Zirconium (Zr)
transition-metalSolid
標準原子量
91.224 u電子配置
[Kr] 5s2 4d2融点
1854.85 °C沸点
4408.85 °C密度
6520 kg/m³酸化数
+1, +2, +3, +4電気陰性度（Pauling）
1.33第1イオン化エネルギー
6.634126 eV発見年
1789原子半径
155 pm詳細
Zirconium is a lustrous transition metal in group 4, chemically close to hafnium and titanium. It occurs mainly in zircon and related heavy minerals, almost always with hafnium as a companion. The metal is valued for its very low thermal-neutron absorption and its stable, adherent oxide film, which give it a central role in nuclear reactor materials and in corrosion-resistant alloys.
Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Zircaloy(R) is an important alloy developed specifically for nuclear applications. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents. Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35°K.
The name derives from the Arabic zargun for "gold-like". It was discovered in zirconia by the German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth in 1789. Zirconium was first isolated by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824 in an impure state, and finally by the chemists D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger in a pure state in 1914.
Zirconium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral jargon (ZrSiO4) in 1789. Zirconium was isolated by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1824 and finally prepared in a pure form in 1914. Obtaining pure zirconium is very difficult because it is chemically similar to hafnium, an element which is always found mixed with deposits of zirconium. Today, most zirconium is obtained from the minerals zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2) through a process known as the Kroll Process.
From the Persian zargun, gold like. Zircon, the primary gemstone of zirconium, is also known as jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure. This mineral, or its variations, is mentioned in biblical writings. The mineral was not known to contain a new element until Klaproth, in 1789, analyzed a jargon from Ceylon and identified the new element, which Werner named zircon (silex circonius), and which Klaproth called Zirkonertz (zirconia). The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small decomposition process they developed.
Pure zirconium is a silvery-gray, ductile metal when clean and massive. Finely divided zirconium can appear dark and is much more reactive than bulk metal. At ordinary temperatures the surface is protected by a thin layer of zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂.
The dominant high-value use of zirconium metal is in cladding and structural components for water-cooled nuclear fuel, where hafnium must be removed because it absorbs neutrons strongly. Zirconium alloys are also used in chemical-processing equipment exposed to corrosive media. Zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂, is used in refractories, ceramics, oxygen sensors, thermal-barrier coatings, and dental ceramics. Zirconium compounds serve in pigments, catalysts, tanning, and specialty glass formulations.
Zirconium is a corrosion resistant metal that is used in high performance pumps and valves. Since it also does not easily absorb neutrons, zirconium is widely used in nuclear reactors. The nuclear power industry uses nearly 90% of the zirconium produced each year, which must be nearly free of hafnium. Zirconium is also used as an alloying agent in steel, to make some types of surgical equipment and as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes.
Zircon (ZrSiO4) is a zirconium compound that can take many different forms, the most popular of which is a clear, transparent gemstone that can be cut to look like diamond and is frequently used in jewelry. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) can withstand very high temperatures and is used to make crucibles and to line the walls of high temperature furnaces. Zirconium carbonate (3ZrO2·CO2·H2O) is used in lotions to treat poison ivy.
It is used extensively by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets, which offer hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Its use as a refractory material accounts for a large share of all zirconium consumed.
Isotopes in Industry
Zirconium enriched in 90Zr has been proposed for the cladding (covering) of reactor fuel elements (Fig. IUPAC.40.1) because it has a lower neutron absorption cross section than natural abundances of zirconium and is well suited for coverage of metal parts without absorbing neutrons [307] M. D. DeHart, H. Zhang, E. Shaber, M. A. Jessee. “A study of fast reactor fuel transmutation in a candidate dispersion fuel design”, in 11th Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation..
Zirconium chemistry is dominated by the +4 oxidation state, reflecting the stability of Zr⁴⁺ in oxides and salts. Zirconium dioxide, ZrO₂, is a refractory ceramic with monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic forms; stabilized zirconias contain added oxides to retain high-temperature structures. Zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, is an important volatile precursor for metal production and organozirconium chemistry. Zircon, ZrSiO₄, is the principal mineral source. Lower oxidation states are known but are less common and often require special conditions.
See more information at the Zirconium compound page.
Massive zirconium metal has low acute toxicity and is usually limited in hazard by dust generation and processing conditions. Finely divided powder, turnings, and some dry residues are combustible and can ignite in air. Zirconium compounds vary in irritation and corrosivity; zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, reacts with moisture to release hydrogen chloride, HCl. Nuclear-grade zirconium is not inherently radioactive, but service in reactors can activate or contaminate materials.
