Niobium (Nb)
transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
92.90637 u電子配置
[Kr] 5s1 4d4融点
2476.85 °C沸点
4743.85 °C密度
8570 kg/m³酸化数
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5電気陰性度（Pauling）
1.6第1イオン化エネルギー
6.75885 eV発見年
1801原子半径
145 pm詳細
Niobium is a refractory transition metal of group 5, chemically similar to tantalum and commonly occurring with it in oxide minerals. It is valued for its ability to strengthen steel at very small additions and for forming superconducting intermetallic compounds. In most compounds niobium is pentavalent, but lower oxidation states are well established, especially in halides and cluster chemistry.
Niobium is a shiny, white, soft, and ductile metal, and takes on a bluish cast when exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. The metal starts to oxidize in air at 200°C, and when processed at even moderate temperatures must be placed in a protective atmosphere.
The name derives from the Greek mythological character Niobe, who was the daughter of Tantalus, because the elements niobium and tantalum were originally thought to be identical. Niobium was discovered in a black mineral from America called columbite by the British chemist and manufacturer Charles Hatchett in 1801 and he called the element columbium. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston claimed that columbium and tantalum were identical.
Forty years later, the German chemist and pharmacist, Heinrich Rose, determined that they were two different elements in 1846 and gave the name niobium because it was so difficult to distinguish it from tantalum. The name columbium continued to be used in America and niobium in Europe until IUPAC adopted the name niobium in 1949. Niobium was first isolated by the chemist C. W. Blomstrand in 1846.
The story of niobium's discovery is a bit confusing. The first governor of Connecticut, John Winthrop the Younger, discovered a new mineral around 1734. He named the mineral columbite ((Fe, Mn, Mg)(Nb, Ta)2O6) and sent a sample of it to the British Museum in London, England. The columbite sat in the museum's mineral collection for years until it was analyzed by Charles Hatchett in 1801. Hatchett could tell that there was an unknown element in the columbite, but he was not able to isolate it. He named the new element columbium. The fate of columbium took a drastic turn in 1809 when William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist and physicist, compared the minerals columbite and tantalite ((Fe, Mn)(Ta, Nb)2O6) and declared that columbium was actually the element tantalum. This confusion arose because tantalum and niobium are similar metals, are always found together and are very difficult to isolate.
Niobium was rediscovered and renamed by Heinrich Rose in 1844 when he produced two new acids, niobic acid and pelopic acid, from samples of columbite and tantalite. These acids are very similar to each other and it took another twenty-two years and a Swiss chemist named Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac to prove that these were two distinct chemicals produced from two different elements. Metallic niobium was finally isolated by the Swedish chemist Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand in 1864. Today, niobium is primarily obtained from the minerals columbite and pyrochlore ((Ca, Na)2Nb2O6(O, OH, F)).
Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalu. Discovered in 1801 by Hatchett in an ore sent to England. The metal was first prepared in 1864 by Blomstrand, who reduced the chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. The name niobium was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemicstry (IUPAC) in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. Many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by this name. Most metallurgists, leading metal societies, and all but one of the leading U.S. commercial producers, however, still refer to the metal as "columbium."
Pure niobium is a soft, ductile, lustrous gray metal when freshly prepared. It is solid under ordinary conditions and develops a thin protective oxide film in air. The metal has a high melting point and can be worked when sufficiently pure, but interstitial oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen can make it less ductile.
The largest use of niobium is as ferroniobium in high-strength low-alloy steels, where small additions improve strength, toughness, and grain control. Niobium-bearing steels are used in pipelines, structural steel, automotive parts, and some pressure vessels. Niobium-titanium and niobium-tin superconductors are used in magnets for MRI systems, particle accelerators, and research instruments. Niobium is also used in some nickel-base superalloys, welding alloys, corrosion-resistant equipment, and electronic components such as niobium capacitors.
