± 0.00000049 | 9.6000% ± 0.1400% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.2548 nm | 290 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 383.9084 nm | 360 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 386 nm | データなし | ID 915 | emission | 1s.5s 3S → 1s.5p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 393.8911 nm | 1400 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 394.8336 nm | 50 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 400.9437 nm | 35 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 403.6485 nm | 40 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7f 2F* → 4p6.8g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 405.4556 nm | 50 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7f 2F* → 4p6.8g 2G | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 406.1547 nm | 210 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 406.2019 nm | 15000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 406.4706 nm | 14 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 406.527 nm | 3500 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 407.1568 nm | 2800 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 407.4773 nm | 3100 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 416.4901 nm | 75 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.6g 2G → 4p6.7f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 418.4284 nm | 60 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.6g 2G → 4p6.7f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 418.6616 nm | 2700 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 422.59 nm | データなし | ID 896 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 423.2026 nm | 40000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 427.2928 nm | 100 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 433.4926 nm | 840 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 436 nm | データなし | ID 915 | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 438.442 nm | 2900 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 439.9605 nm | 28 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 446.6307 nm | 79 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 447.4143 nm | 63 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 454.3076 nm | 570 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 462.464 nm | 840 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 1D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 463.7675 nm | 41 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 466.0971 nm | 100 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.5f 2F* → 4p6.6d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 468.7277 nm | 22 | Mo V | emission | 4p6.4d.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4p6.4d.6p 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 474.6519 nm | 8000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.5f 2F* → 4p6.6d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 504.622 nm | データなし | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7g 2G → 4p6.8h 2H* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 504.622 nm | データなし | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7g 2G → 4p6.8h 2H* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 524.749 nm | データなし | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7h 2H* → 4p6.8i 2I | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 524.749 nm | データなし | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7h 2H* → 4p6.8i 2I | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527.675 nm | データなし | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7i 2I → 4p6.8k 2K* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 527.675 nm | データなし | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7i 2I → 4p6.8k 2K* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 558.5 nm | 200 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.8d 2D → 4p6.8f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 562 nm | 350 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.8d 2D → 4p6.8f 2F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 587.138 nm | 300 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.7d 2D → 4p6.8p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 603.562 nm | 10 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.4f 2F* → 4p6.5d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 618.867 nm | 1400 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.4f 2F* → 4p6.5d 2D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 633.604 nm | 1000 | Mo VI | emission | 4p6.4f 2F* → 4p6.5d 2D | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 138 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 121 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 113 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 245 pm
- UFF
- 305.2 pm
- MM3
- 239 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 244 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 139 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 52
- Pettifor
- 55
- Glawe
- 56
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 87 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 6 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1030 Ha·Bohr6
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 9.4 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 6
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 40
- 相対供給リスク
- 9
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 43
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 24
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 24
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 2895.15 K |
| 沸点 | 4912.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (10)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.8744 |
| 2 | p | 4.0282 |
| 2 | s | 11.1232 |
| 3 | d | 14.7717 |
| 3 | p | 16.5264 |
| 3 | s | 16.0185 |
| 4 | d | 30.6076 |
| 4 | p | 27.0232 |
| 4 | s | 25.9036 |
| 5 | s | 35.894 |
結晶半径の詳細 (8)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 83 | estimated, | |
| 4 | VI | 79 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | IV | 60 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 75 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | IV | 55 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | V | 64 | ||
| 6 | VI | 73 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 6 | VII | 87 |
同位体の崩壊形式 (58)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 81 | B+ | — |
| 81 | B+p | — |
| 82 | B+ | — |
| 82 | B+p | — |
| 83 | B+ | 100% |
| 83 | B+p | — |
| 84 | B+ | 100% |
| 84 | B+p | — |
| 85 | B+ | 100% |
| 85 | B+p | 0.1% |
X線散乱因子 (909)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2.2382 |
| 10.1447 | — | 2.20464 |
| 10.3088 | — | 2.17288 |
| 10.4756 | — | 2.14408 |
| 10.645 | — | 2.11566 |
| 10.8172 | — | 2.09307 |
| 10.9921 | — | 2.12057 |
| 11.1699 | — | 2.20711 |
| 11.3506 | — | 2.32651 |
| 11.5342 | — | 2.50051 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.2 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Molybdenum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-2 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Molybdenum https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele042.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Molybdenum https://periodic.lanl.gov/42.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Molybdenum.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.