Zirconium is a lithophile element and is held mainly in resistant minerals, especially zircon, rather than in soluble aqueous forms. Its compounds are generally not very mobile under ordinary surface conditions because zirconium(IV) hydrolyzes strongly and forms insoluble oxides and hydroxides. Weathering releases zircon grains to sediments and heavy-mineral sands, where they can persist for very long periods.
Commercial zirconium starts with mining of zircon-bearing heavy-mineral sands, often associated with titanium minerals such as ilmenite and rutile. For nuclear applications, zirconium must be separated from chemically similar hafnium, an expensive step that creates distinct nuclear-grade and hafnium-bearing markets. Metal is commonly produced through conversion to zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl₄, followed by reduction. Demand is driven by nuclear fuel fabrication, ceramics, foundry sands, refractories, and specialty chemicals. Recycling is important for clean metal scrap, while ceramic and mineral uses are less readily recovered.
Zirconium is produced from the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4). It is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks.
Zirconium is produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and by related heavy-element nucleosynthesis before incorporation into later generations of planets and meteorites. It is not among the most abundant cosmic elements, but it is readily detected in stellar spectra. In planetary materials it behaves as a refractory lithophile element and concentrates in silicate minerals rather than metallic cores.
- Zirconium and hafnium are so chemically similar that their separation became a major technical problem for reactor use.
- Ancient zircon grains preserve some of the oldest known records of Earth's crust.
- Zirconium dioxide can be made tough for ceramics by stabilizing high-temperature crystal forms.
- Bulk zirconium resists many acids, but hydrofluoric acid attacks its protective oxide film.
- The name zirconium comes from zircon, not from the modern synthetic gemstone cubic zirconia.
画像
性質
物理的性質
- 原子半径（経験値）
- 155 pm 全元素の原子半径（経験値）を比較 →
- 共有結合半径
- 175 pm 全元素の共有結合半径を比較 →
- ファンデルワールス半径
- 186 pm 全元素のファンデルワールス半径を比較 →
- 金属半径
- 145 pm 全元素の金属半径を比較 →
- 密度
- 6520 kg/m³ 全元素の密度を比較 →
- モル体積
- 0.0141 L/mol
- 標準温度・圧力（STP）での相
- 固体 全元素の標準温度・圧力（STP）での相を比較 →
- 融点
- 1854.85 °C 全元素の融点を比較 →
- 沸点
- 4408.85 °C 全元素の沸点を比較 →
- 熱伝導率
- 22.7 W/(m·K) 全元素の熱伝導率を比較 →
- 比熱容量
- 0.278 J/(g·K) 全元素の比熱容量を比較 →
- モル熱容量
- 25.36 J/(mol·K) 全元素のモル熱容量を比較 →
- 結晶構造
- 六方最密充填構造 全元素の結晶構造を比較 →
化学的性質
- 電気陰性度（Pauling）
- 1.33 全元素の電気陰性度（Pauling）を比較 →
- 電気陰性度（Allen）
- 1.32
- 電子親和力
- 0.426 eV
- 第1イオン化エネルギー
- 6.634126 eV 全元素の第1イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第2イオン化エネルギー
- 13.130045 eV 全元素の第2イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第3イオン化エネルギー
- 23.17008 eV 全元素の第3イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第4イオン化エネルギー
- 34.418478 eV 全元素の第4イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 第5イオン化エネルギー