Niobium is used as an alloying agent and for jewelry, but perhaps its most interesting applications are in the field of superconductivity. Superconductive wire can be made from an alloy of niobium and titanium which can then be used to make superconductive magnets. Other alloys of niobium, such as those with tin and aluminum, are superconductive as well. Pure niobium is itself a superconductor when it is cooled below 9.25 K (-442.75°F). Superconductive niobium cavities are at the heart of a machine built at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. This machine, called an electron accelerator, is used by scientists to study the quark structure of matter. The accelerator's 338 niobium cavities are bathed in liquid helium and accelerate electrons to nearly the speed of light.
Niobium is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel. Thousands of pounds of niobium have been used in advanced air frame systems such as were used in the Gemini space program. The element has superconductive properties; superconductive magnets have been made with Nb-Zr wire, which retains its superconductivity in strong magnetic fields. This type of application offers hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Niobium is also commonly used for jewelry.
Isotopes in Biology
95Nb (with a half-life of 35 days) and 95Nb-oxalates have been used to study the absorption, retention and distribution of niobium in the body [309] F. R. Mraz, G. R. Eisele. Radiat. Res.72, 533 (1977)., [310] F. Paquet, P. Houpert, M. Verry, G. Grillon, J. D. Harrison, H. Métivier. Radiat. Prot. Dosim.79, 191 (1998)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Nuclear physicists are trying to study the generation of new isotopes and their elements in stars (astrophysical nucleosynthesis) via the rapid neutron capture process (r-process). Physicists at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Facility (RIBF) of the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Wako, Japan, have begun creating and studying highly neutron-rich isotopes that are thought to only be produced by the r-process. The data for many neutron-rich isotopes is incomplete, and the RIKEN team is filling in key missing information that is needed to simulate the r-process (including information on the half-lives of the neutron-rich isotopes). So far, the half-lives of 38 neutron-rich isotopes have been measured from krypton to technetium, including 111Nb and 112Nb. When the missing information has been obtained, physicists will have a better understanding of the r-process and how elements are created [311] RIKEN Research. The Importance of Fundamental Measurements, RIKEN Research (2017), Feb. 26; http://www.riken.jp/en/research/rikenresearch/highlights/6600/., [312] S. Nishimura, Z. Li, H. Watanabe, K. Yoshinaga, T. Sumikama, T. Tachibana, K. Yamaguchi, M. Kurata-Nishimura, G. Lorusso, Y. Miyashita, A. Odahara, H. Baba, J. S. Berryman, N. Blasi, A. Bracco, F. Camera, J. Chiba, P. Doornenbal, S. Go, T. Hashimoto, S. Hayakawa, C. Hinke, E. Ideguchi, T. Isobe, Y. Ito, D. G. Jenkins, Y. Kawada, N. Kobayashi, Y. Kondo, R. Krücken, S. Kubono, T. Nakano, H. J. Ong, S. Ota, Z. Podolyák, H. Sakurai, H. Scheit, K. Steiger, D. Steppenbeck, K. Sugimoto, S. Takano, A. Takashima, K. Tajiri, T. Teranishi, Y. Wakabayashi, P. M. Walker, O. Wieland, H. Yamaguchi. Phys. Rev. Lett.106, 052502 (2011)..
Isotopes in Medicine
95Nb and 95mNb (with a half-life of 3.6 days) have been used in tumor research and tumor imaging studies (Fig. IUPAC.41.1) [313] A. Ando, I. Ando. J. Radiat. Res.31, 97 (1990)., [314] A. Ando, I. Ando. Acta Radiol. Suppl.374, 65 (1990)., [315] V. Radchenko, P. Bouziotis, G. Loudos, S. Xanthopoulos, H. Hauser, M. Esienhut, B. Ponsard, F. Roesch. J. Labelled Comp. Radiopharm.56, S69 (2013).. The m in the superscript of 95mNb indicates a metastable state of the isotope.
Niobium chemistry is dominated by the +5 oxidation state. Niobium pentoxide, Nb₂O₅, is the most important oxide and a common intermediate in extraction and materials processing. Niobium pentachloride, NbCl₅, is a volatile Lewis-acidic halide used in synthesis and as a precursor to other niobium compounds. Lower halides such as niobium tetrachloride, NbCl₄, and cluster compounds contain Nb–Nb bonding. Carbides and nitrides, including niobium carbide, NbC, and niobium nitride, NbN, are hard refractory materials; NbN can be superconducting depending on composition and structure.
See more information at the Niobium compound page.
Compact niobium metal is generally of low chemical toxicity, but fine powder can burn and presents a dust exposure hazard. Machining dusts, fumes from welding, and soluble or reactive niobium compounds should be handled as industrial particulates or corrosive chemicals according to their form. Natural niobium consists essentially of stable ⁹³Nb, while radioactive niobium isotopes are mainly research or activation products and have isotope-specific radiological hazards.
Niobium occurs at low concentrations in the crust, chiefly in resistant oxide minerals such as pyrochlore and columbite rather than as native metal. It is not known to have an essential biological role. Under surface conditions niobium is relatively immobile because pentavalent niobium forms insoluble oxides and strongly sorbs to mineral surfaces. Mining and processing residues are the main localized environmental concern.
Niobium is produced mainly from pyrochlore concentrates, commonly converted to ferroniobium for direct steelmaking use. Separation from tantalum can be important in ores where both elements occur, but the dominant niobium supply is tied to large carbonatite-hosted deposits. Demand is strongly linked to steel production and infrastructure. Recycling occurs indirectly through niobium-bearing steel scrap and specialty alloy scrap, although dilute additions make full element-specific recovery difficult. Substitution is possible in some steels with vanadium, titanium, or molybdenum, but performance and processing trade-offs limit direct replacement.
The element is found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, parochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of parochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Nigeria, Zaire, and in Russia.
Niobium is a trace cosmic element produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars. It is less abundant than neighboring lighter transition metals and is not a major rock-forming element in planetary materials. In meteorites and terrestrial rocks it behaves as a refractory lithophile element and tends to remain with oxide and silicate phases rather than metallic iron.
- Niobium was long known as columbium, and that name persisted in parts of industry for many years.
- The stable isotope ⁹³Nb makes natural niobium nearly monoisotopic.
- Niobium microalloying can change steel properties at additions well below one percent.
- Niobium and tantalum are difficult to separate because their ionic sizes and chemistry are very similar.
- The superconducting compound niobium-tin is Nb₃Sn.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 145 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 164 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 207 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 134 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 8570 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0108 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 2476.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 4743.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 53.7 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.265 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 24.6 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 体心立方構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 1.6 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.41
- 電子親和力
- 0.893 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 6.75885 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 14.320049 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 25.040086 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 37.611129 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 50.572974 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 5 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Kr] 5s1 4d4
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.27776338 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 7.151371 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 7.617764 eV
- 原子化熱
- 7.617764 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 7.597036 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 41 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 52 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 38 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 1 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Nb-93
- 発見年
- 1801
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 20 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 1 × 10−5 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 330 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-03-1 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 6D1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Nb
- InChI Key
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Nb: 4d⁴ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁴ 5s¹原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 93 安定 | 92.906373 ± 0.000002 | 100.0000% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（2476.85 °C）より2451.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全41件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nb I | 0 | 509 | 0 | 0 |
| Nb II | +1 | 150 | 0 | 0 |
| Nb III | +2 | 108 | 0 | 0 |
| Nb IV | +3 | 819 | 819 | 819 |
| Nb V | +4 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Nb I | 0 | 395 |
| Nb II | +1 | 354 |
| Nb III | +2 | 189 |
| Nb IV | +3 | 183 |
| Nb V | +4 | 31 |
| Nb VI | +5 | 105 |
| Nb VII | +6 | 32 |
| Nb VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Nb IX | +8 | 2 |
| Nb X | +9 | 2 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | データなし | 72 pm |
| +4 | 6 | データなし | 68 pm |
| +4 | 8 | データなし | 79 pm |
| +5 | 4 | データなし | 48 pm |
| +5 | 6 | データなし | 64 pm |
| +5 | 7 | データなし | 69 pm |
| +5 | 8 | データなし | 74 pm |
化合物
同位体 (1)
Eighteen isotopes of niobium are known. The metal can be isolated from tantalum, and prepared in several ways.