- 80.348277 eV 全元素の第5イオン化エネルギーを比較 →
- 酸化数
- +1, +2, +3, +4 全元素の酸化数を比較 →
- 価電子
- 4 全元素の価電子を比較 →
- 電子配置
- [Kr] 5s2 4d2
熱力学的性質
- 融解熱
- 0.17515676 eV 全元素の融解熱を比較 →
- 蒸発熱
- 5.938747 eV 全元素の蒸発熱を比較 →
- 昇華熱
- 6.311862 eV
- 原子化熱
- 6.311862 eV
- 原子化エンタルピー
- 6.322226 eV
原子核
- 陽子数
- 40 全元素の陽子数を比較 →
- 中性子数
- 50 全元素の中性子数を比較 →
- 既知の同位体
- 37 全元素の既知の同位体を比較 →
- 安定同位体
- 3 全元素の安定同位体を比較 →
- 最も安定な同位体
- Zr-90
- 発見年
- 1789
存在度
- 存在度（地殻）
- 165 mg/kg 全元素の存在度（地殻）を比較 →
- 存在度（海洋）
- 3 × 10−5 mg/L 全元素の存在度（海洋）を比較 →
結晶構造
- 格子定数a
- 323 pm
電子構造
- 各電子殻の電子数
- 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 全元素の各電子殻の電子数を比較 →
識別子
- CAS登録番号
- 7440-67-7 全元素のCAS登録番号を比較 →
- 項記号
- 3F2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Zr
- InChI Key
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
電子配置 測定値
Zr: 4d² 5s²[Kr] 4d² 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d² 5s²原子モデル
同位体によって中性子数、質量、安定性は変わりますが、中性原子の電子配置は変わりません。
模式的な原子モデルです。実際の縮尺とは異なります。
原子の指紋
発光／吸収スペクトル
同位体分布
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 90 安定 | 89.9046977 ± 0.000002 | 51.4500% | 安定 |
| 91 安定 | 90.9056396 ± 0.000002 | 11.2200% | 安定 |
| 92 安定 | 91.9050347 ± 0.000002 | 17.1500% | 安定 |
相／状態
理由: 融点（1854.85 °C）より1829.8 °C低い
模式図、実際の縮尺とは異なります
相転移点
相転移エネルギー
融点で1 molを融解させるのに必要なエネルギー
沸点で1 molを蒸発させるのに必要なエネルギー
昇華点で1 molを昇華させるのに必要なエネルギー
密度
標準条件下
標準条件下
原子スペクトル
全40件中10件を表示しています。 イオンの電荷の昇順で並べています。
スペクトル線データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | スペクトル線の総数 | 遷移確率 | 準位の表記 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zr I | 0 | 459 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr II | +1 | 207 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr III | +2 | 490 | 490 | 490 |
| Zr IV | +3 | 76 | 0 | 76 |
| Zr V | +4 | 104 | 0 | 0 |
| Zr VI | +5 | 427 | 427 | 427 |
準位データの収録状況 ?
| イオン | 電荷 | 準位 |
|---|---|---|
| Zr I | 0 | 262 |
| Zr II | +1 | 136 |
| Zr III | +2 | 140 |
| Zr IV | +3 | 35 |
| Zr V | +4 | 102 |
| Zr VI | +5 | 97 |
| Zr VII | +6 | 2 |
| Zr VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Zr IX | +8 | 2 |
| Zr X | +9 | 2 |
イオン半径
| 電荷 | 配位 | スピン | 半径 |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 4 | データなし | 59 pm |
| +4 | 5 | データなし | 66 pm |
| +4 | 6 | データなし | 72 pm |
| +4 | 7 | データなし | 78 pm |
| +4 | 8 | データなし | 84 pm |
| +4 | 9 | データなし | 89 pm |
化合物
同位体 (3)
Naturally occurring zirconium contains five isotopes. Fifteen other isotopes are known to exist. Zircon, ZrSiO4, the principal ore, is pure ZrO2 in crystalline form having a hafnium content of about 1%. Zirconium also occurs in some 30 other recognized mineral species. Zirconium is produced commercially by reduction of chloride with magnesium (the Kroll Process), and by other methods. It is a grayish-white lustrous metal. When finely divided, the metal may ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures. The solid metal is much more difficult to ignite. The inherent toxicity of zirconium compounds is low. Hafnium is invariably found in zirconium ores, and the separation is difficult.