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 93 安定 | 92.906373 ± 0.000002 | 100.0000% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.5416 nm | 5000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3P → 4d.6p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 382.5694 nm | 200000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1F* → 4d.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 382.5875 nm | 250000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 383.106 nm | 15000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3D → 4d.6p 1D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 385.2874 nm | 60000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 385.5325 nm | 10000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1P* → 4d.6d 3P | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 386.9546 nm | 8000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 1P | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 387.5455 nm | 100000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3G → 4d.6p 1D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 388.2203 nm | 60000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1P* → 4d.6d 1S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 389.8028 nm | 100000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3S → 4d.6p 3P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 390.0115 nm | 25000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 391.6922 nm | 8000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 1F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 392.1878 nm | 5000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 1P → 4d.6p 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 394.057 nm | 25000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 394.3315 nm | 20000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 398.5759 nm | 5000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] → 4d.6p 1P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 400.1839 nm | 4000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 403.2233 nm | 40000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 404.998 nm | 10000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 405.2616 nm | 15000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 1P → 4d.6p 1D* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 406.3412 nm | 200000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.5d 3F → 4d.6p 3F* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 406.4694 nm | データなし | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 1P* → 4d.6d 1D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 409.6529 nm | 7000 | Nb IV | emission | 4d.6p 3P* → 4d.6d 3D | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 459.6 nm | データなし | ID 841 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 147 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 125 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 116 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Batsanov
- 215 pm
- Alvarez
- 256 pm
- UFF
- 316.5 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 251 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 146 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 48
- Pettifor
- 52
- Glawe
- 53
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 98 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 8 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1140 Ha·Bohr6
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 10.87 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 4
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 98
- 相対供給リスク
- 8
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 97
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 48
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 48
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 2750.15 K |
| 沸点 | 5014.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (10)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.8577 |
| 2 | p | 4.0178 |
| 2 | s | 10.8748 |
| 3 | d | 14.753 |
| 3 | p | 16.3844 |
| 3 | s | 15.8285 |
| 4 | d | 29.7624 |
| 4 | p | 26.9156 |
| 4 | s | 25.7172 |
| 5 | s | 35.079 |
結晶半径の詳細 (7)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 86 | ||
| 4 | VI | 82 | from r^3 vs V plots, estimated, | |
| 4 | VIII | 93 | ||
| 5 | IV | 62 | calculated, | |
| 5 | VI | 78 | ||
| 5 | VII | 83 | calculated, | |
| 5 | VIII | 88 |
同位体の崩壊形式 (67)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 79 | p | — |
| 79 | B+ | — |
| 79 | B+p | — |
| 80 | p | — |
| 80 | B+ | — |
| 80 | B+p | — |
| 81 | p | — |
| 81 | B+ | — |
| 81 | B+p | — |
| 82 | B+ | 100% |
X線散乱因子 (757)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | — | 0.09113 |
| 0.5079 | — | 0.09258 |
| 0.516 | — | 0.09406 |
| 0.5242 | — | 0.09557 |
| 0.5325 | — | 0.0971 |
| 0.5409 | — | 0.09865 |
| 0.5495 | — | 0.10023 |
| 0.5582 | — | 0.10161 |
| 0.5671 | — | 0.103 |
| 0.5761 | — | 0.10441 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1×10-5 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The element is found in niobite (or columbite), niobite-tantalite, parochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of parochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Nigeria, Zaire, and in Russia.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Niobium https://periodic.lanl.gov/41.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Niobium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.