| 質量数 | 原子質量（u） | 天然存在比 | 半減期 | 崩壊形式 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 90 安定 | 89.9046977 ± 0.000002 | 51.4500% ± 0.4000% | 安定 | stable | |
| 91 安定 | 90.9056396 ± 0.000002 | 11.2200% ± 0.0500% | 安定 | stable | |
| 92 安定 | 91.9050347 ± 0.000002 | 17.1500% ± 0.0800% | 安定 | stable |
スペクトル線
| 波長（nm） | 強度 | 電離段階 | 種類 | 遷移 | 精度 | 出典 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.0196 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 382.4611 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 382.7722 nm | 300 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 382.923 nm | 600 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 383.0087 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 383.7038 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 384.2399 nm | 270 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 390.7626 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 391.0786 nm | 3 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[13/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 391.6928 nm | 100 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 392.0624 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 392.5804 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 392.694 nm | 120 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 393.1478 nm | 100 | Zr III | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 4d.5d 3S | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 396.3178 nm | 500 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 396.5231 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 397.1691 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 397.3984 nm | 220 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 398.854 nm | 10 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 401.632 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 401.6949 nm | 35 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 401.7561 nm | 3 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 401.8142 nm | 140 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 403.2482 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 403.3591 nm | 180 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 403.6779 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 408.0264 nm | 5 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 408.7114 nm | 150 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 412.5432 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 412.6379 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 413.2087 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3G* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 413.7442 nm | 500 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 414.6654 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[9/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 415.3368 nm | 2 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 416.0827 nm | 250 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 416.5293 nm | 15 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 417.1353 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 417.2872 nm | 300 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 419.3504 nm | 275 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3D* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 419.7309 nm | 15 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 419.8266 nm | 3000 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 420.3546 nm | 200 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 3P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[5/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 423.5695 nm | 275 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1F* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[7/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 431.7077 nm | 2000 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5d 2D → 4p6.6p 2P* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 434.2686 nm | 400 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[13/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 440.7385 nm | 20 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 456.1637 nm | 50 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1P* → 4d.(2D<5/2>).5g 2[3/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 456.922 nm | 1800 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5g 2G → 4p6.6h 2H* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 456.927 nm | 1800 | Zr IV | emission | 4p6.5g 2G → 4p6.6h 2H* | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 460.8973 nm | 60 | Zr III | emission | 4d.4f 1H* → 4d.(2D<3/2>).5g 2[11/2] | 測定値 | NIST | |
| 500.71 nm | データなし | ID 803 | emission | 2p 2P* → 2s 2S | 測定値 | NIST |
詳細な性質
共有結合半径（詳細）
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö）
- 154 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、二重結合）
- 127 pm
- 共有結合半径（Pyykkö、三重結合）
- 121 pm
ファンデルワールス半径
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 252 pm
- UFF
- 312.4 pm
- MM3
- 254 pm
原子半径と金属半径
- 原子半径（Rahm）
- 269 pm
- 金属半径（C12）
- 160 pm
番号付けの尺度
- Mendeleev
- 44
- Pettifor
- 49
- Glawe
- 49
電気陰性度の尺度
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
分極率と分散
- 双極子分極率
- 112 a.u.
- 双極子分極率（不確かさ）
- 13 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1360 Ha·Bohr6
ミーデマパラメータ
- ミーデマモル体積
- 14 cm3/mol
- ミーデマ電子密度
- 3
供給リスクと経済性
- 生産集中度
- 39
- 相対供給リスク
- 6
- 埋蔵量の分布
- 40
- 政治的安定性（最大生産国）
- 75
- 政治的安定性（最大埋蔵国）
- 75
相転移と同素体
| 融点 | 2127.15 K |
| 沸点 | 4679.15 K |
酸化数の分類
専門参考データ
遮蔽定数 (10)
| n | 軌道 | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.841 |
| 2 | p | 4.0072 |
| 2 | s | 10.6262 |
| 3 | d | 14.4331 |
| 3 | p | 16.1545 |
| 3 | s | 15.6385 |
| 4 | d | 26.9284 |
| 4 | p | 26.54 |
| 4 | s | 25.0984 |
| 5 | s | 33.5545 |
結晶半径の詳細 (6)
| 電荷 | CN | スピン | rcrystal (pm) | 由来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | IV | 73 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | V | 80 | calculated, | |
| 4 | VI | 86 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VII | 92 | ||
| 4 | VIII | 98 | ||
| 4 | IX | 103 |
同位体の崩壊形式 (56)
| 同位体 | モード | 強度 |
|---|---|---|
| 77 | B+ | — |
| 77 | B+p | — |
| 77 | p | — |
| 78 | B+ | — |
| 78 | B+p | — |
| 79 | B+ | 100% |
| 79 | B+p | — |
| 80 | B+ | 100% |
| 81 | B+ | 100% |
| 81 | B+p | 0.1% |
X線散乱因子 (724)
| エネルギー (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | — | 0.18706 |
| 1.0149 | — | 0.19051 |
| 1.0299 | — | 0.19402 |
| 1.0452 | — | 0.1976 |
| 1.0608 | — | 0.20124 |
| 1.0765 | — | 0.20499 |
| 1.0925 | — | 0.20885 |
| 1.1087 | — | 0.21277 |
| 1.1252 | — | 0.21677 |
| 1.142 | — | 0.22085 |
追加データ
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.65×102 milligrams per kilogram
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Zirconium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele040.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3×10-5 milligrams per liter
参考文献 (1)
- [5] Zirconium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele040.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Zirconium is produced from the mineral zircon (ZrSiO4). It is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestrial rocks.
参考文献 (1)
- [6] Zirconium https://periodic.lanl.gov/40.shtml
参考文献
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Zirconium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.